dukkha: Suffering, pain, discontent; the unsatisfactory nature of all phenom­ena. Dukkha is the condition of fundamental discontent that is inherent within the very nature of all sentient existence. Essentially, it is the underlying sense of dissatisfaction that ultimately undermines even the most pleasant experiences, for everything in the phenomenal world is subject to change and therefore unreliable. Thus, all of samsãric existence is characterized by dukkha.

　　苦(dukkha)：痛苦、疼痛、不舒適；一切現象無法令人滿足的本質。苦是一種根本的不安，存在于所有衆生的內在本質中。由于世間的一切皆無常、不可依靠，因此即使是最快樂的經驗也潛在著不滿足的感覺，這不滿最終必然會破壞快樂的經驗。所以輪回中的生命皆有苦的本質。