..續本文上一頁ns (sammappadhana): making the effort to prevent evil from arising, to abandon whatever evil has arisen, to give rise to the good that hasn”t yet arisen, and to maintain the good that has.

　　3. The four foundations of achievement (iddhipada):

　　Chanda — feeling an affinity for one”s meditation theme.

　　Viriya — persistence.

　　Citta — intentness on one”s goal.

　　Vimangsa — circumspection in one”s activities and interests.

　　4. The five pre-eminent factors (indriya): conviction, persistence, mindfulness, concentration, discernment (factors that are pre-eminent in performing one”s duties).

　　5. The five strengths (bala): conviction, persistence mindfulness, concentration, discernment (factors that give energy to the observance of one”s duties).

　　6. The seven factors for Awakening (bojjhanga):

　　Sati-sambojjhanga — powers of mindfulness, recollection, and reference.

　　Dhammavicaya-sambojjhanga — discrimination in choosing a meditation theme well-suited to oneself.

　　Viriya-sambojjhanga — persistence.

　　Piti-sambojjhanga — rapture; fullness of body and mind.

　　Passaddhi-sambojjhanga — physical stillness and mental serenity.

　　Samadhi-sambojjhanga — concentration.

　　Upekkha-sambojjhanga — equanimity.

　　7. The eightfold path (magga):

　　Samma-ditthi — Right View.

　　Samma-sankappa — Right Intention.

　　Samma-vaca — Right Speech.

　　Samma-kammanta — Right Action.

　　Samma-ajiva — Right Livelihood.

　　Samma-vayama — Right Effort.

　　Samma-sati — Right Mindfulness.

　　Samma-samadhi — Right Concentration.

　　The Forty Meditation Themes

　　Ten recollections; ten foul objects; ten kasinas; four sublime abidings; four formless absorptions; one resolution into elements; and one perception of the filthiness of food.

　　Ten recollections:

　　1. Buddhanussati: recollection of the virtues of the Buddha.

　　2. Dhammanussati: recollection of the virtues of the Dhamma.

　　3. Sanghanussati: recollection of the virtues of the Sangha.

　　4. Silanussati: recollection of one”s own moral virtue.

　　5. Caganussati: recollection of one”s generosity.

　　6. Devatanussati: recollection of the qualities that lead to rebirth as a heavenly being.

　　7. Kayagatasati: mindfulness immersed in the body.

　　8. Maranassati: mindfulness of death.

　　9. Anapanassati: mindfulness of breathing.

　　10. Upasamanussati: recollection of the virtues of nibbana — ultimate pleasure; unexcelled ease, free from birth, aging, illness and death.

　　Ten foul objects:

　　1. Uddhumataka: a rotten, bloated corpse, its body all swollen and its features distended out of shape.

　　2. Vinilaka: a livid corpse, with patchy discoloration — greenish, reddish, yellowish — from the decomposition of the blood.

　　3. Vipubbaka: a festering corpse, oozing lymph and pus from its various orifices.

　　4. Vichiddaka: a corpse falling apart, the pieces scattered about, radiating their stench.

　　5. Vikkhayittaka: a corpse that various animals, such as dogs, are gnawing, or that vultures are picking at, or that crows are fighting over, pulling it apart in different directions.

　　6. Vikkhittaka: corpses scattered about, i.e., unclaimed bodies that have been thrown together in a pile — face up, face down, old bones and new scattered all over the place.

　　7. Hatavikkhittaka: the corpse of a person violently murdered, slashed and stabbed with various weapons, covered with wounds — short, long, shallow, deep — some parts hacked so that they”re almost detached.

　　8. Lohitaka: a corpse covered with blood, like the hands of a butcher, all red and raw-smelling.

　　9. Puluvaka: a corpse infested with worms: long worms, short worms, black, green, and yellow worms, squeezed into the ears, eyes, and mouth; squirming and squiggling about, filling the various parts of the body like a net full of fish that has fallen open.

　　10. Atthika: a skeleton, some of the joints already separated, others not yet, the bone…

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