(in the Arahat): s. hasituppa^da-citta.
patha (lit.”ways of movement”): ”bodily postures”, i.e. going, standing, sitting, lying. In the Satipattha^na-sutta (s. satipattha^na), they form the subject of a contemplation and an exercise in mindfulness.
"While going, standing, sitting or lying down, the monk knows ”I go”, ”I stand”, ”I sit”, ”I lie down”; he understands any position of the body." - "The disciple understands that there is no living being, no real ego, that goes, stands, etc., but that it is by a mere figure of speech that one says: ”I go”, ”I stand”, and so forth." (Com.).
(or kriya)-citta: ”functional consciousness” or ”karmically inoperative consciousness”, is a name for such states of consciousness as are neither karmically wholesome (kusala), nor unwholesome (akusala), nor karma-results (vipa^ka); that is, they function independently of karma. Thus are also called all those worldly mental states in the Arahat which are accompanied by 2 or 3 noble roots (greedlessness, hatelessness, undeludedness), being in the Arahat karmically neutral and corresponding to the karmically wholesome states of a non-Arahat (s. Tab. 1-8 and 73-89), as well as the rootless mirth-producing (hasituppa^da) mind-consciousness-element of the Arahat (Tab. 72); further, that mind-element (mano-dha^tu) which performs the function of advertence (a^vajjana) to the sense object (Tab. 70), and that mind-consciousness-element (manovin~n~a^na-dha^tu) which performs the functions of deciding (votthapana) and advertence to the mental object (Tab. 71). The last-named 2 elements, of course, occur in all beings.
Together with karma-resultant consciousness (vipa^ka) it belongs to the group of ”karmically neutral consciousness” (avya^kata). See Tab. I (last column). - (App.).
(kiriya^, kriya^) citta is a term first used in the Abh. Canon (e.g. Dhs. §§ 566-582). It has an important place in post-canonical Abh. literature, e.g. Vis.M. XIV.
lit.”the downward-path”, the nether or infernal world, usually translated by ”hell”, is one of the 4 lower courses of existence (apa^ya, q.v.). The Buddhists are well aware that on account of the universal sway of impermanence a life in hell, just as in heaven, cannot last eternally, but will after exhaustion of the karma which has caused the respective form of rebirth, necessarily be followed again by a new death and a new rebirth, according to the stored-up karma.
the 3 ”abstentions” or abstinences, are: abstention from wrong speech, wrong (bodily) action and wrong livelihood; corresponding to right speech, action and livelihood of the 8-fold Path (s. magga, 3-5). By abstention is not simply meant the non-occurrence of the evil things in question, but the deliberate abstaining therefrom, whenever occasion arises. They belong to the ”secondary” (not constant) mental concomitants obtaining in lofty consciousness (s. Tab. II). Cf. si^la.
”energy”, lit.”virility”, ”manliness” or ”heroism” (from vi^ra, man, hero; Lat. vir; cf. virtus), is one of the 5 spiritual faculties and powers (s. bala), one of the 7 factors of enlightenment (s. bojjhanga) and identical with right effort of the 8-fold Path (s. magga). For further explanations, s. padha^na.
s. si^la.
s. pa^tiha^riya.
”extinction”; s. nirodha-sama^patti, anupubba-nirodha.
(Sanskrit= ) Nibba^na (q.v.).
s. patisandhi, paticcasamuppa^da (3,10), karma, punabbhava.
”fading away”, detachment; absence of lust, dispassionateness. Appears frequently together with nirodha, ”cessation” (1) as a name for Nibba^na, (2) in the contemplations (a) forming the 4th tetrad in the exercises in mindfulness of breathing (s. a^na^pa^nasati 14), (b) of the 18 principal insights (No. 5); s. vipassana^.
According to Com., it may mean (1) the momentary destruction of phenomena, or (2) the ultimate ”fading away”, i.e. Nibba^na. In the aforementioned two contemplations, it means the understanding of both, and the path attained by such understanding.
image (during concentration): s. nimitta, sama^dhi, kasina.
s. bha^va.
s. dha^tu (I).
”moral shame and moral dread”, are associated with all karmically wholesome consciousness (s. Tab. II).
"To be ashamed of what one ought to be ashamed of, to be ashamed of performing evil and unwholesome things: this is called moral shame. To be in dread of what one ought to be in dread of, to be in dread of performing evil and unwholesome things: this is called moral dread" (Pug, 79, 80).
"Two lucid things, o monks, protect the world: moral shame and moral dread. If these two things were not to protect the world, then one would respect neither one”s mother, nor one”s mother”s sister, nor one”s brother”s wife, nor one”s teacher”s wife ...." (A. II, 7). Cf. ahirika. See Atthasa^lini Tr. I. pp. 164ff.
yamaka-pa^tiha^riya (q.v.).
upapatti-bhava: s. bhava. Further s. patisandhi, ja^ti.
view of the inefficacy of action”; s. ditthi.
contemplation on: s. vipassana^ (12).
The 9 ”successive extinctions”, are the 8 extinctions reached through the 8 absorptions (jha^na, q.v.) and the extinction of feeling and perception” (s. nirodha-sama^patti), as it is said in A. IX, 31 and D. 33:
"In him who has entered the 1st absorption, the sensuous perceptions (ka^ma-san~n~a^) are extinguished. Having entered the 2nd absorption, thought-conception and discursive thinking (vitakkavica^ra, q.v.) are extinguished. Having entered the 3rd absorption, rapture (pi^ti, q.v.) is extinguished. Having entered the 4th absorption, in-and-out breathing (assa^sa-passa^sa, q.v.) are extinguished. Having entered the sphere of boundless space (a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana), the corporeality perceptions (rúpa-san~n~a^) are extinguished. Having entered the sphere of boundless consciousness (vin~n~a^nan~ca^yatana), the perception of the sphere of boundless space is extinguished. Having entered the sphere of nothingness (a^kin~can~n~a^yatana), the perception of the sphere of boundless consciousness is extinguished. Having entered the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception (neva-san~n~a^-na^san~n~a^yatana) the perception of the sphere of nothingness is extinguished. Having entered the extinction of perception and feeling (san~n~a^vedayitanirodha) perception and feeling are extinguished." For further details, s. jha^na, nirodha-sama^patti.
s. vatta (2), samsa^ra. - The 3-fold r. of r. (s. vatta, 1).
”animal womb”; birth as animal. The animal kingdom belongs to the sensuous world (s. loka), is one of the 4 lower worlds (s. apa^ya) and one of the 3 woeful courses of existence (s. gati).
”lack of moral shame and dread”, ...
are two of the 4 unwholesome factors associated with all karmically unwholesome states of consciousness, the two others being restlessness (uddhacca) and delusion (moha). Cf. Tab. II.
"There are two sinister things, namely, lack of moral shame and dread, etc." (A.II.6)."Not to be ashamed of what one should be ashamed of; not to be ashamed of evil, unwholesome things: this is called lack of moral shame" (Pug. 59)."Not to dread what one should dread ... this is called lack of moral dread (Pug. 60).
”attainment of extinction” (S. XIV, 11), also called san~n~a^-vedayita-nirodha, ”extinction of feeling and perception”, is the temporary suspension of all consciousness and mental activity, following immediately upon the semi-conscious state called ”sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception” (s. jha^na, 8). The absolutely necessary pre-conditions to its attainment are said to be perfect mastery of all the 8 absorptions (jha^na), as well as the previous attainment of Ana^ga^mi or Arahatship (s. ariya-puggala).
According to Vis.M. XXIII, the entering into this state takes place in the following way: by means of mental tranquillity (samatha) and insight (vipassana^) one has to pass through all the 8 absorptions one after the other up to the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception and then one has to bring this state to an end. If, namely, according to the Vis.M., the disciple (Ana^ga^mi or Arahat) passes through the absorption merely by means of tranquillity, i.e. concentration, he will only attain the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception, and then come to a standstill; if, on the other hand, he proceeds only with insight, he will reach the fruition (phala) of Ana^ga^mi or Arahatship. He, however, who by means of both faculties has risen from absorption to absorption and, having made the necessary preparations, brings the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception to an end, such a one reaches the state of extinction. Whilst the disciple is passing through the 8 absorptions, he each time emerges from the absorption attained, and regards with his insight all the mental phenomena constituting that special absorption, as impermanent, miserable and impersonal. Then he again enters the next higher absorption, and thus, after each absorption practising insight, he at last reaches the state of neither-perception-nor-non-perception, and thereafter the full extinction. This state, according to the Com., may last for 7 days or even longer. Immediately at the rising from this state, however, there arises in the Ana^ga^mi the fruition of Ana^ga^miship (ana^ga^mi-phala), in the Arahat the fruition of Arahatship (arahatta-phala).
With regard to the difference existing between the monk abiding in this state of extinction on the one hand, and a dead person on the other hand, M 43 says: "In him who is dead, and whose life has come to an end, the bodily (in-and-outbreathing), verbal (thought-conception and discursive thinking), and mental functions (s. sankha^ra, 2) have become suspended and come to a standstill, life is exhausted, the vital heat extinguished, the faculties are destroyed. Also in the monk who has reached ”extinction of perception and feeling” (san~n~a^-vedayita-nirodha), the bodily, verbal and mental functions have been suspended and come to a standstill, but life is not exhausted, the vital heat not extinguished, and the faculties are not destroyed."
For details, see Vis.M. XXIII; for texts s. Path 206.
”contemplation of extinction”, is one of the 18 chief kinds of insight (vipassana^ q.v.). See a^na^pa^nasati (15).
”low talk”, lit.”beastly talk”, is the name in the sutta-texts for the following: "Talk about kings and robbers, ministers and armies, danger and war, eating and drinking, clothes and dwellings, garlands and scents, relations, chariots, villages and markets, towns and districts, women and heroes, street talks, talks by the well, talk about those departed in days gone by, tittle-tattle, talks about world and sea, about gain and loss" (A.X, 69 etc.).
In the commentaries 4 further kinds are enumerated, thus bringing the number to 32, as mostly counted, namely: talk about sensuous enjoyment, self-mortification, eternity and self-annihilation.
s. prec.
s. sabba-loke anabhirati-s.
s. indriya (15-19), indriya-samatta, bala.
”energy as factor of enlightenment”, is one of the 7 factors of enlightenment (bojjhanga, q.v.).
the ”analytical knowledge of language”, is one of the 4 patisambhida^ (q.v.).
”bases of meritorious action”. In the suttas, 3 are mentioned consisting of giving (liberality; da^na-maya-p.), of morality (si^la-maya-p.) and of mental development (meditation; bha^vana^-maya-p.). See D. 33; It. 60; expl. in A. VIII, 36.
Commentaries have a list of ten (dasa p.) which is very popular in Buddhist countries: (1)-(3) as above, (4) reverence (apaciti), (5) service (veyya^vacca), (6) transference of merit (patta^nuppada^na), (7) rejoicing in others” merit (abbha^numodana), (8) expounding the Doctrine (desana^), (9) listening to the Doctrine (savana), (10) straightening one”s right views (rectification of views; ditthujukamma). - Expl. in Atthasa^lini Tr. 209ff.
See ”The Advantages of Merit”, by Bhikkhu Khantipalo (BODHI LEAVES B. 38).
s. visuddhi (VI, 6).
s. vimokkha (1).
cf. ugghatitan~n~ú, vipacitan~n~ú neyya.
s. pun~n~a-kiriya-vatthu.
s. sota^panna.
”contemplation on disinterestedness regarding the whole world”, described in A. X., 60 in the following words: "If, Ananda, the monk gives up his tenacious clinging to the world, his firm grasping and his biases and inclinations of the mind, and turns away from these things, does not cling to them, this, Ananda, is called the contemplation on disinterestedness regarding the whole world."
upa^dinnarúpa (q.v.).