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佛教词典在线查询

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南传佛教英文辞典 【1】sel

F  annihilation,  craving  for:  vibhava-tanha^  (s.  tanha^).

南传佛教英文辞典 【2】sel

F  atta^  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【3】sex

  s.  bha^va.

南传佛教英文辞典 【4】alms

  bowl  eater,  the  practice  of  the:  s.  dhutanga.

南传佛教英文辞典 【5】alms

  vow  of  going  for;  or  to  do  so  without  omitting  any  house:  s.  dhutanga,  3,  4.

南传佛教英文辞典 【6】alms

  goer,  the  practice  of  the;  s.  dhutanga.

南传佛教英文辞典 【7】dosa

  ”hatred”,  anger,  is  one  of  the  3  unwholesome,  roots  (múla,  q.v.).  -  d.  citta:  hate  consciousness;  s.  Tab.  I  (30,  31).

南传佛教英文辞典 【8】ends

  ”attaining  two  ends  simultaneously”;  sama-si^si^  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【9】gems

  the  3:  ti-ratana  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【10】lust

  s.  ra^ga.

南传佛教英文辞典 【11】rise

  and  fall  (of  phenomena):  the  knowledge  consisting  in  the  contemplation  of  r.  and  f.,  s.  visuddhi  VI,  1.

南传佛教英文辞典 【12】sati

  ”mindfulness”,  is  one  of  the  5  spiritual  faculties  and  powers  (s.  bala),  one  of  the  7  factors  of  enlightenment  (bojjhanga,  q.v.),  and  the  7th  link  of  the  8-fold  Path  (magga,  q.v.),  and  is,  in  its  widest  sense,  one  of  those  mental  factors  inseparably  associated  with  all  karmically  wholesome  (kusala,  q.v.)  and  karma-produced  lofty  (sobhana)  consciousness  (Cf.  Tab.  II).  -  For  the  4  foundations  of  mindfulness  s.  foll.

南传佛教英文辞典 【13】ties

  the  4:  gantha  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【14】adosa

  ”hatelessness,  is  one  of  the  3  wholesome  roots  (múla,  q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【15】asura

  ”demons”,  titans,  evil  ghosts,  inhabiting  one  of  the  lower  worlds  (apa^ya,  q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【16】bases

  The  12  of  the  perceptual  process:  a^yatana  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【17】bonds

  the  4:  yoga  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【18】cause

  cf.  paccaya  (1).  -  For  the  five  c.  of  existence,  s.  paticca-samuppa^da  (10).

南传佛教英文辞典 【19】chaos

  cf.  kappa.

南传佛教英文辞典 【20】doors

  of  deliverance,  the  3:  vimokkha-dva^ra;  s.  vimokkha  I;  visuddhi  VI,  8.

南传佛教英文辞典 【21】issa^

  ”envy”,  is  a  karmically  unwholesome  (akusala)  mental  factor,  which  is  occasionally  associated  with  hate-rooted  consciousness  (s.  Tab.  I.  30,  31,).  Explained  in  Pug.  55.

南传佛教英文辞典 【22】rules

  and  ritual,  clinging  to  mere:  (s.  samyojana,  upa^da^na).

南传佛教英文辞典 【23】sacca

  ”Truth”.  -  1.  On  the  ”two  truths”,  conventional  and  ultimale,  see  paramattha.
2.”The  Four  Noble  Truths”  (ariya-sacca)  are  the  briefest  synthesis  of  the  entire  teachings  of  Buddhism,  since  all  those  manifold  doctrines  of  the  threefold  canon  are,  without  any  exception,  included  therein.  They  are:  the  truth  of  suffering,  of  the  origin  of  suffering,  of  the  extinction  of  suffering,  and  of  the  Eightfold  Path  leading  to  the  extinction  of  suffering.
I.  The  1st  truth,  briefly  stated,  teaches  that  all  forms  of  existence  whatsoever  are  unsatisfactory  and  subject  to  suffering  (dukkha).
II.  The  2nd  truth  teaches  that  all  suffering,  and  all  rebirth,  is  produced  by  craving  (tanha^).
III.  The  3rd  truth  teaches  that  extinction  of  craving  necessarily  results  in  extinction  (nirodha)  of  rebirth  and  suffering,  i.e.  nibba^na  (q.v.).
IV.  The  4th  truth  of  the  Eightfold  Path  (magga)  indicates  the  means  by  which  this  extinction  is  attained.
The  stereotype  text  frequently  recurring  in  the  Sutta  Pitaka,  runs  as  follows:
I."But  what,  o  monks,  is  the  noble  truth  of  suffering?  Birth  is  suffering,  decay  is  suffering,  death  is  suffering;  sorrow,  lamentation,  pain,  grief  and  despair  are  suffering;  in  short,  the  5  groups  of  existence  connected  with  clinging  are  suffering  (cf.  dukkha,  dukkhata).
II.””But  what,  o  monks,  is  the  noble  truth  of  the  origin  of  suffering?  It  is  that  craving  which  gives  rise  to  fresh  rebirth  and,  bound  up  with  lust  and  greed,  now  here,  now  there,  finds  ever  fresh  delight.  It  is  the  sensual  craving  (ka^ma-tanha^),  the  craving  for  existence  (bhava-tanha^),  the  craving  for  non-existence  or  self-annihilation  (vibhava-tanha^).
III."But  what,  o  monks,  is  the  noble  truth  of  the  extinction  of  suffering?  It  is  the  complete  fading  away  and  extinction  of  this  craving,  its  forsaking  and  giving  up,  liberation  and  detachment  from  it.
IV."But  what,  o  monks,  is  the  noble  truth  of  the  path  leading  to  the  extinction  of  suffering?  It  is  the  Noble  Eightfold  Path  (ariya-atthangika-magga)  that  leads  to  the  extinction  of  suffering,  namely:

1.  Right  view  (samma^-ditthi)2.  Right  thought  (samma^-sankappa) III.  Wisdom  (pan~n~a^)
3.  Right  speech  (samma^-va^ca^)4.  Right  action  (samma^-kammanta)5.  Right  livelihood  (sammd-djiva)   I.  Morality  (si^la)
6.  Right  effort  (samma^-va^ya^ma)7.  Right  mindfulness  (samma^-sati)8.  Right  concentration  (samma^-sama^dhi)   II.  Concentration  (sama^dhi)


1."What  now,  o  monks,  is  right  view  (or  right  understanding)?  It  is  the  understanding  of  suffering,  of  the  origin  of  suffering,  of  the  extinction  of  suffering,  and  of  the  path  leading  to  the  extinction  of  suffering.
2."What  now,  o  monks,  is  right  thought?  It  is  a  mind  free  from  sensual  lust,  ill-will  and  cruelty.
3."What  now,  o  monks,  is  right  speech?  Abstaining  from  lying,  tale-bearing,  harsh  words,  and  foolish  babble  (cf.  tiraccha^nakatha^).
4."What  now,  o  monks,  is  right  action?  Abstaining  from  injuring  living  beings,  from  stealing  and  from  unlawful  sexual  intercourse  (s.  ka^mesu  miccha^ca^ra).
5."What  now,  o  monks,  is  right  livelihood?  If  the  noble  disciple  rejects  a  wrong  living,  and  gains  his  living  by  means  of  right  livelihood  (s.  magga,  5).
6."What  now,  o  monks,  is  right  effort?  If  the  disciple  rouses  his  will  to  avoid  the  arising  of  evil,  demeritorious  things  that  have  not  yet  arisen;...  if  he  rouses  his  will  to  overcome  the  evil,  demeritorious  things  that  have  already  arisen;...  if  he  rouses  his  will  to  produce  meritorious  things  that  have  not  yet  arisen;...  if  he  rouses  his  will  to  maintain  the  meritorious  things  that  have  already  arisen  and  not  to  let  them  disappear,  but  to  bring  them  to  growth,  to  maturity  and  to  the  full  perfection  of  development;  he  thus  makes  effort,  stirs  up  his  energy,  exerts  his  mind  and  strives  (s.  padha^na).
7."What  now,  o  monks  is  right  mindfulness?  If  the  disciple  dwells  in  contemplation  of  corporeality  ...  of  feeling  ...  of  mind  ...  of  the  mind-objects,  ardent,  clearly  conscious,  and  mindful  after  putting  away  worldly  greed  and  grief  (s.  satipattha^na).
8."What  now,  o  monks,  is  right  concentration?  If  the  disciple  is  detached  from  sensual  objects,  detached  from  unwholesome  things,  and  enters  into  the  first  absorption  ...  the  second  absorption  ...  the  third  absorption  ...  the  fourth  absorption"  (s.  jha^na).
In  the  Buddha”s  first  sermon,  the  Dhammacakkappavattana  Sutta,  it  is  said  that  the  first  truth  (suffering)  is  to  be  fully  understood;  the  second  truth  (craving)  to  be  abandoned;  the  third  truth  (Nibba^na)  to  be  realized;  the  fourth  truth  (the  path)  to  be  cultivated.
"The  truth  of  suffering  is  to  be  compared  with  a  disease,  the  truth  of  the  origin  of  suffering  with  the  cause  of  the  disease,  the  truth  of  extinction  of  suffering  with  the  cure  of  the  disease,  the  truth  of  the  path  with  the  medicine"  (Vis.M.  XVI).
In  the  ultimate  sense,  all  these  4  truths  are  to  be  considered  as  empty  of  a  self,  since  there  is  no  feeling  agent,  no  doer,  no  liberated  one.  no  one  who  follows  along  the  path.  Therefore  it  is  said:
”Mere  suffering  exists,  no  sufferer  is  found.
The  deed  is,  but  no  doer  of  the  deed  is  there.
Nibba^na  is,  but  not  the  man  that  enters  it.
The  path  is,  but  no  traveller  on  it  is  seen.

”The  first  truth  and  the  second  truth  are  empty
Of  permanency,  joy,  of  self  and  beauty;
The  Deathless  Realm  is  empty  of  an  ego,
And  free  from  permanency,  joy  and  self,  the  path.”
(Vis.M.  XVI)

It  must  be  pointed  out  that  the  first  truth  does  not  merely  refer  to  actual  suffering,  i.e.  to  suffering  as  feeling,  but  that  it  shows  that,  in  consequence  of  the  universal  law  of  impermanency,  all  the  phenomena  of  existence  whatsoever,  even  the  sublimest  states  of  existence,  are  subject  to  change  and  dissolution,  and  hence  are  miserable  and  unsatisfactory;  and  that  thus,  without  exception,  they  all  contain  in  themselves  the  germ  of  suffering.  Cf.  Guide,  p.  101f.
Regarding  the  true  nature  of  the  path,  s.  magga.
Literature:  Dhammacakkappavattana  Sutta  (in  WHEEL  17  and  BODHI  LEAVES);  M.  141;  Sacca-Samyutta  (S.  LVI);  Sacca  Vibhanga;  W.  of  B.;  Vis.M.  XVI:  The  Four  Noble  Truths  by  Francis  Story  (WHEEL  34/35);  The  Significance  of  the  4  Noble  Truths  by  V.  F.  Gunaratna  (WHEEL  123).

南传佛教英文辞典 【24】sagga

  ”heaven”;  s.  deva  (heavenly  heings).

南传佛教英文辞典 【25】sakka

  the  ”King  of  Gods”  (deva^nam-inda),  is  the  lord  over  the  celestial  beings  in  the  heaven  of  the  Thirty-Three”  (ta^vatimsa,  s.  deva).

南传佛教英文辞典 【26】satta

  ”living  being”.  This  term,  just  like  atta^,  puggala,  ji^va,  and  all  the  other  terms  denoting  ”ego-entity”,  is  to  be  considered  as  a  merely  conventional  term  (voha^ra-vacana),  not  possessing  any  reality-value.  For  the  impersonality  of  all  existence.  s.  anatta^,  paramattha,  puggala,  ji^va,  satta,  paticcasamuppa^da.

南传佛教英文辞典 【27】sekha

  a  ”noble  learner”,  a  disciple  in  higher  training,  i.e.  one  who  pursues  the  3  kinds  of  training  (sikkha^,  q.v.),  is  one  of  those  7  kinds  of  noble  disciples  who  have  reached  one  of  the  4  supermundane  paths  or  the  3  lower  fruitions  (s.  ariya-puggala),  while  the  one  possessed  of  the  4th  fruition,  or  Arahatta-phala,  is  called  ”one  beyond  training”  (asekha,  lit.”no  more  learner”).  The  worldling  (puthujjana,  q.v.)  is  called  ”neither  a  noble  learner,  nor  perfected  in  learning”  (n”eva-sekha-na^sekha).  Cf.  Pug.  23-25.

南传佛教英文辞典 【28】sense

  organs  and  objects:  s.  a^yatana,  dha^tu.

南传佛教英文辞典 【29】sense

  stimuli,  corporeality  responding  to:  s.  a^yatana.

南传佛教英文辞典 【30】shame

  hiri  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【31】si^la

  ”morality”,  ”virtue”,  is  a  mode  of  mind  and  volition  (cetana,  q.v.)  manifested  in  speech  or  bodily  action  (s.  karma).  It  is  the  foundation  of  the  whole  Buddhist  practice,  and  therewith  the  first  of  the  3  kinds  of  training  (sikkha^,  q.v.)  that  form  the  3-fold  division  of  the  8-fold  Path  (s.  magga),  i.e.  morality,  concentration  and  wisdom.
Buddhist  morality  is  not,  as  it  may  appear  from  the  negative  formulations  in  the  Sutta-texts,  something  negative.  And  it  does  not  consist  in  the  mere  not  committing  of  evil  actions,  but  is  in  each  instance  the  clearly  conscious  and  intentional  restraint  from  the  bad  actions  in  question  and  corresponds  to  the  simultaneously  arising  volition.
Morality  of  the  8-fold  Path,  namely,  right  speech,  right  action  and  right  livelihood,  is  called  ”genuine  or  natural  morality”  pakatisi^la),  as  distinguished  from  the  external  rules  for  monks  or  laymen,  the  so-called  ”prescribed  morality”  (pan~n~atti-si^la,  q.v.),  which,  as  such,  is  karmically  neutral.
"What  now  is  karmically  wholesome  morality  (kusala-si^la)?  It  is  the  wholesome  bodily  action  (ka^ya-kamma,  s.  karma),  wholesome  verbal  action  (vaci^-kamma,  s.  karma),  and  also  the  purity  with  regard  to  livelihood  which  I  call  morality"  (M.  78).  Cf.  magga,  3-5.
For  the  5,  8  and  10  rules,  s.  sikkha^pada.  Further  cf.  ca^ritta-  and  va^ritta-si^la.
The  4  kinds  of  morality  consisting  of  purification  (catupa^risuddhi-si^la)  are:  (1)  restraint  with  regard  to  the  monks”  Disciplinary  Code,  (2)  restraint  of  the  senses,  (3)  purification  of  livelihood,  (4)  morality  with  regard  to  the  4  requisites  (of  the  monk)  .
(1)  Restraint  with  regard  to  the  Disciplinary  Code  (pa^timokkha-samvara-si^la)."Here  the  monk  is  restrained  in  accordance  with  the  monks”  Disciplinary  Code,  is  perfect  in  conduct  and  behaviour,  and  perceiving  danger  even  in  the  least  offences,  he  trains  himself  in  the  rules  he  has  taken  upon  him"  (A  .  V,  87,109  ,114,  etc.  )  .
(2)  Restraint  of  the  senses  (indriya-samvara-si^la)."Whenever  the  monk  perceives  a  form  with  the  eye,  a  sound  with  the  ear,  an  odour  with  the  nose,  a  taste  with  the  tongue,  an  impression  with  the  body,  an  object  with  the  mind,  he  neither  adheres  to  the  appearance  as  a  whole,  nor  to  its  parts.  And  he  strives  to  ward  off  that  through  which  evil  and  unwholesome  things,  greed  and  sorrow,  would  arise,  if  he  remained  with  unguarded  senses;  and  he  watches  over  his  senses,  restrains  his  senses"  (M  38).
(3)  Purification  of  livelihood  (a^ji^va-pa^risuddhi-si^la).  It  consists  therein  that  the  monk  does  not  acquire  his  livelihood  in  a  way  unbefitting  to  a  monk.
(4)  Morality  with  regard  to  the  4  rcquisites  (paccaya-sannissita-si^la).  It  consists  therein  that  the  monk  is  guided  by  the  right  mental  attitude  when  making  use  of  the  4  requisites:  robes,  almsfood,  dwelling  and  medicine."Wisely  reflecting  he  makes  use  of  his  robes  ...  merely  to  protect  himself  against  cold  and  heat,  etc.  Wisely  reflecting  he  makes  use  of  his  almsfood...  merely  as  a  prop  and  support  to  this  body....  Wisely  reflecting  he  makes  use  of  his  dwelling...  merely  to  keep  off  the  dangers  of  weather  and  to  enjoy  solitude....  Wisely  rerlecting  he  makes  use  of  the  necessary  medicines,  merely  to  suppress  feelings  of  sickness  that  arise,  and  to  reach  perfect  freedom  from  suffering"  (cf.  M.  2).
About  these  4  kinds  of  morality,  Vis.M.  I  gives  a  detailed  exposition.

南传佛教英文辞典 【32】si^la

  paccayasannissita-,  pacca^vekkhana-si^la:,  etc.,  are  terms  used  in  the  Com.  for  the  proper  contemplation  (patisankha^  yoniso)  of  the  4  requisites  of  a  monk,  often  dealt  with  in  the  old  texts  (e.g.  M.  2).  Also  the  3  other  pa^risuddhi-si^la,  as  pa^timokkhasamvara-,  indriya-,  and  a^ji^vapa^risuddhi-si^la,  though  under  these  names  perhaps  only  known  in  the  Com.,  are  fully  dealt  with  in  the  old  texts,  e.g.  M.53,  D.2,  M.2,  etc.  The  terms  pannatti-  and  pan~n~atti-si^la  are  used  only  in  the  Com.

南传佛教英文辞典 【33】sloth

  middha,  s.  ni^varana.

南传佛教英文辞典 【34】space

  s.  a^ka^sa.

南传佛教英文辞典 【35】subha

  kinha  (or-kinna):  s.  deva,  II.

南传佛教英文辞典 【36】sukha

  pleasant,  happy;  happiness,  pleasure,  joy,  bliss.  It  is  one  of  the  three  feelings  (s.  vedana^)  and  may  be  either  bodily  or  mental.  The  texts  distinguish  between  the  happiness  of  the  senses  and  the  h.  of  renunciation  (A.  II),  worldly  (carnal;  sa^misa)  and  unworldly  (non-carnal;  nira^misa)  happiness  (M.  10).  See  A.  II,  ch.  VIII.  -  Happiness  is  an  indispensable  condition  for  attaining  concentration  of  mind  (sama^dhi,  q.v.),  and  therefore  it  is  one  of  the  5  factors  (or  constituents)  of  the  1st  absorption  (jha^nanga;  s.  jha^na)  and  is  present  up  to  the  3rd  absorption  inclusively."The  mind  of  the  happy  one  has  concentration  as  its  fruit  and  reward"  (A.X,1).  -  "In  him  who  is  filled  with  happiness,  right  concentration  has  found  a  foundation"  (A.X,3).

南传佛教英文辞典 【37】vasi^

  ”mastery”.  Vis.M.  IV  speaks  of  5  kinds  of  m.,  which  anyone  who  wishes  to  develop  the  absorptions  (jha^na,  q.v.)  should  acquire  first  of  all,  with  regard  to  the  1st  absorption,  namely:  mastery  in  adverting  to  it  (a^vajjana-vasi^),  in  entering  it  (sama^pajjana-vasi^),  in  determining  it  (adhittha^na-vasi^),  in  rising  therefrom  (vuttha^na-vasi^),  in  retrospection  (paccavekkhana-vasi^).  -  (App.).
"If  wherever,  whenever,  and  for  whatever  duration  desired,  one  enters  the  1st  absorption,  and  at  one”s  entering  it,  no  slowness  is  experienced,  this  is  called  mastery  in  entering  the  absorption,  etc.  In  an  analogous  way,  the  4  remaining  kinds  are  to  be  explained"  (Vis.M.  IV,  131f;  XXIII,  27ff.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【38】vasi^

  The  5  kinds  of  vasi^  are  probably  found  first  in  the  Vis.M.

南传佛教英文辞典 【39】yokes

  yoga,  q.v.

南传佛教英文辞典 【40】a^sava

  (lit:  influxes),  ”cankers”,  taints,  corruption”s,  intoxicant  biases.  There  is  a  list  of  four  (as  in  D.  16,  Pts.M.,  Vibh.):  the  canker  of  sense-desire  (ka^ma^sava),  of  (desiring  eternal)  existence  (bhava^sava),  of  (wrong)  views  (dittha^sava),  and  of  ignorance  (avijja^sava).  A  list  of  three,  omitting  the  canker  of  views,  is  possibly  older  and  is  more  frequent  in  the  Suttas,  e.g.  in  M.  2,  M.  9,  D.  33;  A.  III,  59,  67;  A.  VI,  63.  -  In  Vibh.  (Khuddakavatthu  Vibh.)  both  the  3-fold  and  4-fold  division  are  mentioned.  The  fourfold  division  also  occurs  under  the  name  of  ”floods”  (ogha)  and  ”yokes”  (yoga).
Through  the  path  of  Stream-Entry,  the  canker  of  views  is  destroyed;  through  the  path  of  Non-Returning,  the  canker  of  sense-desire;  through  the  path  of  Arahatship,  the  cankers  of  existence  and  ignorance.  M.  2  shows  how  to  overcome  the  cankers,  namely,  through  insight,  sense-control,  avoidance,  wise  use  of  the  necessities  of  life,  etc.  For  a  commentarial  exposition,  see  Atthasa^lini  Tr.  I,  p.  63f:  II,  pp.  475ff.
Khi^na^sava,  ”one  whose  cankers  are  destroyed”,  or  ”one  who  is  canker-free”,  is  a  name  for  the  Arahat  or  Holy  One.  The  state  of  Arahatship  is  frequently  called  a^savakkhaya,  ”the  destruction  of  the  cankers”.  Suttas  concluding  with  the  attainment  of  Arahatship  by  the  listeners,  often  end  with  the  words:  "During  this  utterance,  the  hearts  of  the  Bhikkhus  were  freed  from  the  cankers  through  clinging  no  more"  (anupa^da^ya  a^savehi  citta^ni  vimuccimsú”ti).

南传佛教英文辞典 【41】abodes

  viha^ra  (q.v.).  The  4  Divine  a.:  brahma-viha^ra  (q.v.)  The  9  a.  of  beings:  satta^va^sa  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【42】access

  Moment  of:  s.  javana.

南传佛教英文辞典 【43】asekha

  (lit.:  ”not-learner”;  s.  sekha),  a  disciple  ”perfected  in  training”,  one  beyond  training,  an  adept.  This  is  a  name  for  the  Arahat,  the  Holy  One  (s.  ariya-puggala),  since  he  has  reached  the  perfection  in  higher  moral  training,  higher  mind  training  and  higher  wisdom  training  (s.  sikkha^)  and  needs  no  longer  to  train  himself  therein.

南传佛教英文辞典 【44】beings

  The  9  worlds  of:  satta^va^sa  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【45】biases

  s.  a^sava.

南传佛教英文辞典 【46】course

  of  action  (wholesome  or  unwholesome):  kammapatha  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【47】elders

  the  teaching  of  the:  Therava^da  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【48】escape

  nissarana  (s.  paha^na).

南传佛教英文辞典 【49】floods

  the  4:  ogha,  are  identical  with  the  4  cankers  (a^sava,  q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【50】forest

  dweller,  the  ascetic  practice  for  the:  s.  dhutanga.

南传佛教英文辞典 【51】ghosts

  cf.  peta,  yakkha;  s.  loka.

南传佛教英文辞典 【52】gnosis

  s.  indriya  (21).

南传佛教英文辞典 【53】groups

  of  existence,  s.  khandha;  corporeal  groups,  s.  rúpa-kala^pa;  corporeality-group,  s.  rúpa-ka^ya;  mind-group,  s.  na^ma-ka^ya.

南传佛教英文辞典 【54】jewels

  The  3:  ti-ratana  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【55】kasina

  (perhaps  related  to  Sanskrit  krtsna,  ”all,  complete,  whole”),  is  the  name  for  a  purely  external  device  to  produce  and  develop  concentration  of  mind  and  attain  the  4  absorptions  (jha^na  q.v.).  It  consists  in  concentrating  one”s  full  and  undivided  attention  on  one  visible  object  as  preparatory  image  (parikamma-nimitta),  e.g.  a  colored  spot  or  disc,  or  a  piece  of  earth,  or  a  pond  at  some  distance,  etc.,  until  at  last  one  perceives,  even  with  the  eyes  closed,  a  mental  reflex,  the  acquired  image  (uggaha-nimitta).  Now,  while  continuing  to  direct  one”s  attention  to  this  image,  there  may  arise  the  spotless  and  immovable  counter-image  (patibha^ga-nimitta),  and  together  with  it  the  neighbourhood-concentration  (upaca^ra-sama^dhi)  will  have  been  reached.  While  still  persevering  in  the  concentration  on  the  object,  one  finally  will  reach  a  state  of  mind  where  all  sense-activity  is  suspended,  where  there  is  no  more  seeing  and  hearing,  no  more  perception  of  bodily  impression  and  feeling,  i.e.  the  state  of  the  1st  mental  absorption  (jha^na,  q.v.).
The  10  kasinas  mentioned  in  the  Suttas  are:  earth-kasina,  water,  fire,  wind,  blue,  yellow,  red,  white,  space,  and  consciousness."There  are  10  kasina-spheres:  someone  sees  the  earth  kasina,  above,  below,  on  all  sides,  undivided,  unbounded  ....  someone  see  the  water-kasina,  above,  below,  etc."  (M.  77;  D.  33)  Cf.  abhibha^yatan,  bha^vana^;  further  s.  Fund.  IV.
For  space  and  consciousness-kasina  we  find  in  Vis.M.  V  the  names  limited  space-kasina  (paricchinna^ka^sa-kasina;...  s.  App.  )  and  light-kasina  (a^loka-kasina).
For  full  description  see  Vis.M.  IV-V;  also  Atthasa^lini  Tr.  I,  248.

南传佛教英文辞典 【56】kilesa

  ”defilements”,  are  mind-defiling,  unwholesome  qualities.  Vis.M.  XXII,  49,  65:  "There  are  10  defilements,  thus  called  because  they  are  themselves  defiled,  and  because  they  defile  the  mental  factors  associated  with  them.  They  are:  (1)  greed  (lobha),  (2)  hate  (dosa),  (3)  delusion  (moha),  (4)  conceit  (ma^na),  (5)  speculative  views  (ditthi),  (6)  skeptical  doubt  (vicikiccha^),  (7)  mental  torpor  (thi^na),  (8)  restlessness  (uddhacca);  (9)  shamelessness  (ahirika),  (10)  lack  of  moral  dread  or  unconscientiousness  (anottappa)."  For  1-3,  s.  múla;  4,  s.  ma^na;  5,  s.  ditthi;  6-8,  s.  ni^varana;  9  and  10,  s.  ahirika-anottappa.
The  ten  are  explained  in  Dhs.  1229f  and  enumerated  in  Vibh.  XII.  No  classification  of  the  k.  is  found  in  the  Suttas,  though  the  term  occurs  quite  often  in  them.  For  the  related  term,  upakkilesa  (q.v.;”impurities”)  different  lists  are  given  -  (App.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【57】kilesa

  the  10  kilesa  are  probably  for  the  first  time  enumerated  and  explained  in  Dhs.  (§§  1229-1239).  There  they  are,  however,  called  kilesa-vatthu,  which  name  (dasa  kilesa-vatthu)  is  already  mentioned  in  Pts  I,  130,  though  there  they  are  neither  enumerated  nor  explained.

南传佛教英文辞典 【58】kusala

  ”karmically  wholesome”  or  ”profitable”,  salutary,  morally  good,  (skillful)  Connotations  of  the  term,  according  to  Com.  (Atthasa^lini),  are:  of  good  health,  blameless,  productive  of  favourable  karma-result,  skillful.  It  should  be  noted  that  Com.  excludes  the  meaning  ”skillful”,  when  the  term  is  applied  to  states  of  consciousness.
It  is  defined  in  M.  9  as  the  10  wholesome  courses  of  action  (s.  kammapatha).  In  psychological  terms,  ”karmically  wholesome”  are  all  those  karmical  volitions  (kamma-cetana^)  and  the  consciousness  and  mental  factors  associated  therewith,  which  are  accompanied  by  2  or  3  wholesome  roots  (s.  múla),  i.e.  by  greedlessness  (alobha)  and  hatelessness  (adosa),  and  in  some  cases  also  by  non-delusion  (amoha:  wisdom,  understanding).  Such  states  of  consciousness  are  regarded  as  ”karmically  wholesome”  as  they  are  causes  of  favourable  karma  results  and  contain  the  seeds  of  a  happy  destiny  or  rebirth.  From  this  explanation,  two  facts  should  be  noted:  (1)  it  is  volition  that  makes  a  state  of  consciousness,  or  an  act,  ”good”  or  ”bad”;  (2)  the  moral  criterion  in  Buddhism  is  the  presence  or  absence  of  the  3  wholesome  or  moral  roots  (s.  múla).
The  above  explanations  refer  to  mundane  (lokiya,  q.v.)  wholesome  consciousness.  Supermundane  wholesome  (lokuttara-kusala)  states,  i.e.  the  four  paths  of  sanctity  (s.  ariyapuggala),  have  as  results  only  the  corresponding  four  fruitions;  they  do  not  constitute  karma,  nor  do  they  lead  to  rebirth,  and  this  applies  also  to  the  good  actions  of  an  Arahat  (Tab.  I,  73-80)  and  his  meditative  states  (Tab.  1,  81-89),  which  are  all  karmically  inoperative  (functional;  s.  kiriya).
Kusala  belongs  to  a  threefold  division  of  all  consciousness,  as  found  in  the  Abhidhamma  (Dhs.),  into  wholesome  (kusala),  unwholesome  (akusala)  and  karmically  neutral  (avya^kata),  which  is  the  first  of  the  triads  (tika)  in  the  Abhidhamma  schedule  (ma^tika^);  s.  Guide,  pp.  4ff.,  12ff;  Vis.M.  XIV,  83ff.

南传佛教英文辞典 【59】misery

  contemplation  of:  dukkha^nupassana^;  s.  ti-lakkhana.

南传佛教英文辞典 【60】phassa

  (fr.  phusati,  to  touch):  ”sense-impression”,  contact.  The  term  samphassa  is  used  in  compounds,  e.g.  in  the  following:  ”"T”here  are  6  classes  of  sense-impression:  visual  impression  (cakkhu-samphassa),  impressions  of  hearing,  smelling,  tasting,  bodily  (tactile)  impression  and  mental  impression"  (M.  9).  A  twofold  division  occurs  in  D.  15:  patigha  (q.v.)  -samphassa,  impression  by  sensorial  reaction”,  and  adhivacana-samphassa,  verbal  (or  conceptual,  i.e.  mental)  impression”.
Phassa  does  not  signify  physical  impact,  but  is  one  of  the  7  constant  mental  concomitants  of  consciousness  (cetasika)  and  belongs  to  the  group  of  mental  formations  (sankha^ra-kkhandha).  In  lists  of  both  these  categories  it  is  generally  mentioned  first  (e.g.  Dhs.  1:  M.  9),  due  to  its  fundamental  position  in  the  cognitive  process  In  M.  18  it  is  thus  defined:  "Dependent  on  the  eye  and  the  forms,  eye-consciousness  arises;  the  coming-together  of  the  three  is  sense-impression"  (similarly  stated  in  the  case  of  the  other  5  senses,  including  mind).  In  the  dependent  origination,  it  is  conditioned  by  the  six  sense-bases  and  is  a  conditioning  factor  of  feeling  (s.  paticca-samuppa^da  5,  6).  Its  relation  to  mind-and-body  (na^ma-rúpa)  is  described  in  D.  15,  and  its  influence  on  feeling  and  wrong  views,  in  D.  1  (at  the  end).  -  It  is  one  of  the  4  nutriments  (a^ha^ra,  q.v.),  and  the  first  factor  in  the  pentad  of  sense-impression  (phassa-pan~camaka),  together  with  feeling,  perception,  volition  and  consciousness  (see  Abh.  St.,  p.  47ff  ).
Being  a  key  function  in  the  mind”s  contact  with  the  world  of  objects  and  being  a  potential  source  of  defilements,  sense-impression  is  an  important  subject  for  reflective  insight  contemplation  as  succinctly  formulated  in  many  verses  of  the  Sn.:  736/7,  778,  851,  870/72,  923.

南传佛教英文辞典 【61】planes

  of  existence,  the  3:  s.  avacara.

南传佛教英文辞典 【62】powers

  the  5  spiritual:  s.  bala.  -  For  the  6  higher  p.,  s.  abhin~n~na.  For  the  10  p.  of  a  Buddha,  s.  dasabala.  -  For  the  4  roads  to  p.,  s.  iddhipa^da.  For  magical  p.,  s.  iddhi.

南传佛教英文辞典 【63】samma^

  ditthi,  -sankappa,  -vaca,  etc:  see  magga.

南传佛教英文辞典 【64】sangha

  (lit.:  congregation),  is  the  name  for  the  Community  of  Buddhist  monks.  As  the  third  of  the  Three  Gems  or  Jewels  (ti-ratana,  q.v.)  and  the  Three  Refuges  (ti-sarana,  q.v.),  i.e.  Buddha,  Dhamma  and  Sangha,  it  applies  to  the  ariya-sangha,  the  community  of  the  saints,  i.e.  the  4  Noble  Ones  (ariya-pugga,  q.v.),  the  Stream-winner,  etc.

南传佛教英文辞典 【65】sarana

  s.  ti-sarana.

南传佛教英文辞典 【66】sexual

  intercourse,  unlawful:  s.  ka^mesu  miccha^ca^ra.

南传佛教英文辞典 【67】stains

  the  3:  mala  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【68】suddha

  vipassana^  ya^nika  =  sukkha-vipassaka  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【69】sugati

  ”happy  course  of  existence”;  s.  gati.

南传佛教英文辞典 【70】sukkha

  vipassaka  =  suddha-vipassana^-ya^nika:  these  terms  are  used  only  in  the  Com.,  as  also  their  counterpart  samathaya^nika.

南传佛教英文辞典 【71】taints

  a^sava  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【72】truths

  the  4  Noble:  sacca  (q.v.).  -  2-fold  knowledge  of  the  t.;  s.  saccan~a^na.

南传佛教英文辞典 【73】tusita

  a  class  of  heavenly  beings  in  the  sensuous  plane;  s.  deva  (1).

南传佛教英文辞典 【74】usages

  the  4  noble:  ariya-vamsa  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【75】wisdom

  pan~n~a^  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【76】a^ka^sa

  kasina  ”space-kasina  exercise”;  s.  kasina.

南传佛教英文辞典 【77】a^ka^sa

  ”space”,  ...
”space”,  is,  according  to  Com.,  of  two  kinds:  
limited  space  (paricchinna^ka^sa  or  pariccheda^ka^sa),  
endless  space  (ananta^ka^sa),  i.e.  cosmic  space.
1.  Limited  space,  under  the  name  of  a^ka^sa-dha^tu  (space  element),  belongs  to  derived  corporeality  (s.  khandha,  Summary  I;  Dhs  638)  and  to  a  sixfold  classification  of  elements  (s.  dha^tu;  M.112,  M.115,  M.140).  It  is  also  an  object  of  kasina  (q.v.)  meditation.  It  is  defined  as  follows:  "The  space  element  has  the  characteristic  of  delimiting  matter.  Its  function  is  to  indicate  the  boundaries  of  matter.  It  is  manifested  as  the  confines  of  matter;  or  its  manifestation  consists  in  being  untouched  (by  the  4  great  elements),  and  in  holes  and  apertures.  Its  proximate  cause  is  the  matter  delimited.  It  is  on  account  of  the  space  element  that  one  can  say  of  material  things  delimited  that  ”this  is  above.  below,  around  that”"  (Vis.M.  XIV.63).
2.  Endless  space  is  called  in  Atthasa^lini  ajata^ka^sa,  ”unentangled”,  i.e.  unobstructed  or  empty  space.  It  is  the  object  of  the  first  immaterial  absorption  (s.  jha^na),  the  sphere  of  boundless  space  (a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana).  According  to  Abhidhamma  philosophy,  endless  space  has  no  objective  reality  (being  purely  conceptual),  which  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  it  is  not  included  in  the  triad  of  the  wholesome  (kusalatika),  which  comprises  the  entire  reality.  Later  Buddhist  schools  have  regarded  it  as  one  of  several  unconditioned  or  uncreated  states  (asankhata  dharma)  -  a  view  that  is  rejected  in  Kath.  (s.  Guide.  p.  70).  Therava^da  Buddhism  recognizes  only  Nibba^na  as  an  unconditioned  element  (asankhata-dha^tu:  s.  Dhs.  1084).

南传佛教英文辞典 【78】absence

  natthi-paccaya,  is  one  of  the  24  conditions  (paccaya,  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【79】ahimsa^

  s.  avihimsa^.

南传佛教英文辞典 【80】akusala

  ”unwholesome”,  ...
are  all  those  karmic  volitions  (kamma-cetana^;  s.  cetana^)  and  the  consciousness  and  mental  concomitants  associated  therewith,  which  are  accompanied  either  by  greed  (lobha)  or  hate  (dosa)  or  merely  delusion  (moha);  and  all  these  phenomena  are  causes  of  unfavourable  karma-results  and  contain  the  seeds  of  unhappy  destiny  or  rebirth.
Cf.  karma,  paticca-samuppa^da  (1),  Tab.  II.

南传佛教英文辞典 【81】anusaya

  the  7  ”proclivities”,  inclinations,  or  tendencies  are:  sensuous  greed  (ka^ma-ra^ga,  s.  samyojana),  grudge  (patigha),  speculative  opinion  (ditthi,  q.v.),  sceptical  doubt  (vicikiccha^,  q.v.),  conceit  (ma^na,  q.v.),  craving  for  continued  existence  (bhavara^ga),  ignorance  (avijja^,  q.v.)  (D.  33;  A.  VII,  11,  12).
"These  things  are  called  ”proclivities”  since,  in  consequence  of  their  pertinacity,  they  ever  and  again  tend  to  become  the  conditions  for  the  arising  of  ever  new  sensuous  greed,  etc.””  (Vis.M.  XXII,  60).
Yam.  VII,  first  determines  in  which  beings  such  and  such  proclivities  exist,  and  which  proclivities,  and  with  regard  to  what,  and  in  which  sphere  of  existence.  Thereafter  it  gives  an  explanation  concerning  their  overcoming,  their  penetration,  etc.  Cf.  Guide  VI  (vii).  According  to  Kath.  several  ancient  Buddhist  schools  erroneously  held  the  opinion  that  the  anusayas,  as  such,  meant  merely  latent,  hence  karmically  neutral  qualities,  which  however  Contradicts  the  Therava^da  conception.  Cf.  Guide  V,  88,  108,  139.

南传佛教英文辞典 【82】arising

  and  vanishing  (of  things).  The  knowledge  consisting  in  the  contemplation  of;  s.  visuddhi  (VI.  1.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【83】cankers

  s.  a^sava.

南传佛教英文辞典 【84】desana^

  ”exposition”  of  the  doctrine,  may  be  either  an  exposition  true  in  the  highest  sense  (paramattha-desana^);  or  it  may  not  be  true  in  the  highest,  but  only  in  the  conventional  sense  (voha^ra-desana^).  See  paramattha.

南传佛教英文辞典 【85】destiny

  evil  views  with  fixed  d.:  niyata-miccha^-ditthi  (q.v.).  Men  with  fixed  d.:  niyata-puggala  (q.v.).  See  gati.

南传佛教英文辞典 【86】disease

  one  of  the  ”divine  messengers”  (deva-dúta,  q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【87】factors

  mental:  s.  cetasika.  -  F.  of  absorption,  s.  jha^na  -  F.  of  enlightenment,  s.  bojjhanga.

南传佛教英文辞典 【88】fetters

  The  10  f.  binding  to  existence;  s.  samyojana.

南传佛教英文辞典 【89】insight

  cf.  pan~n~a^,  vipassana^,  n~a^na.

南传佛教英文辞典 【90】mastery

  (regarding  the  absorptions):  s.  vasi^.  -  8  stages  of:  abhibha^yatana  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【91】message

  the  9-fold:  of  the  Buddhasa^sana,  s.  sa^sana.

南传佛教英文辞典 【92】nissaya

  ”foundation”.  The  2  wrong  foundations  of  morality  are  craving  (tanha^-nissaya)  and  views  (ditthi-nissaya).  Hence  there  are  two  wrong  bases  of  morality:  morality  based  on  craving  (tanha^-nissita-si^la)  and  morality  based  on  views  (ditthi-nissita-si^la).  (App.)
"”Based  on  craving”  is  that  kind  of  morality  which  has  come  about  by  the  desire  for  a  happy  existence,  e.g.:  ”O  that  by  this  morality  I  might  become  a  godlike  or  heavenly  being!”  (A.IX,  172).”Based  on  views”  is  that  morality  which  has  been  induced  by  the  view  that  through  the  observation  of  certain  moral  rules  purification  may  be  attained"  (Vis.M.  I).

南传佛教英文辞典 【93】obha^sa

  ”effulgence  of  light”,  aura,  appearing  at  times  during  deep  insight  (vipassana^),  may  become  a  ”defilement  of  insight”  (vipassanúpakkilesa);  cf.  visuddhi,  V.

南传佛教英文辞典 【94】remorse

  kukkucca  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【95】sa^sana

  (lit.”message”):  the  Dispensation  of  the  Buddha,  the  Buddhist  religion;  teaching,  doctrine.
Navanga-Buddha  (or  satthu)-sa^sana,  the  ninefold  Dispensation  of  the  Buddha  (or  the  Master)  consists  of  suttas  (sutta),  mixed  prose  (geyya),  exegesis  (veyya^karana),  verses  (ga^tha^),  solemn  utterances  (uda^na),  sayings  of  the  Blessed  One  (itivuttaka),  birth  stories  (ja^taka),  extraordinary  things  (abbhutadhamma),  and  analysis  (vedalla).  This  classification  is  often  found  in  the  suttas  (e.g.  M.  22).  According  to  the  commentaries,  also  the  Vinaya  and  the  Abhidhamma  Pitaka  are  comprised  in  that  ninefold  division  (see  Atthasa^lini  Tr.,  I,  33).  It  is  a  classification  according  to  literary  styles,  and  not  according  to  given  texts  or  books.

南传佛教英文辞典 【96】sa^vaka

  ”hearer”,  i.e.”disciple”,  refers,  in  a  restricted  sense  (then  mostly  ariya-sa^vaka,  ”nohle  disciple”),  only  to  the  8  kinds  of  noble  disciples  (ariya-puggala,  q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【97】saddha^

  faith,  confidence.  A  Buddhist  is  said  to  have  faith  if  "he  believes  in  the  Perfect  One”s  (the  Buddha”s)  Enlightenment"  (M  53;  A.V,  2),  or  in  the  Three  Jewels  (s.  ti-ratana),  by  taking  his  refuge  in  them  (s.  ti-sarana).  His  faith,  however,  should  be  "reasoned  and  rooted  in  understanding"  (a^ka^ravata^  saddha^  dassanamúlika;  M.  47),  and  he  is  asked  to  investigate  and  test  the  object  of  his  faith  (M.  47,  95).  A  Buddhist”s  faith  is  not  in  conflict  with  the  spirit  of  inquiry,  and  "doubt  about  dubitable  things"  (A.  II,  65;  S.  XLII,  13)  is  admitted  and  inquiry  into  them  is  encouraged.  The  ”faculty  of  faith”  (saddhindriya)  should  be  balanced  with  that  of  wisdom  (pan~n~indriya;  s.  indriya-samatta).  It  is  said:  "A  monk  who  has  understanding,  establishes  his  faith  in  accordance  with  that  understanding"  (S.  XLVIII,  45).  Through  wisdom  and  understanding,  faith  becomes  an  inner  certainty  and  firm  conviction  based  on  one”s  own  experience.
Faith  is  called  the  seed  (Sn.  v.  77)  of  all  wholesome  states  because,  according  to  commentarial  explanations,  it  inspires  the  mind  with  confidence  (okappana,  pasa^da)  and  determination  (adhimokkha),  for  ”launching  out”  (pakkhandhana;  s.  M.  122)  to  cross  the  flood  of  samsa^ra.
Unshakable  faith  is  attained  on  reaching  the  first  stage  of  holiness,  ”stream-entry”  (sota^patti,  s.  ariyapuggala),  when  the  fetter  of  sceptical  doubt  (vicikiccha^;  s.  samyojana)  is  eliminated.  Unshakable  confidence  (avecca-pasa^da)  in  the  Three  Jewels  is  one  of  the  characteristic  qualities  of  the  Stream-winner  (sota^pannassa  anga^ni,  q.v.).
Faith  is  a  mental  concomitant,  present  in  all  karmically  wholesome,  and  its  corresponding  neutral,  consciousness  (s.  Tab.  II).  It  is  one  of  the  4  streams  of  merit  (pun~n~adha^ra^,  q.v.),  one  of  the  5  spiritual  faculties  (indriya,  q.v.),  spiritual  powers  (bala,  q.v.),  elements  of  exertion  (padha^niyanga,  q.v.)  and  one  of  the  7  treasures  (dhana,  q.v.).
See  Faith  in  the  Buddha”s  Teaching,  by  Soma  Thera  (WHEEL  262)."Does  Saddha^  mean  Faith?””  by  n~a^namoli  Thera  (in  WHEEL  52/53).

南传佛教英文辞典 【98】samatha

  ”tranquillity”,  serenity,  is  a  synonym  of  sama^dhi  (coneentration),  cittekaggata^  (one-pointedness  of  mind)  and  avikkhepa  (undistractedness).  It  is  one  of  the  mental  factors  in  ”wholesome  consciousness.  Cf.  foll.  and  bha^vana^.

南传佛教英文辞典 【99】sammuti

  s.  sacca.

南传佛教英文辞典 【100】samseva

  ”companionship”.  (1)  "Through  companionship  with  bad  men  (asappurisa-s.)  comes  listening  to  bad  advice,  thereby  unwise  reflection,  thereby  inattention  and  mental  confusion,  thereby  lack  of  sense-control,  thereby  3-fold  bad  conduct  in  bodily  action,  speech  and  mind,  thereby  the  5  hindrances  (ni^varana,  q.v.),  thereby  craving  for  existence.  (2)  Through  companionship  with  good  men  (sappurisa-s.  )  comes  listening  to  good  advice,  thereby  faith,  thereby  wise  reflection,  thereby  mindfulness  and  clarity  of  consciousness,  thereby  sense-control,  thereby  3-fold  good  conduct,  thereby  the  4  foundations  of  mindfulness  (satipattha^na,  q.v  ),  thereby  the  7  factors  of  enlightenment  (bojjhanga,  q.v.),  thereby  liberation  through  wisdom  (pan~n~a^-vimutti,  q.v.)."  Cf.  A.  X  62.

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