F annihilation, craving for: vibhava-tanha^ (s. tanha^).
F atta^ (q.v.).
s. bha^va.
bowl eater, the practice of the: s. dhutanga.
vow of going for; or to do so without omitting any house: s. dhutanga, 3, 4.
goer, the practice of the; s. dhutanga.
”hatred”, anger, is one of the 3 unwholesome, roots (múla, q.v.). - d. citta: hate consciousness; s. Tab. I (30, 31).
”attaining two ends simultaneously”; sama-si^si^ (q.v.).
the 3: ti-ratana (q.v.).
s. ra^ga.
and fall (of phenomena): the knowledge consisting in the contemplation of r. and f., s. visuddhi VI, 1.
”mindfulness”, is one of the 5 spiritual faculties and powers (s. bala), one of the 7 factors of enlightenment (bojjhanga, q.v.), and the 7th link of the 8-fold Path (magga, q.v.), and is, in its widest sense, one of those mental factors inseparably associated with all karmically wholesome (kusala, q.v.) and karma-produced lofty (sobhana) consciousness (Cf. Tab. II). - For the 4 foundations of mindfulness s. foll.
the 4: gantha (q.v.).
”hatelessness, is one of the 3 wholesome roots (múla, q.v.).
”demons”, titans, evil ghosts, inhabiting one of the lower worlds (apa^ya, q.v.).
The 12 of the perceptual process: a^yatana (q.v.).
the 4: yoga (q.v.).
cf. paccaya (1). - For the five c. of existence, s. paticca-samuppa^da (10).
cf. kappa.
of deliverance, the 3: vimokkha-dva^ra; s. vimokkha I; visuddhi VI, 8.
”envy”, is a karmically unwholesome (akusala) mental factor, which is occasionally associated with hate-rooted consciousness (s. Tab. I. 30, 31,). Explained in Pug. 55.
and ritual, clinging to mere: (s. samyojana, upa^da^na).
”Truth”. - 1. On the ”two truths”, conventional and ultimale, see paramattha.
2.”The Four Noble Truths” (ariya-sacca) are the briefest synthesis of the entire teachings of Buddhism, since all those manifold doctrines of the threefold canon are, without any exception, included therein. They are: the truth of suffering, of the origin of suffering, of the extinction of suffering, and of the Eightfold Path leading to the extinction of suffering.
I. The 1st truth, briefly stated, teaches that all forms of existence whatsoever are unsatisfactory and subject to suffering (dukkha).
II. The 2nd truth teaches that all suffering, and all rebirth, is produced by craving (tanha^).
III. The 3rd truth teaches that extinction of craving necessarily results in extinction (nirodha) of rebirth and suffering, i.e. nibba^na (q.v.).
IV. The 4th truth of the Eightfold Path (magga) indicates the means by which this extinction is attained.
The stereotype text frequently recurring in the Sutta Pitaka, runs as follows:
I."But what, o monks, is the noble truth of suffering? Birth is suffering, decay is suffering, death is suffering; sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief and despair are suffering; in short, the 5 groups of existence connected with clinging are suffering (cf. dukkha, dukkhata).
II.””But what, o monks, is the noble truth of the origin of suffering? It is that craving which gives rise to fresh rebirth and, bound up with lust and greed, now here, now there, finds ever fresh delight. It is the sensual craving (ka^ma-tanha^), the craving for existence (bhava-tanha^), the craving for non-existence or self-annihilation (vibhava-tanha^).
III."But what, o monks, is the noble truth of the extinction of suffering? It is the complete fading away and extinction of this craving, its forsaking and giving up, liberation and detachment from it.
IV."But what, o monks, is the noble truth of the path leading to the extinction of suffering? It is the Noble Eightfold Path (ariya-atthangika-magga) that leads to the extinction of suffering, namely:
1. Right view (samma^-ditthi)2. Right thought (samma^-sankappa) III. Wisdom (pan~n~a^)
3. Right speech (samma^-va^ca^)4. Right action (samma^-kammanta)5. Right livelihood (sammd-djiva) I. Morality (si^la)
6. Right effort (samma^-va^ya^ma)7. Right mindfulness (samma^-sati)8. Right concentration (samma^-sama^dhi) II. Concentration (sama^dhi)
1."What now, o monks, is right view (or right understanding)? It is the understanding of suffering, of the origin of suffering, of the extinction of suffering, and of the path leading to the extinction of suffering.
2."What now, o monks, is right thought? It is a mind free from sensual lust, ill-will and cruelty.
3."What now, o monks, is right speech? Abstaining from lying, tale-bearing, harsh words, and foolish babble (cf. tiraccha^nakatha^).
4."What now, o monks, is right action? Abstaining from injuring living beings, from stealing and from unlawful sexual intercourse (s. ka^mesu miccha^ca^ra).
5."What now, o monks, is right livelihood? If the noble disciple rejects a wrong living, and gains his living by means of right livelihood (s. magga, 5).
6."What now, o monks, is right effort? If the disciple rouses his will to avoid the arising of evil, demeritorious things that have not yet arisen;... if he rouses his will to overcome the evil, demeritorious things that have already arisen;... if he rouses his will to produce meritorious things that have not yet arisen;... if he rouses his will to maintain the meritorious things that have already arisen and not to let them disappear, but to bring them to growth, to maturity and to the full perfection of development; he thus makes effort, stirs up his energy, exerts his mind and strives (s. padha^na).
7."What now, o monks is right mindfulness? If the disciple dwells in contemplation of corporeality ... of feeling ... of mind ... of the mind-objects, ardent, clearly conscious, and mindful after putting away worldly greed and grief (s. satipattha^na).
8."What now, o monks, is right concentration? If the disciple is detached from sensual objects, detached from unwholesome things, and enters into the first absorption ... the second absorption ... the third absorption ... the fourth absorption" (s. jha^na).
In the Buddha”s first sermon, the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, it is said that the first truth (suffering) is to be fully understood; the second truth (craving) to be abandoned; the third truth (Nibba^na) to be realized; the fourth truth (the path) to be cultivated.
"The truth of suffering is to be compared with a disease, the truth of the origin of suffering with the cause of the disease, the truth of extinction of suffering with the cure of the disease, the truth of the path with the medicine" (Vis.M. XVI).
In the ultimate sense, all these 4 truths are to be considered as empty of a self, since there is no feeling agent, no doer, no liberated one. no one who follows along the path. Therefore it is said:
”Mere suffering exists, no sufferer is found.
The deed is, but no doer of the deed is there.
Nibba^na is, but not the man that enters it.
The path is, but no traveller on it is seen.
”The first truth and the second truth are empty
Of permanency, joy, of self and beauty;
The Deathless Realm is empty of an ego,
And free from permanency, joy and self, the path.”
(Vis.M. XVI)
It must be pointed out that the first truth does not merely refer to actual suffering, i.e. to suffering as feeling, but that it shows that, in consequence of the universal law of impermanency, all the phenomena of existence whatsoever, even the sublimest states of existence, are subject to change and dissolution, and hence are miserable and unsatisfactory; and that thus, without exception, they all contain in themselves the germ of suffering. Cf. Guide, p. 101f.
Regarding the true nature of the path, s. magga.
Literature: Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta (in WHEEL 17 and BODHI LEAVES); M. 141; Sacca-Samyutta (S. LVI); Sacca Vibhanga; W. of B.; Vis.M. XVI: The Four Noble Truths by Francis Story (WHEEL 34/35); The Significance of the 4 Noble Truths by V. F. Gunaratna (WHEEL 123).
”heaven”; s. deva (heavenly heings).
the ”King of Gods” (deva^nam-inda), is the lord over the celestial beings in the heaven of the Thirty-Three” (ta^vatimsa, s. deva).
”living being”. This term, just like atta^, puggala, ji^va, and all the other terms denoting ”ego-entity”, is to be considered as a merely conventional term (voha^ra-vacana), not possessing any reality-value. For the impersonality of all existence. s. anatta^, paramattha, puggala, ji^va, satta, paticcasamuppa^da.
a ”noble learner”, a disciple in higher training, i.e. one who pursues the 3 kinds of training (sikkha^, q.v.), is one of those 7 kinds of noble disciples who have reached one of the 4 supermundane paths or the 3 lower fruitions (s. ariya-puggala), while the one possessed of the 4th fruition, or Arahatta-phala, is called ”one beyond training” (asekha, lit.”no more learner”). The worldling (puthujjana, q.v.) is called ”neither a noble learner, nor perfected in learning” (n”eva-sekha-na^sekha). Cf. Pug. 23-25.
organs and objects: s. a^yatana, dha^tu.
stimuli, corporeality responding to: s. a^yatana.
hiri (q.v.).
”morality”, ”virtue”, is a mode of mind and volition (cetana, q.v.) manifested in speech or bodily action (s. karma). It is the foundation of the whole Buddhist practice, and therewith the first of the 3 kinds of training (sikkha^, q.v.) that form the 3-fold division of the 8-fold Path (s. magga), i.e. morality, concentration and wisdom.
Buddhist morality is not, as it may appear from the negative formulations in the Sutta-texts, something negative. And it does not consist in the mere not committing of evil actions, but is in each instance the clearly conscious and intentional restraint from the bad actions in question and corresponds to the simultaneously arising volition.
Morality of the 8-fold Path, namely, right speech, right action and right livelihood, is called ”genuine or natural morality” pakatisi^la), as distinguished from the external rules for monks or laymen, the so-called ”prescribed morality” (pan~n~atti-si^la, q.v.), which, as such, is karmically neutral.
"What now is karmically wholesome morality (kusala-si^la)? It is the wholesome bodily action (ka^ya-kamma, s. karma), wholesome verbal action (vaci^-kamma, s. karma), and also the purity with regard to livelihood which I call morality" (M. 78). Cf. magga, 3-5.
For the 5, 8 and 10 rules, s. sikkha^pada. Further cf. ca^ritta- and va^ritta-si^la.
The 4 kinds of morality consisting of purification (catupa^risuddhi-si^la) are: (1) restraint with regard to the monks” Disciplinary Code, (2) restraint of the senses, (3) purification of livelihood, (4) morality with regard to the 4 requisites (of the monk) .
(1) Restraint with regard to the Disciplinary Code (pa^timokkha-samvara-si^la)."Here the monk is restrained in accordance with the monks” Disciplinary Code, is perfect in conduct and behaviour, and perceiving danger even in the least offences, he trains himself in the rules he has taken upon him" (A . V, 87,109 ,114, etc. ) .
(2) Restraint of the senses (indriya-samvara-si^la)."Whenever the monk perceives a form with the eye, a sound with the ear, an odour with the nose, a taste with the tongue, an impression with the body, an object with the mind, he neither adheres to the appearance as a whole, nor to its parts. And he strives to ward off that through which evil and unwholesome things, greed and sorrow, would arise, if he remained with unguarded senses; and he watches over his senses, restrains his senses" (M 38).
(3) Purification of livelihood (a^ji^va-pa^risuddhi-si^la). It consists therein that the monk does not acquire his livelihood in a way unbefitting to a monk.
(4) Morality with regard to the 4 rcquisites (paccaya-sannissita-si^la). It consists therein that the monk is guided by the right mental attitude when making use of the 4 requisites: robes, almsfood, dwelling and medicine."Wisely reflecting he makes use of his robes ... merely to protect himself against cold and heat, etc. Wisely reflecting he makes use of his almsfood... merely as a prop and support to this body.... Wisely reflecting he makes use of his dwelling... merely to keep off the dangers of weather and to enjoy solitude.... Wisely rerlecting he makes use of the necessary medicines, merely to suppress feelings of sickness that arise, and to reach perfect freedom from suffering" (cf. M. 2).
About these 4 kinds of morality, Vis.M. I gives a detailed exposition.
paccayasannissita-, pacca^vekkhana-si^la:, etc., are terms used in the Com. for the proper contemplation (patisankha^ yoniso) of the 4 requisites of a monk, often dealt with in the old texts (e.g. M. 2). Also the 3 other pa^risuddhi-si^la, as pa^timokkhasamvara-, indriya-, and a^ji^vapa^risuddhi-si^la, though under these names perhaps only known in the Com., are fully dealt with in the old texts, e.g. M.53, D.2, M.2, etc. The terms pannatti- and pan~n~atti-si^la are used only in the Com.
middha, s. ni^varana.
s. a^ka^sa.
kinha (or-kinna): s. deva, II.
pleasant, happy; happiness, pleasure, joy, bliss. It is one of the three feelings (s. vedana^) and may be either bodily or mental. The texts distinguish between the happiness of the senses and the h. of renunciation (A. II), worldly (carnal; sa^misa) and unworldly (non-carnal; nira^misa) happiness (M. 10). See A. II, ch. VIII. - Happiness is an indispensable condition for attaining concentration of mind (sama^dhi, q.v.), and therefore it is one of the 5 factors (or constituents) of the 1st absorption (jha^nanga; s. jha^na) and is present up to the 3rd absorption inclusively."The mind of the happy one has concentration as its fruit and reward" (A.X,1). - "In him who is filled with happiness, right concentration has found a foundation" (A.X,3).
”mastery”. Vis.M. IV speaks of 5 kinds of m., which anyone who wishes to develop the absorptions (jha^na, q.v.) should acquire first of all, with regard to the 1st absorption, namely: mastery in adverting to it (a^vajjana-vasi^), in entering it (sama^pajjana-vasi^), in determining it (adhittha^na-vasi^), in rising therefrom (vuttha^na-vasi^), in retrospection (paccavekkhana-vasi^). - (App.).
"If wherever, whenever, and for whatever duration desired, one enters the 1st absorption, and at one”s entering it, no slowness is experienced, this is called mastery in entering the absorption, etc. In an analogous way, the 4 remaining kinds are to be explained" (Vis.M. IV, 131f; XXIII, 27ff.).
The 5 kinds of vasi^ are probably found first in the Vis.M.
yoga, q.v.
(lit: influxes), ”cankers”, taints, corruption”s, intoxicant biases. There is a list of four (as in D. 16, Pts.M., Vibh.): the canker of sense-desire (ka^ma^sava), of (desiring eternal) existence (bhava^sava), of (wrong) views (dittha^sava), and of ignorance (avijja^sava). A list of three, omitting the canker of views, is possibly older and is more frequent in the Suttas, e.g. in M. 2, M. 9, D. 33; A. III, 59, 67; A. VI, 63. - In Vibh. (Khuddakavatthu Vibh.) both the 3-fold and 4-fold division are mentioned. The fourfold division also occurs under the name of ”floods” (ogha) and ”yokes” (yoga).
Through the path of Stream-Entry, the canker of views is destroyed; through the path of Non-Returning, the canker of sense-desire; through the path of Arahatship, the cankers of existence and ignorance. M. 2 shows how to overcome the cankers, namely, through insight, sense-control, avoidance, wise use of the necessities of life, etc. For a commentarial exposition, see Atthasa^lini Tr. I, p. 63f: II, pp. 475ff.
Khi^na^sava, ”one whose cankers are destroyed”, or ”one who is canker-free”, is a name for the Arahat or Holy One. The state of Arahatship is frequently called a^savakkhaya, ”the destruction of the cankers”. Suttas concluding with the attainment of Arahatship by the listeners, often end with the words: "During this utterance, the hearts of the Bhikkhus were freed from the cankers through clinging no more" (anupa^da^ya a^savehi citta^ni vimuccimsú”ti).
viha^ra (q.v.). The 4 Divine a.: brahma-viha^ra (q.v.) The 9 a. of beings: satta^va^sa (q.v.).
Moment of: s. javana.
(lit.: ”not-learner”; s. sekha), a disciple ”perfected in training”, one beyond training, an adept. This is a name for the Arahat, the Holy One (s. ariya-puggala), since he has reached the perfection in higher moral training, higher mind training and higher wisdom training (s. sikkha^) and needs no longer to train himself therein.
The 9 worlds of: satta^va^sa (q.v.).
s. a^sava.
of action (wholesome or unwholesome): kammapatha (q.v.).
the teaching of the: Therava^da (q.v.).
nissarana (s. paha^na).
the 4: ogha, are identical with the 4 cankers (a^sava, q.v.).
dweller, the ascetic practice for the: s. dhutanga.
cf. peta, yakkha; s. loka.
s. indriya (21).
of existence, s. khandha; corporeal groups, s. rúpa-kala^pa; corporeality-group, s. rúpa-ka^ya; mind-group, s. na^ma-ka^ya.
The 3: ti-ratana (q.v.).
(perhaps related to Sanskrit krtsna, ”all, complete, whole”), is the name for a purely external device to produce and develop concentration of mind and attain the 4 absorptions (jha^na q.v.). It consists in concentrating one”s full and undivided attention on one visible object as preparatory image (parikamma-nimitta), e.g. a colored spot or disc, or a piece of earth, or a pond at some distance, etc., until at last one perceives, even with the eyes closed, a mental reflex, the acquired image (uggaha-nimitta). Now, while continuing to direct one”s attention to this image, there may arise the spotless and immovable counter-image (patibha^ga-nimitta), and together with it the neighbourhood-concentration (upaca^ra-sama^dhi) will have been reached. While still persevering in the concentration on the object, one finally will reach a state of mind where all sense-activity is suspended, where there is no more seeing and hearing, no more perception of bodily impression and feeling, i.e. the state of the 1st mental absorption (jha^na, q.v.).
The 10 kasinas mentioned in the Suttas are: earth-kasina, water, fire, wind, blue, yellow, red, white, space, and consciousness."There are 10 kasina-spheres: someone sees the earth kasina, above, below, on all sides, undivided, unbounded .... someone see the water-kasina, above, below, etc." (M. 77; D. 33) Cf. abhibha^yatan, bha^vana^; further s. Fund. IV.
For space and consciousness-kasina we find in Vis.M. V the names limited space-kasina (paricchinna^ka^sa-kasina;... s. App. ) and light-kasina (a^loka-kasina).
For full description see Vis.M. IV-V; also Atthasa^lini Tr. I, 248.
”defilements”, are mind-defiling, unwholesome qualities. Vis.M. XXII, 49, 65: "There are 10 defilements, thus called because they are themselves defiled, and because they defile the mental factors associated with them. They are: (1) greed (lobha), (2) hate (dosa), (3) delusion (moha), (4) conceit (ma^na), (5) speculative views (ditthi), (6) skeptical doubt (vicikiccha^), (7) mental torpor (thi^na), (8) restlessness (uddhacca); (9) shamelessness (ahirika), (10) lack of moral dread or unconscientiousness (anottappa)." For 1-3, s. múla; 4, s. ma^na; 5, s. ditthi; 6-8, s. ni^varana; 9 and 10, s. ahirika-anottappa.
The ten are explained in Dhs. 1229f and enumerated in Vibh. XII. No classification of the k. is found in the Suttas, though the term occurs quite often in them. For the related term, upakkilesa (q.v.;”impurities”) different lists are given - (App.).
the 10 kilesa are probably for the first time enumerated and explained in Dhs. (§§ 1229-1239). There they are, however, called kilesa-vatthu, which name (dasa kilesa-vatthu) is already mentioned in Pts I, 130, though there they are neither enumerated nor explained.
”karmically wholesome” or ”profitable”, salutary, morally good, (skillful) Connotations of the term, according to Com. (Atthasa^lini), are: of good health, blameless, productive of favourable karma-result, skillful. It should be noted that Com. excludes the meaning ”skillful”, when the term is applied to states of consciousness.
It is defined in M. 9 as the 10 wholesome courses of action (s. kammapatha). In psychological terms, ”karmically wholesome” are all those karmical volitions (kamma-cetana^) and the consciousness and mental factors associated therewith, which are accompanied by 2 or 3 wholesome roots (s. múla), i.e. by greedlessness (alobha) and hatelessness (adosa), and in some cases also by non-delusion (amoha: wisdom, understanding). Such states of consciousness are regarded as ”karmically wholesome” as they are causes of favourable karma results and contain the seeds of a happy destiny or rebirth. From this explanation, two facts should be noted: (1) it is volition that makes a state of consciousness, or an act, ”good” or ”bad”; (2) the moral criterion in Buddhism is the presence or absence of the 3 wholesome or moral roots (s. múla).
The above explanations refer to mundane (lokiya, q.v.) wholesome consciousness. Supermundane wholesome (lokuttara-kusala) states, i.e. the four paths of sanctity (s. ariyapuggala), have as results only the corresponding four fruitions; they do not constitute karma, nor do they lead to rebirth, and this applies also to the good actions of an Arahat (Tab. I, 73-80) and his meditative states (Tab. 1, 81-89), which are all karmically inoperative (functional; s. kiriya).
Kusala belongs to a threefold division of all consciousness, as found in the Abhidhamma (Dhs.), into wholesome (kusala), unwholesome (akusala) and karmically neutral (avya^kata), which is the first of the triads (tika) in the Abhidhamma schedule (ma^tika^); s. Guide, pp. 4ff., 12ff; Vis.M. XIV, 83ff.
contemplation of: dukkha^nupassana^; s. ti-lakkhana.
(fr. phusati, to touch): ”sense-impression”, contact. The term samphassa is used in compounds, e.g. in the following: ”"T”here are 6 classes of sense-impression: visual impression (cakkhu-samphassa), impressions of hearing, smelling, tasting, bodily (tactile) impression and mental impression" (M. 9). A twofold division occurs in D. 15: patigha (q.v.) -samphassa, impression by sensorial reaction”, and adhivacana-samphassa, verbal (or conceptual, i.e. mental) impression”.
Phassa does not signify physical impact, but is one of the 7 constant mental concomitants of consciousness (cetasika) and belongs to the group of mental formations (sankha^ra-kkhandha). In lists of both these categories it is generally mentioned first (e.g. Dhs. 1: M. 9), due to its fundamental position in the cognitive process In M. 18 it is thus defined: "Dependent on the eye and the forms, eye-consciousness arises; the coming-together of the three is sense-impression" (similarly stated in the case of the other 5 senses, including mind). In the dependent origination, it is conditioned by the six sense-bases and is a conditioning factor of feeling (s. paticca-samuppa^da 5, 6). Its relation to mind-and-body (na^ma-rúpa) is described in D. 15, and its influence on feeling and wrong views, in D. 1 (at the end). - It is one of the 4 nutriments (a^ha^ra, q.v.), and the first factor in the pentad of sense-impression (phassa-pan~camaka), together with feeling, perception, volition and consciousness (see Abh. St., p. 47ff ).
Being a key function in the mind”s contact with the world of objects and being a potential source of defilements, sense-impression is an important subject for reflective insight contemplation as succinctly formulated in many verses of the Sn.: 736/7, 778, 851, 870/72, 923.
of existence, the 3: s. avacara.
the 5 spiritual: s. bala. - For the 6 higher p., s. abhin~n~na. For the 10 p. of a Buddha, s. dasabala. - For the 4 roads to p., s. iddhipa^da. For magical p., s. iddhi.
ditthi, -sankappa, -vaca, etc: see magga.
(lit.: congregation), is the name for the Community of Buddhist monks. As the third of the Three Gems or Jewels (ti-ratana, q.v.) and the Three Refuges (ti-sarana, q.v.), i.e. Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha, it applies to the ariya-sangha, the community of the saints, i.e. the 4 Noble Ones (ariya-pugga, q.v.), the Stream-winner, etc.
s. ti-sarana.
intercourse, unlawful: s. ka^mesu miccha^ca^ra.
the 3: mala (q.v.).
vipassana^ ya^nika = sukkha-vipassaka (q.v.).
”happy course of existence”; s. gati.
vipassaka = suddha-vipassana^-ya^nika: these terms are used only in the Com., as also their counterpart samathaya^nika.
a^sava (q.v.).
the 4 Noble: sacca (q.v.). - 2-fold knowledge of the t.; s. saccan~a^na.
a class of heavenly beings in the sensuous plane; s. deva (1).
the 4 noble: ariya-vamsa (q.v.).
pan~n~a^ (q.v.).
kasina ”space-kasina exercise”; s. kasina.
”space”, ...
”space”, is, according to Com., of two kinds:
limited space (paricchinna^ka^sa or pariccheda^ka^sa),
endless space (ananta^ka^sa), i.e. cosmic space.
1. Limited space, under the name of a^ka^sa-dha^tu (space element), belongs to derived corporeality (s. khandha, Summary I; Dhs 638) and to a sixfold classification of elements (s. dha^tu; M.112, M.115, M.140). It is also an object of kasina (q.v.) meditation. It is defined as follows: "The space element has the characteristic of delimiting matter. Its function is to indicate the boundaries of matter. It is manifested as the confines of matter; or its manifestation consists in being untouched (by the 4 great elements), and in holes and apertures. Its proximate cause is the matter delimited. It is on account of the space element that one can say of material things delimited that ”this is above. below, around that”" (Vis.M. XIV.63).
2. Endless space is called in Atthasa^lini ajata^ka^sa, ”unentangled”, i.e. unobstructed or empty space. It is the object of the first immaterial absorption (s. jha^na), the sphere of boundless space (a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana). According to Abhidhamma philosophy, endless space has no objective reality (being purely conceptual), which is indicated by the fact that it is not included in the triad of the wholesome (kusalatika), which comprises the entire reality. Later Buddhist schools have regarded it as one of several unconditioned or uncreated states (asankhata dharma) - a view that is rejected in Kath. (s. Guide. p. 70). Therava^da Buddhism recognizes only Nibba^na as an unconditioned element (asankhata-dha^tu: s. Dhs. 1084).
natthi-paccaya, is one of the 24 conditions (paccaya, (q.v.).
s. avihimsa^.
”unwholesome”, ...
are all those karmic volitions (kamma-cetana^; s. cetana^) and the consciousness and mental concomitants associated therewith, which are accompanied either by greed (lobha) or hate (dosa) or merely delusion (moha); and all these phenomena are causes of unfavourable karma-results and contain the seeds of unhappy destiny or rebirth.
Cf. karma, paticca-samuppa^da (1), Tab. II.
the 7 ”proclivities”, inclinations, or tendencies are: sensuous greed (ka^ma-ra^ga, s. samyojana), grudge (patigha), speculative opinion (ditthi, q.v.), sceptical doubt (vicikiccha^, q.v.), conceit (ma^na, q.v.), craving for continued existence (bhavara^ga), ignorance (avijja^, q.v.) (D. 33; A. VII, 11, 12).
"These things are called ”proclivities” since, in consequence of their pertinacity, they ever and again tend to become the conditions for the arising of ever new sensuous greed, etc.”” (Vis.M. XXII, 60).
Yam. VII, first determines in which beings such and such proclivities exist, and which proclivities, and with regard to what, and in which sphere of existence. Thereafter it gives an explanation concerning their overcoming, their penetration, etc. Cf. Guide VI (vii). According to Kath. several ancient Buddhist schools erroneously held the opinion that the anusayas, as such, meant merely latent, hence karmically neutral qualities, which however Contradicts the Therava^da conception. Cf. Guide V, 88, 108, 139.
and vanishing (of things). The knowledge consisting in the contemplation of; s. visuddhi (VI. 1.).
s. a^sava.
”exposition” of the doctrine, may be either an exposition true in the highest sense (paramattha-desana^); or it may not be true in the highest, but only in the conventional sense (voha^ra-desana^). See paramattha.
evil views with fixed d.: niyata-miccha^-ditthi (q.v.). Men with fixed d.: niyata-puggala (q.v.). See gati.
one of the ”divine messengers” (deva-dúta, q.v.).
mental: s. cetasika. - F. of absorption, s. jha^na - F. of enlightenment, s. bojjhanga.
The 10 f. binding to existence; s. samyojana.
cf. pan~n~a^, vipassana^, n~a^na.
(regarding the absorptions): s. vasi^. - 8 stages of: abhibha^yatana (q.v.).
the 9-fold: of the Buddhasa^sana, s. sa^sana.
”foundation”. The 2 wrong foundations of morality are craving (tanha^-nissaya) and views (ditthi-nissaya). Hence there are two wrong bases of morality: morality based on craving (tanha^-nissita-si^la) and morality based on views (ditthi-nissita-si^la). (App.)
"”Based on craving” is that kind of morality which has come about by the desire for a happy existence, e.g.: ”O that by this morality I might become a godlike or heavenly being!” (A.IX, 172).”Based on views” is that morality which has been induced by the view that through the observation of certain moral rules purification may be attained" (Vis.M. I).
”effulgence of light”, aura, appearing at times during deep insight (vipassana^), may become a ”defilement of insight” (vipassanúpakkilesa); cf. visuddhi, V.
kukkucca (q.v.).
(lit.”message”): the Dispensation of the Buddha, the Buddhist religion; teaching, doctrine.
Navanga-Buddha (or satthu)-sa^sana, the ninefold Dispensation of the Buddha (or the Master) consists of suttas (sutta), mixed prose (geyya), exegesis (veyya^karana), verses (ga^tha^), solemn utterances (uda^na), sayings of the Blessed One (itivuttaka), birth stories (ja^taka), extraordinary things (abbhutadhamma), and analysis (vedalla). This classification is often found in the suttas (e.g. M. 22). According to the commentaries, also the Vinaya and the Abhidhamma Pitaka are comprised in that ninefold division (see Atthasa^lini Tr., I, 33). It is a classification according to literary styles, and not according to given texts or books.
”hearer”, i.e.”disciple”, refers, in a restricted sense (then mostly ariya-sa^vaka, ”nohle disciple”), only to the 8 kinds of noble disciples (ariya-puggala, q.v.).
faith, confidence. A Buddhist is said to have faith if "he believes in the Perfect One”s (the Buddha”s) Enlightenment" (M 53; A.V, 2), or in the Three Jewels (s. ti-ratana), by taking his refuge in them (s. ti-sarana). His faith, however, should be "reasoned and rooted in understanding" (a^ka^ravata^ saddha^ dassanamúlika; M. 47), and he is asked to investigate and test the object of his faith (M. 47, 95). A Buddhist”s faith is not in conflict with the spirit of inquiry, and "doubt about dubitable things" (A. II, 65; S. XLII, 13) is admitted and inquiry into them is encouraged. The ”faculty of faith” (saddhindriya) should be balanced with that of wisdom (pan~n~indriya; s. indriya-samatta). It is said: "A monk who has understanding, establishes his faith in accordance with that understanding" (S. XLVIII, 45). Through wisdom and understanding, faith becomes an inner certainty and firm conviction based on one”s own experience.
Faith is called the seed (Sn. v. 77) of all wholesome states because, according to commentarial explanations, it inspires the mind with confidence (okappana, pasa^da) and determination (adhimokkha), for ”launching out” (pakkhandhana; s. M. 122) to cross the flood of samsa^ra.
Unshakable faith is attained on reaching the first stage of holiness, ”stream-entry” (sota^patti, s. ariyapuggala), when the fetter of sceptical doubt (vicikiccha^; s. samyojana) is eliminated. Unshakable confidence (avecca-pasa^da) in the Three Jewels is one of the characteristic qualities of the Stream-winner (sota^pannassa anga^ni, q.v.).
Faith is a mental concomitant, present in all karmically wholesome, and its corresponding neutral, consciousness (s. Tab. II). It is one of the 4 streams of merit (pun~n~adha^ra^, q.v.), one of the 5 spiritual faculties (indriya, q.v.), spiritual powers (bala, q.v.), elements of exertion (padha^niyanga, q.v.) and one of the 7 treasures (dhana, q.v.).
See Faith in the Buddha”s Teaching, by Soma Thera (WHEEL 262)."Does Saddha^ mean Faith?”” by n~a^namoli Thera (in WHEEL 52/53).
”tranquillity”, serenity, is a synonym of sama^dhi (coneentration), cittekaggata^ (one-pointedness of mind) and avikkhepa (undistractedness). It is one of the mental factors in ”wholesome consciousness. Cf. foll. and bha^vana^.
s. sacca.
”companionship”. (1) "Through companionship with bad men (asappurisa-s.) comes listening to bad advice, thereby unwise reflection, thereby inattention and mental confusion, thereby lack of sense-control, thereby 3-fold bad conduct in bodily action, speech and mind, thereby the 5 hindrances (ni^varana, q.v.), thereby craving for existence. (2) Through companionship with good men (sappurisa-s. ) comes listening to good advice, thereby faith, thereby wise reflection, thereby mindfulness and clarity of consciousness, thereby sense-control, thereby 3-fold good conduct, thereby the 4 foundations of mindfulness (satipattha^na, q.v ), thereby the 7 factors of enlightenment (bojjhanga, q.v.), thereby liberation through wisdom (pan~n~a^-vimutti, q.v.)." Cf. A. X 62.