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南傳佛教英文辭典 【1】utu

  temperature,  heat,  is  identical  with  the  heat-element  (tejodha^tu,  q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【2】utu

  samuttha^na  (-  utuja)-rúpa:  ”corporeality  produced  by  temperature”;  s.  samuttha^na.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【3】atta

  san~n~a^  (°citta,  °ditthi):  ”perception  (consciousness,  view)  of  an  ego”,  is  one  of  the  4  perversions  (vipalla^sa,  q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【4】atta

  ditthi  (-va^da):  ”ego-belief”,  ”personality-belief”,  s.  ditthi.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【5】both

  ways  liberated,  s.  ubhato-bha^ga-vimutta,  ariyapuggala  B.  4.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【6】catu

  maha^ra^jika  deva  a  class  of  heavenly  beings  of  the  sensuous  sphere;  s.  deva.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【7】gati

  (lit.”going”):  ”course  of  existence”,  destiny,  destination."There  are  5  courses  of  existence:  hell,  animal  kingdom,  ghost  realm,  human  world,  heavenly  world"  (D.  33;  A.  XI,  68).  Of  these,  the  first  3  count  as  woeful  courses  (duggati,  s.  apa^ya),  the  latter  2  as  happy  courses  (sugati).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【8】hate

  and  hatelessness:  (dosa,  adosa)  are  two  of  the  6  karmical  roots  (múla,  q.v.)  or  root-conditions  (hetu;  paccaya  1).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【9】hetu

  ”cause”,  condition,  reason;  (Abhidhamma)  root-condition.  In  sutta  usage  it  is  almost  synonymous  with  paccaya,  ”condition”,  and  often  occurs  together  with  it  (”What  is  the  cause,  what  is  the  condition”,  ko  hetu  ko  paccayo).
In  Abhidhamma,  it  denotes  the  wholesome  and  unwholesome  roots  (múla,  q.v.).  In  that  sense,  as  ”root-condition”  (hetu-paccaya;  s.  paccaya),  it  is  the  first  of  the  24  conditions  given  in  the  introduction  to  the  Pattha^na  (s.  Guide,  p.  117).  The  Dhs  (1052-1082)  and  Pattha^na  (Duka-patth;  Guide,  p.  144)  have  sections  on  roots  (hetu).  -  The  term  is  also  used  (a)  for  the  classification  of  consciousness,  as  sa-hetuka  and  a-hetuka,  with  and  without  concomitant  root-conditions;  (b)  for  a  division  of  rebirth  consciousness  into  ahetuka,  dvihetuka  and  tihetuka,  without,  with  2,  or  with  3  root-conditions  (s.  patisandhi).
Ahetuka-ditthi,  the  false  view  of  the  uncausedness  of  existence;  s.  ditthi.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【10】lust

  s.  ra^ga.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【11】meat

  eating.  Just  as  the  karmical,  i.e.  moral,  quality  of  any  action  is  determined  by  the  quality  of  volition  (cetana^)  underlying  it,  and  independently  of  this  volition  nothing  whatever  can  be  called  karmically  wholesome  or  unwholesome  (kusala,  akusala),  just  so  it  is  with  the  merely  external  act  of  meat-eating,  this  being  as  such  purely  non-moral,  i.e.  karmically  neutral  (avya^kata).
”In  3  circumstances  meat-eating  is  to  be  rejected:  if  one  has  seen,  or  heard,  or  suspects  (that  the  animal  has  been  slaughtered  expressly  for  one”s  own  sake)"  (M.  55).  For  if  in  such  a  case  one  should  partake  of  the  meat,  one  would  as  it  were  approve  the  murder  of  animals,  and  thus  encourage  the  animal-murderer  in  his  murderous  deeds.  Besides,  that  the  Buddha  never  objected,  in  ordinary  circumstances,  to  meat-eating  may  be  clearly  understood  from  many  passages  of  the  Suttas  (e.g.  A.  V.  44;  VIII,  12;  M.  55,  etc.),  as  also  from  the  Vinaya,  where  it  is  related  that  the  Buddha  firmly  rejected  Devadatta”s  proposal  to  forbid  meat-eating  to  the  monks;  further  from  the  fact  that  10  kinds  of  meat  were  (for  merely  external  reasons)  forbidden  to  the  monks,  namely  from  elephants,  tigers,  serpents,  etc.
See  Amagandha  Sutta  (Sn.).  Early  Buddhism  and  the  Taking  of  Life,  by  I.  B.  Horner  (WHEEL  104).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【12】path

  knowledge,  the  4  kinds  of:  s.  visuddhi  (VII).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【13】path

  result  (fruition):  phala  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【14】path

  and  not  path,  the  knowledge  and  vision  regarding:  s.  visuddhi  (V).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【15】peta

  (Sanskrit  preta):  lit.”departed  spirit”,  ghost;  s.  loka.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【16】sati

  ”mindfulness”,  is  one  of  the  5  spiritual  faculties  and  powers  (s.  bala),  one  of  the  7  factors  of  enlightenment  (bojjhanga,  q.v.),  and  the  7th  link  of  the  8-fold  Path  (magga,  q.v.),  and  is,  in  its  widest  sense,  one  of  those  mental  factors  inseparably  associated  with  all  karmically  wholesome  (kusala,  q.v.)  and  karma-produced  lofty  (sobhana)  consciousness  (Cf.  Tab.  II).  -  For  the  4  foundations  of  mindfulness  s.  foll.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【17】talk

  low:  tiraccha^na-katha^  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【18】ties

  the  4:  gantha  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【19】tree

  Living  under  a  tree  is  one  of  the  ascetical  practices  (dhutanga,  q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【20】unit

  s.  kala^pa,  rúpa-kala^pa.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【21】agati

  the  4  ”wrong  paths”...
the  4  ”wrong  paths”  are:  
the  path  of  greed  (chanda),  
of  hate,  
of  delusion,  
of  cowardice  (bhaya).  
"One  who  is  freed  from  evil  impulses  is  no  longer  liable  to  take  the  wrong  path  of  greed,  etc.””  (A.IV.17;  A.IX.7).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【22】amata

”Deathlessness”...
(Sanskrit  amrta;  ?  mr  to  die;  =  Gr.  ambrosia):  ”Deathlessness”
according  to  popular  belief  also  the  gods”  drink  conferring  immortality,  is  a  name  for  Nibba^na  (s.  Nibba^na),  the  final  liberation  from  the  wheel  of  rebirths,  and  therefore  also  from  the  ever-repeated  deaths  .

南傳佛教英文辭典 【23】atta^

  ”self,  ego,  personality,  is  in  Buddhism  a  mere  conventional  expression  (voha^radesana^),  and  no  designation  for  anything  really  existing;  s.  paramattha-desana^,  anatta^,  puggala,  satta,  ji^va.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【24】citta

  ”mind”,  ”consciousness”,  ”state  of  consciousness”,  is  a  synonym  of  mano  (q.v.)  and  vin~n~a^na  (s.  khandha  and  Tab.  1).  Dhs.  divides  all  phenomena  into  consciousness  (citta),  mental  concomitants  (cetasika,  q.v.)  and  corporeality  (rúpa).
In  adhicitta,  ”higher  mentality”,  it  signifies  the  concentrated,  quietened  mind,  and  is  one  of  the  3  trainings  (s.  sikkha^).  The  concentration  (or  intensification)  of  consciousness  is  one  of  the  4  roads  to  power  (s.  iddhipa^da).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【25】citta

  vi^thi,  as  well  as  all  terms  for  the  various  functions  within  the  processes  of  conseiousness,  such  as  a^vajjana-citta,  sampaticchana,  santi^rana,  votthapana,  javana,  tada^rammana,  bhavanga,  cuti:  none  of  these  terms  is  found  in  the  Sutta  Canon.  except  javana,  in  Pts.M.  Even  in  the  Ahh.  Canon  (e.g.  Patth)  only  javana  and  bhavanga  are  twice  or  thrice  briefly  mentioned.  The  stages,  however,  must  have  been  more  or  less  known.  Cf.  e.g  Patth:  ””Cakkhu-vin~n~a^nam  tam  sampayuttaka^  ca  dhamma^  (=  cetasika^)  mano-dha^tuya^  (performing  the  sampaticchana-function),  tam  sampayuttaka^nan~  ca  dhamma^nam  (cetasika^nani)  anantara-paccayena  paccayo.  Mano-dha^tu  ...  manovin~n~a^na-dha^tuya  (performing  the  santi^rana  and  votthapana  function)....  Purima^  purima^  kusala^  dhamma^  (javana^)  pacchima^nam  pacchima^nam  kusala^nam  dhamma^nam  (javanacitta^nam)  anantara-paccayena  paccayo...  avya^kata^nam  dhamma^nam  (tada^rammana-  and  bhavanga-citta^nam....)."
cuti-citta:  s.  citta-vi^thi.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【26】citta

  kamman~n~ata^,  °lahuta^,  °muduta^,  °pagun~n~ata^,  °passaddhi,  °ujukata^;  s.  Tab.  II.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【27】citta

  lahuta^,  -mudúta,  -kamman~n~ata^,  -pa^gun~n~ata^,  -ujukata^:  s.  lahuta^.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【28】death

  marana  (q.v.)  -  Contemplation  of  °:  marana^nussati  (q.v.)  -  As  divine  messenger:  deva-dúta  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【29】doubt

  skeptical:  vicikiccha^  (q.v.),  kankha^  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【30】faith

  saddha^  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【31】faith

  devotee  and  faith  liberated  one:  s.  ariyapuggala  (B).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【32】great

  man,  the  8  thoughts  of  a:  maha^purisa-vitakka  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【33】ja^ti

  ”birth”,  comprises  the  entire  embryonic  process  beginning  with  conception  and  ending  with  parturition.
"The  birth  of  beings  belonging  to  this  or  that  order  of  beings,  their  being  born,  their  conception  (okkanti)  and  springing  into  existence,  the  manifestation  of  the  groups  (corporeality,  feeling,  perception,  mental  formations,  consciousness;  s.  khandha),  the  acquiring  of  their  sensitive  organs:  this  is  called  birth"  (D.  22).  For  its  conditioning  by  the  prenatal  karma-process  (kamma-bhava;  s.  bhava),  s.  paticcasamuppa^da  (9,  10),  patisandhi.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【34】light

  perception  of:  s.  a^loka-san~n~a^.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【35】merit

  the  4  streams  of:  pun~n~a-dha^ra^  (q.v.).  -  For  transference  of  merit,  s.  patti-da^na.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【36】mirth

  (in  the  Arahat):  s.  hasituppa^da-citta.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【37】pi^ti

  rapture,  enthusiasm  (rendered  also  by  joy,  happiness);  interest  it  is  one  of  the  mental  factors  or  concomitants  (cetasika)  and  belongs  to  the  group  of  mental  formations  (sankha^ra-kkhandha).  As,  in  sutta  texts,  it  is  often  linked  in  a  compound  word.  with  ”gladness”  (pa^mojja)  or  ”happiness”  (sukha),  some  Western  translations  have  wrongly  taken  it  as  a  synonym  of  these  two  terms.  Pi^ti,  however,  is  not  a  feeling  or  a  sensation,  and  hence  does  not  belong  to  the  feeling-group  (vedana^-kkhandha),  but  may  be  described  psychologically  as  ”joyful  interest”.  As  such  it  may  be  associated  with  wholesome  as  well  as  with  unwholesome  and  neutral  states  of  consciousness.
A  high  degree  of  rapture  is  characteristic  of  certain  stages  in  meditative  concentration,  in  insight  practice  (vipassana^)  as  well  as  in  the  first  two  absorptions  (jha^na,  q.v.).  In  the  latter  it  appears  as  one  of  the  factors  of  absorption  (jha^nanga;  s.  jha^na)  and  is  strongest  in  the  2nd  absorption.  Five  degrees  of  intensity  in  meditative  rapture  are  described  in  Vis.M.  IV.  94ff.  It  is  one  of  the  factors  of  enlightenment  (bojjhanga,  q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【38】right

  understanding  (or  r.  view),  r.  thought,  etc.:  s.  magga.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【39】satta

  ”living  being”.  This  term,  just  like  atta^,  puggala,  ji^va,  and  all  the  other  terms  denoting  ”ego-entity”,  is  to  be  considered  as  a  merely  conventional  term  (voha^ra-vacana),  not  possessing  any  reality-value.  For  the  impersonality  of  all  existence.  s.  anatta^,  paramattha,  puggala,  ji^va,  satta,  paticcasamuppa^da.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【40】sloth

  middha,  s.  ni^varana.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【41】vatta

  1.”round”,  2.”round  of  rebirths”.
(1)  With  reference  to  the  dependent  origination  (paticcasamuppa^da,  q.v.),  Vis.M.  XVII  speaks  of  3  rounds:  the  karma  round  (kamma-vatta)  comprising  the  karma-formations  and  the  karmaprocess  (2nd  and  10th  links);  the  round  of  defilements  (kilesa-vatta)  comprising  ignorance,  craving  and  clinging  (1st,  8th  and  9th  links);  the  round  of  results  (vipa^ka-vatta)  comprising  consciousness,  mind  and  corporeality,  6  bases,  impression,  feeling  (3rd-7th  links).  Cf.  paticcasamuppa^da  (diagram).
(2)  round  of  rebirth  =  samsa^ra  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【42】water

  kasina,  white-k.,  wind-k.:  s.  kasina.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【43】action

  karma  (q.v.)  -  Right  bodily  a.:  samma^-kammanta;  s.  sacca  (IV.4)

南傳佛教英文辭典 【44】Arahat

  and  arahatta  magga,  phala:  s.  ariya-puggala.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【45】atappa

  ”the  unworried”,  is  the  name  of  a  class  of  deities  (s.  deva,)  inhabiting  the  first  of  the  five  Pure  Abodes  (suddha^va^sa,  q.v.),  in  which  the  Ana^ga^mi^  (q.v.)  has  his  last  rebirth.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【46】beauty

  deliverance  through  the  perception  of:  cf.  vimokkha  (II.  3)  To  hold  for  beautiful  or  pure  (subha)  what  is  impure  (asubha),  is  one  of  the  4  perversions  (s.  vipalla^sa).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【47】carita

  ra^ga-c.,  dosa-c.,  buddhi-c.,  etc.,  are  only  to  be  met  with  in  the  Com.  and  Vis.M.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【48】carita

  ”nature,  character”.  In  Vis.M.  III  there  are  explained  six  types  of  men:  the  greedy-natured  (ra^ga-carita),  the  hate-natured  (dosa-carita),  the  stupid  or  dull-natured  (moha-carita),  the  faithful-natured  (saddha^-carita),  the  intelligent-natured  (buddhi-carita),  the  ruminating-natured  (vitakka-carita).  -  (App.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【49】dha^tu

  ”elements”,  are  the  ultimate  constituents  of  a  whole.
(1)  The  4  physical  elements  (dha^tu  or  maha^-bhúta),  popularly  called  earth,  water,  fire  and  wind,  are  to  be  understood  as  the  primary  qualities  of  matter.  They  are  named  in  Pa^li:  pathavi^-dha^tu,  a^po-dha^tu,  tejo-dha^tu,  and  va^yo-dha^tu.  In  Vis.M.  XI,  2  the  four  elements  are  defined  thus:  "Whatever  is  characterized  by  hardness  (thaddha-lakkkhana)  is  the  earth  or  solid-element;  by  cohesion  (a^bandhana)  or  fluidity,  the  water-element;  by  heating  (paripa^cana),  the  fire  or  heat-element;  by  strengthening  or  supporting  (vitthambhana),  the  wind  or  motion-element.  All  four  are  present  in  every  material  object,  though  in  varying  degrees  of  strength.  If,  for  instance,  the  earth  element  predominates,  the  material  object  is  called  ”solid”,  etc.  -  For  the  analysis  of  the  4  elements,  s.  dha^tu-vavattha^na.
(II)  The  18  physical  and  mental  elements  that  constitute  the  conditions  or  foundations  of  the  process  of  perception,  are:

1.  visual  organ  (eye)  9.  gustative  object
2.  auditory  organ  (ear)  10.  body-impression
3.  olfactory  organ  (nose)  11.  eye-consciousness
4.  gustatory  organ  (tongue)  12.  ear-consciousness
5.  tactile  organ  (body)  13.  nose-consciousness
6.  visible  object  14.  tongue-consciousness
7.  sound  or  audible  object  15.  body-consciousness
8.  odour  or  olfactive  object
16.  mind-element  17.  mind-object
(mano-dha^tu)  (dhamma-dha^tu)
18.  mind-consciousness-element
(mano-vin~n~a^na-dha^tu)

1-10  are  physical;  11-16  and  18  are  mental;  17  may  be  either  physical  or  mental.  -  16  performs  the  function  of  advertence  (a^vajjana)  towards  the  object  at  the  inception  of  a  process  of  sensuous  consciousness;  it  further  performs  the  function  of  receiving  (sampaticchana)  the  sensuous  object.  18  performs,  e.g.,  the  function  of  investigation  (santi^rana),  determining  (votthapana)  and  registering  (tada^rammana)  -  (for  its  other  functions,  s.  Table  I).  For  the  14  functions  of  consciousness,  s.  vin~n~a^na-kicca.
Cf.  M.  115;  S.  XIV  and  especially  Vibh.  II  (Guide  p.  28f),  Vis.M.  XV,  17ff.
Of  the  many  further  groupings  of  elements  (enumerated  in  M.  115),  the  best  known  is  that  of  the  3  world-elements:  the  sensuous  world  (ka^ma-dha^tu),  the  fine-material  world  (rúpa-dha^tu),  the  immaterial  world  (arúpa-dha^tu);  further  the  sixfold  group:  the  solid,  liquid,  heat,  motion,  space,  consciousness  (pathavi^,  a^po,  tejo,  va^yo,  a^ka^sa,  vin~n~a^na;  s.  above  I),  described  in  M.  140;  see  also  M.  112.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【50】ditthi

  (lit.”sight”;  ?  dis,  to  see):  view,  belief,  speculative  opinion,  insight.  If  not  qualified  by  samma^,  ”right”,  it  mostly  refers  to  wrong  and  evil  view  or  opinion,  and  only  in  a  few  instances  to  right  view,  understanding  or  insight  (e.g.  ditthi-ppatta,  q.v.;  ditthi-visuddhi,  purification  of  insight;  ditthi-sampanna,  possessed  of  insight).
Wrong  or  evil  views  (ditthi  or  miccha^-ditthi)  are  declared  as  utterly  rejectable  for  being  a  source  of  wrong  and  evil  aspirations  and  conduct,  and  liable  at  times  to  lead  man  to  the  deepest  abysses  of  depravity,  as  it  is  said  in  A.  I,  22:
"No  other  thing  than  evil  views  do  I  know,  o  monks,  whereby  to  such  an  extent  the  unwholesome  things  not  yet  arisen  arise,  and  the  unwholesome  things  already  arisen  are  brought  to  growth  and  fullness.  No  other  thing  than  evil  views  do  I  know,  whereby  to  such  an  extent  the  wholesome  things  not  yet  arisen  are  hindered  in  their  arising,  and  the  wholesome  things  already  arisen  disappear.  No  other  thing  than  evil  views  do  I  know,  whereby  to  such  an  extent  human  beings  at  the  dissolution  of  the  body,  at  death,  are  passing  to  a  way  of  suffering,  into  a  world  of  woe,  into  hell."  Further  in  A.  I,  23:  "Whatever  a  man  filled  with  evil  views  performs  or  undertakes,  or  whatever  he  possesses  of  will,  aspiration,  longing  and  tendencies,  all  these  things  lead  him  to  an  undesirable,  unpleasant  and  disagreeable  state,  to  woe  and  suffering."
From  the  Abhidhamma  (Dhs)  it  may  be  inferred  that  evil  views,  whenever  they  arise,  are  associated  with  greed  (s.  Tab.  I.  22,  23,  26,  27).
Numerous  speculative  opinions  and  theories,  which  at  all  times  have  influenced  and  still  are  influencing  mankind,  are  quoted  in  the  sutta-texts.  Amongst  them,  however,  the  wrong  view  which  everywhere,  and  at  all  times,  has  most  misled  and  deluded  mankind  is  the  personality-belief,  the  ego-illusion.  This  personality-belief  (sakka^ya-ditthi),  or  ego-illusion  (atta-ditthi),  is  of  2  kinds:  eternity-belief  and  annihilation-belief.
Eternity-belief  (sassata-ditthi)  is  the  belief  in  the  existence  of  a  persisting  ego-entity,  soul  or  personality,  existing  independently  of  those  physical  and  mental  processes  that  constitute  life  and  continuing  even  after  death.
Annihilation-belief  (uccheda-ditthi),  on  the  other  hand,  is  the  belief  in  the  existence  of  an  ego-entity  or  personality  as  being  more  or  less  identical  with  those  physical  and  mental  processes,  and  which  therefore,  at  the  dissolution  at  death,  will  come  to  be  annihilated.  -  For  the  20  kinds  of  personality-belief,  see  sakka^ya-ditthi.
Now,  the  Buddha  neither  teaches  a  personality  which  will  continue  after  death,  nor  does  he  teach  a  personality  which  will  be  annihilated  at  death,  but  he  shows  us  that  ”personality”,  ”ego”,  ”individual”,  ”man”,  etc.,  are  nothing  but  mere  conventional  designations  (voha^ra-vacana)  and  that  in  the  ultimate  sense  (s.  paramattha-sacca)  there  is  only  this  self-consuming  process  of  physical  and  mental  phenomena  which  continually  arise  and  again  disappear  immediately.  -  For  further  details,  s.  anatta^,  khandha,  paticcasamuppa^da.
"The  Perfect  One  is  free  from  any  theory  (ditthigata),  for  the  Perfect  One  has  seen  what  corporeality  is,  and  how  it  arises  and  passes  away.  He  has  seen  what  feeling  ...  perception  ...  mental  formations  ...  consciousness  are,  and  how  they  arise  and  pass  away.  Therefore  I  say  that  the  Perfect  One  has  won  complete  deliverance  through  the  extinction,  fading  away,  disappearance,  rejection  and  casting  out  of  all  imaginings  and  conjectures,  of  all  inclination  to  the  ”vain-glory  of  ”I”  and  ”mine."  (M.  72).
The  rejection  of  speculative  views  and  theories  is  a  prominent  feature  in  a  chapter  of  the  Sutta-Nipa^ta,  the  Atthaka-Vagga.
The  so-called  ”evil  views  with  fixed  destiny”  (niyata-miccha^ditthi)  constituting  the  last  of  the  10  unwholesome  courses  of  action  (kammapatha,  q.v.),  are  the  following  three:  (1)  the  fatalistic  ”view  of  the  uncausedness”  of  existence  (ahetukaditthi),  (2)  the  view  of  the  inefficacy  of  action”  (akiriyaditthi),  (3)  nihilism  (natthikaditthi).
(1)  was  taught  by  Makkhali-Gosa^la,  a  contemporary  of  the  Buddha  who  denied  every  cause  for  the  corruptness  and  purity  of  beings,  and  asserted  that  everything  is  minutely  predestined  by  fate.
(2)  was  taught  by  Púrana-Kassapa,  another  contemporary  of  the  Buddha  who  denied  every  karmical  effect  of  good  and  bad  actions:  "To  him  who  kills,  steals,  robs,  etc.,  nothing  bad  will  happen.  For  generosity,  self-restraint  and  truthfulness,  etc.  no  reward  is  to  be  expected."
(3)  was  taught  by  Ajita-Kesakambali,  a  third  contemporary  of  the  Buddha  who  asserted  that  any  belief  in  good  action  and  its  reward  is  a  mere  delusion,  that  after  death  no  further  life  would  follow,  that  man  at  death  would  become  dissolved  into  the  elements,  etc.
For  further  details  about  these  3  views,  s.  D.  2,  M.  60;  commentarial  exposition  in  WHEEL  98/99,  P.  23.
Frequently  mentioned  are  also  the  10  antinomies  (antaga^hika^  miccha^-ditthi):  ”Finite  is  the  world”  or  ”infinite  is  the  world”...”body  and  soul  are  identical”  or  ”body  and  soul  are  different”  (e.g.  M.  63).
In  the  Brahma^jala  Sutta  .(D.1),  62  false  views  are  classified  and  described,  comprising  all  conceivable  wrong  views  and  speculations  about  man  and  world.
See  The  All-Embracing  Net  of  Views  (Brahma^jala  Sutta),  tr.  with  Com.  by  Bhikkhu  Bodhi  (BPS).
Further  s.  D.  15,  23,  24,  28;  M.  11,  12,  25,  60,  63,  72,  76,  101,  102,  110;  A.  II,  16;  X,  93;  S.  XXI,  XXIV;  Pts.M.  Ditthikatha^,.  etc.

Wrong  views  (ditthi)  are  one  of  the  proclivities  (s.  anusaya),  cankers  (s.  a^sava),  clingings  (s.  upa^da^na),  one  of  the  three  modes  of  perversions  (s.  vipalla^sa).  Unwholesome  consciousness  (akusala  citta),  rooted  in  greed,  may  be  either  with  or  without  wrong  views  (ditthigata-sampayutta  or  vippayutta);  s.  Dhs.;  Tab  I.
On  right  view  (samma^-ditthi),  s.  magga  and  M.  9  (Trans.  with  Com.  in  ”R.  Und.”).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【51】eating

  knowing  the  measure  in  bhojane  mattan~n~uta^  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【52】effort

  the  4  right  e.:  samma-ppadha^na;  s.  padha^na.  Right  e.  s.  sacca  (IV  6),  magga  (6)  .  -  5  elements  of  e.:  padha^niyanga  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【53】fixity

  s.  niyama,  tathata^,  dhamma-tthiti-n~a^na.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【54】forest

  dweller,  the  ascetic  practice  for  the:  s.  dhutanga.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【55】gantha

  ”ties”."There  are  4  ties:  the  bodily  tie  (ka^yagantha)  of  covetousness  (abhijjha^),  of  ill-will  (vya^pa^da),  of  clinging  to  rule  and  ritual  (si^labbata-para^ma^sa),  of  dogmatical  fanaticism  (idamsacca^bhinivesa)"  (D.  33).  -  "These  things  are  ties,  since  they  tie  this  mental  and  material  body"  (Vis.M.  XXII,  54).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【56】ghosts

  cf.  peta,  yakkha;  s.  loka.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【57】growth

  bodily:  rúpassa  upacaya:  s.  khandha  I.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【58】khanti

  ”patience”,  forbearance”,  is  one  of  the  10  perfections  (pa^rami^,  q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【59】matter

  (corporeality):  s.  khandha,  rúpa-kala^pa.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【60】method

  the  right:  n~a^ya,  is  a  name  for  the  8-fold  path  (s.  magga)

南傳佛教英文辭典 【61】metta^

  ”loving-kindness”,  is  one  of  the  4  sublime  abodes  (brahma-viha^ra,  q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【62】object

  a^rammana  (q.v.);  as  condition  s.  paccaya  (2).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【63】purity

  the  elements  of  the  effort  for:  pa^risuddhipadha^niyanga  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【64】stains

  the  3:  mala  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【65】sugati

  ”happy  course  of  existence”;  s.  gati.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【66】taints

  a^sava  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【67】tanha^

  (lit.”thirst”):  ”craving”,  is  the  chief  root  of  suffering,  and  of  the  ever-continuing  cycle  of  rebirths."What,  o  monks,  is  the  origin  of  suffering?  It  is  that  craving  which  gives  rise  to  ever-fresh  rebirth  and,  bound  up  with  pleasure  and  lust,  now  here,  now  there,  finds  ever  fresh  delight.  It  is  the  sensual  craving  (ka^ma-tanha^),  the  craving  for  existence  (bhava-tanha^),  the  craving  for  non-existence  (vibhava-tanha^)””  (D.  22).  T.  is  the  8th  link  in  the  formula  of  the  dependent  origination  (paticcasamuppa^da,  q.v.).  Cf.  sacca.
Corresponding  to  the  6  sense-objects,  there  are  6  kinds  of  craving  craving  for  visible  objects,  for  sounds,  odours,  tastes,  bodily  impressions,  mental  impressions  (rúpa-,  sadda-,  gandha-,  rasa-,  photthabba-,  dhamma-tanha^).  (M.  9;  D.  15)
Corresponding  to  the  3-fold  existence,  there  are  3  kinds:  craving  for  sensual  existence  (ka^ma-tanha^),  for  fine-material  existence  (rúpa-tanha^),  for  immaterial  existence  (arúpa-tanha^).  (D.  33)
There  are  18  ”thought-channels  of  craving”  (tanha^-vicarita)  induced  internally,  and  18  induced  externally;  and  as  occurring  in  past,  present  and  future,  they  total  108;  see  A.  IV,  199;  Vibh.,  Ch.  17  (Khuddakavatthu-Vibhanga).
According  to  the  dependent  origination,  craving  is  conditioned  by  feeling;  on  this  see  D.  22  (section  on  the  2nd  Truth).
Of  craving  for  existence  (bhava-tanha^  )  it  is  said  (A.  X,  62):  "No  first  beginning  of  the  craving  for  existence  can  be  perceived,  o  monks,  before  which  it  was  not  and  after  which  it  came  to  be.  But  it  can  he  perceived  that  craving  for  existence  has  its  specific  condition.  I  say,  o  monks,  that  also  craving  for  existence  has  its  condition  that  feeds  it  (sa^haram)  and  is  not  without  it.  And  what  is  it?  ”Ignorance”,  one  has  to  reply."  -  Craving  for  existence  and  ignorance  are  called  "the  outstanding  causes  that  lead  to  happy  and  unhappy  destinies  (courses  of  existence)"  (s.  Vis.M.  XVII,  36-42).
The  most  frequent  synonyms  of  tanha^  are  ra^ga  (q.v.)  and  lobha  (s.  múla).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【68】terror

  awareness  of:  one  of  the  insight-knowledges;  s.  visuddhi  VI.  3.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【69】torpor

  thi^na,  s.  thi^na-middha  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【70】trance

  jha^na  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【71】truths

  the  4  Noble:  sacca  (q.v.).  -  2-fold  knowledge  of  the  t.;  s.  saccan~a^na.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【72】tusita

  a  class  of  heavenly  beings  in  the  sensuous  plane;  s.  deva  (1).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【73】vatthu

  as  a  general  term  for  the  5  sense-organs  (cakkhu-vatthu,  etc  )  is  frequent  in  the  Com.,  and  often  used  together  with  a^rammana  (object).  This  usage,  however,  is  already  indicated  in  the  Abh.  Canon:  ”Cakkhum  p”etam...  vatthum  p”etam”  (Dhs.  §  597;  Vibh.,  p.71,  PTS):  ”cakkhuvin~n~a^nassa  vatthu”  (Dhs.  §§  679ff.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【74】vatthu

  ”physical  base”,  i.e.  the  6  physical  organs  on  which  the  mental  process  is  based,  are  the  5  physical  sense-organs  and,  according  to  the  Com.,  the  heart  (hadaya-vatthu,  q.v.)  as  the  6th.  This  6th  vatthu  must  not  be  confounded  with  the  6th  a^yatana,  which  is  a  collective  name  for  all  consciousness  whatever.  -  (App.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【75】virati

  the  3  ”abstentions”  or  abstinences,  are:  abstention  from  wrong  speech,  wrong  (bodily)  action  and  wrong  livelihood;  corresponding  to  right  speech,  action  and  livelihood  of  the  8-fold  Path  (s.  magga,  3-5).  By  abstention  is  not  simply  meant  the  non-occurrence  of  the  evil  things  in  question,  but  the  deliberate  abstaining  therefrom,  whenever  occasion  arises.  They  belong  to  the  ”secondary”  (not  constant)  mental  concomitants  obtaining  in  lofty  consciousness  (s.  Tab.  II).  Cf.  si^la.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【76】virtue

  s.  si^la.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【77】agility

  lahuta^  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【78】anatta^

  ”not-self”,  non-ego,  egolessness,  impersonality,  ...
is  the  last  of  the  three  characteristics  of  existence  (ti-lakkhana,  q.v.)  The  anatta^  doctrine  teaches  that  neither  within  the  bodily  and  mental  phenomena  of  existence,  nor  outside  of  them,  can  be  found  anything  that  in  the  ultimate  sense  could  be  regarded  as  a  self-existing  real  ego-entity,  soul  or  any  other  abiding  substance.
This  is  the  central  doctrine  of  Buddhism,  without  understanding  which  a  real  knowledge  of  Buddhism  is  altogether  impossible.  It  is  the  only  really  specific  Buddhist  doctrine,  with  which  the  entire  Structure  of  the  Buddhist  teaching  stands  or  falls.  All  the  remaining  Buddhist  doctrines  may,  more  or  less,  be  found  in  other  philosophic  systems  and  religions,  but  the  anatta^-doctrine  has  been  clearly  and  unreservedly  taught  only  by  the  Buddha,  wherefore  the  Buddha  is  known  as  the  anatta^-va^di,  or  ”Teacher  of  Impersonality”.
Whosoever  has  not  penetrated  this  impersonality  of  all  existence,  and  does  not  comprehend  that  in  reality  there  exists  only  this  continually  self-consuming  process  of  arising  and  passing  bodily  and  mental  phenomena,  and  that  there  is  no  separate  ego-entity  within  or  without  this  process,  he  will  not  be  able  to  understand  Buddhism,  i.e.  the  teaching  of  the  4  Noble  Truths  (sacca,  q.v.),  in  the  right  light.  He  will  think  that  it  is  his  ego,  his  personality,  that  experiences  suffering,  his  personality  that  performs  good  and  evil  actions  and  will  be  reborn  according  to  these  actions,  his  personality  that  will  enter  into  Nibba^na,  his  personality  that  walks  on  the  Eightfold  Path.  Thus  it  is  said  in  Vis.M.  XVI:

"Mere  suffering  exists,  no  sufferer  is  found;
The  deeds  are,  but  no  doer  of  the  deeds  is  there;
Nibba^na  is,  but  not  the  man  that  enters  it;
The  path  is,  but  no  traveler  on  it  is  seen."

"Whosoever  is  not  clear  with  regard  to  the  conditionally  arisen  phenomena,  and  does  not  comprehend  that  all  the  actions  are  conditioned  through  ignorance,  etc.,  he  thinks  that  it  is  an  ego  that  understands  or  does  not  understand,  that  acts  or  causes  to  act,  that  comes  to  existence  at  rebirth  ....  that  has  the  sense-impression,  that  feels,  desires,  becomes  attached,  continues  and  at  rebirth  again  enters  a  new  existence"  (Vis.M.  XVII.  117).
While  in  the  case  of  the  first  two  characteristics  it  is  stated  that  all  formations  (sabbe  sankha^ra^)  are  impermanent  and  subject  to  suffering,  the  corresponding  text  for  the  third  characteristic  states  that  "all  things  are  not-self"  (sabbe  dhamma^  anatta^;  M.  35,  Dhp.  279).  This  is  for  emphasizing  that  the  false  view  of  an  abiding  self  or  substance  is  neither  applicable  to  any  ”formation”  or  conditioned  phenomenon,  nor  to  Nibba^na,  the  Unconditioned  Element  (asankhata^  dha^tu).
The  Anatta^-lakkhana  Sutta,  the  ”Discourse  on  the  Characteristic  of  Not-self”,  was  the  second  discourse  after  Enlightenment,  preached  by  the  Buddha  to  his  first  five  disciples,  who  after  hearing  it  attained  to  perfect  Holiness  (arahatta).
The  contemplation  of  not-self  (anatta^nupassana^)  leads  to  the  emptiness  liberation  (sun~n~ata^-vimokkha,  s.  vimokkha).  Herein  the  faculty  of  wisdom  (pan~n~indriya)  is  outstanding,  and  one  who  attains  in  that  way  the  path  of  Stream-entry  is  called  a  Dhamma-devotee  (dhamma^nusa^ri;  s.  ariya-puggala);  at  the  next  two  stages  of  sainthood  he  becomes  a  vision-attainer  (ditthippatta);  and  at  the  highest  stage,  i.e.  Holiness,  he  is  called  ”liberated  by  wisdom”  (pan~n~a^-vimutta).
For  further  details,  see  paramattha-sacca,  paticca-samuppa^da,  khandha,  ti-lakkhana,  na^ma-rúpa,  patisandhi.
Literature:  Anatta^-lakkhana  Sutta,  Vinaya  I,  13-14;  S.22.  59;  tr.  in  Three  Cardinal  Discourses  of  the  Buddha  (WHEEL  17).  -  
Another  important  text  on  Anatta^  is  the  Discourse  on  the  Snake  Simile  (Alagaddúpama  Sutta,  M.  22;  tr.  in  WHEEL  48/49)  .  
Other  texts  in  "Path".  -  Further:  Anatta^  and  Nibba^na,  by  Nyanaponika  Thera  (WHEEL  11);  
The  Truth  of  Anatta^,  by  Dr.  G.  P.  Malalasekera  (WHEEL  94);  
The  Three  Basic  Facts  of  Existence  III:  Egolessness  (WHEEL  202/204)

南傳佛教英文辭典 【79】cetana^

  ”volition”,  will,  is  one  of  the  seven  mental  factors  (cetasika,  q.v.)  inseparably  bound  up  with  all  consciousness,  namely  sensorial  or  mental  impression  (phassa),  feeling  (vedana^),  perception  (san~n~a^),  volition  (cetana^),  concentration  (sama^dhi),  vitality  (ji^vita),  advertence  (manasika^ra).  Cf.  Tab.  II,  III.
With  regard  to  karmical  volition  (i.e.  wholesome  or  unwholesome  karma)  it  is  said  in  A.  VI,  13:  "Volition  is  action  (karma),  thus  I  say,  o  monks;  for  as  soon  as  volition  arises,  one  does  the  action,  be  it  by  body,  speech  or  mind."  For  details,  s.  paticca-samuppa^da  (10),  karma.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【80】conceit

  ma^na  (q.v.);  further  s.  samyojana.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【81】control

  effort  of:  s.  padha^na.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【82】counter

  image  (during  concentration):  s.  nimitta,  kasina,  sama^dhi.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【83】created

  the:  sankhata  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【84】destiny

  evil  views  with  fixed  d.:  niyata-miccha^-ditthi  (q.v.).  Men  with  fixed  d.:  niyata-puggala  (q.v.).  See  gati.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【85】devotee

  upa^saka  (q.v.)  .

南傳佛教英文辭典 【86】duggati

  ”woeful  course”  (of  existence);  s.  gati.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【87】emotion

  8  sources  of  e.:  samvega-vatthu  (q.v.).  The  4  places  rousing  emotion;  samvejani^ya-ttha^na  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【88】factors

  mental:  s.  cetasika.  -  F.  of  absorption,  s.  jha^na  -  F.  of  enlightenment,  s.  bojjhanga.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【89】fetters

  The  10  f.  binding  to  existence;  s.  samyojana.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【90】insight

  cf.  pan~n~a^,  vipassana^,  n~a^na.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【91】ji^vita

  and  ji^vitindriya:  ”Life,  vitality”,  may  be  either  physical  (rúpa-ji^vitindriya)  or  mental  (na^ma-ji^vitindriya).  The  latter  is  one  of  the  mental  factors  inseparably  associated  with  all  consciousness;  cf.  na^ma,  cetana^,  phassa.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【92】lahuta^

  ”lightness”,  or  ”agility”,  may  be  of  3  kinds:  of  corporeality  (rúpassa  lahuta^;  s.  khandha,  I  ),  of  mental  factors  (ka^ya-lahuta^),  and  of  consciousness  (citta-lahuta^).  Cf.  Tab.  II.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【93】mastery

  (regarding  the  absorptions):  s.  vasi^.  -  8  stages  of:  abhibha^yatana  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【94】matured

  one,  the:  gotrabhú  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【95】mudita^

  ”altruistic  (or  sympathetic)  joy”,  is  one  of  the  4  sublime  abodes  (brahma-viha^ra,  q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【96】muduta^

  (rúpa,  ka^ya,  citta):  ”elasticity”  (of  corporeality,  mental  factors,  consciousness);  s.  khandha  (I)  and  Tab.  II.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【97】muduta^

  s.  lahuta^.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【98】neutral

  karmically:  avya^kata  (q.v.);  n.  feelings,  s.  vedana^.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【99】nimitta

  mark,  sign;  image;  target,  object;  cause,  condition.  These  meanings  are  used  in,  and  adapted  to,  many  contexts  of  which  only  the  doctrinal  ones  are  mentioned  here.
1.”Mental  (reflex-)  image”,  obtained  in  meditation.  In  full  clarity,  it  will  appear  in  the  mind  by  successful  practice  of  certain  concentration-exercises  and  will  then  appear  as  vividly  as  if  seen  by  the  eye.  The  object  perceived  at  the  very  beginning  of  concentration  is  called  the  preparatory  image  (parikamma-nimitta).  The  still  unsteady  and  unclear  image,  which  arises  when  the  mind  has  reached  a  weak  degree  of  concentration,  is  called  the  acquired  image  (uggaha-nimitta).  An  entirely  clear  and  immovable  image  arising  at  a  higher  degree  of  concentration  is  the  counter-image  (patibha^ga-nimitta).  As  soon  as  this  image  arises,  the  stage  of  neighbourhood  (or  access)  concentration  (upaca^ra-sama^dhi)  is  reached.  For  further  details,  s.  kasina,  sama^dhi.
2.”Sign  of  (previous)  kamma”  (kamma-nimitta)  and  ”sign  of  (the  future)  destiny”  (gati-nimitta);  these  arise  as  mental  objects  of  the  last  karmic  consciousness  before  death  (marana^sanna-kamma;  s.  karma,  III,  3).
Usages  (1)  and  (2)  are  commentarial  (s.  App.).  In  sutta  usage,  the  term  occurs,  e.g.  as:
3.”Outward  appearance”:  of  one  who  has  sense-control  it  is  said-  that  "he  does  not  seize  upon  the  general  appearance”  of  an  object  (na  nimittagga^hi^;  M.  38,  D.  2;  expl.  Vis  I,  54f;  see  si^la).
4.”Object”:  the  six  objects,  i.e.  visual,  etc.  (rúpa-nimitta;  S.  XXII,  3).  Also,  when  in  explanation  of  animitta-cetovimutti,  signless  deliverance  of  mind  (s.  cetovimutti,  vimokkha),  it  is  said,  ”sabba-nimitta^nam  amanasika^ra^”,  it  refers  to  the  6  sense-objects  (Com.  to  M.  43),  and  has  therefore  to  be  rendered  "by  paying  no  attention  to  any  object  (or  object-ideas)."  -  A  pleasant  or  beautiful  object  (subha-nimitta,  q.v.)  is  a  condition  to  the  arising  of  the  hindrance  of  sense-desire;  a  ”repellent  object”  (patigha-nimitta)  for  the  hindrance  of  ill-will;  contemplation  on  the  impurity  of  an  object  (asubha-nimitta;  s.  asubha)  is  an  antidote  to  sense-desire.
5.  In  Pts.M.  II,  in  a  repetitive  series  of  terms,  nimitta  appears  together  with  uppa^do  (origin  of  existence),  pavattam  (continuity  of  existence),  and  may  then  be  rendered  by  ”condition  of  existence”  (s.  Path,  194f.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【100】nimitta

  As  signifying  the  mental  reflex-image  occurring  in  meditation,  this  term,  singly  or  in  compounds  (parikkamma-,  uggaha-,  patibha^ga-n.),  is  found  only  in  the  Com.,  Vis.M.,  etc.  The  same  holds  good  for  kamma-nimitta,  gati-nimitta.

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