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sel sex alms dosa ends gems lust rise sati ties adosa ASURA asura bases bonds cause chaos doors issa^ RAKSA rules sacca sagga sakka satta sekha sense shame si^la sloth space STUPA subha SUDRA sukha SUTRA vasi^ YAKSA yokes a^sava abodes access asekha beings BHIKSU biases course elders escape floods forest ghosts gnosis groups jewels kasina kilesa kusala misery phassa planes powers samma^ sangha SANJNA sarana sexual stains suddha sugati sukkha SUMERU taints truths tusita usages VAISYA WISDOM wisdom a^ka^sa absence ahimsa^ AKUSALA akusala anusaya arising cankers desana^ destiny disease factors fetters HSU YUN insight KUSHALA mastery message nissaya obha^sa remorse sa^sana sa^vaka saddha^ SAMADHI samatha sammuti SAMSARA samseva sassata sikkha^ sitting skilful sobhana spheres SRAVAKA sublime sun~n~a 戒(sila) AKUSHALA anussati aversion BHIKSUNI bondages cetasika delusion elements extremes fatalism gladness grasping influxes interest KSATRIYA not self opposite postures progress sakka^ya sama^dhi sambodhi sammatta sampada^ samsa^ra SAMSKARA san~n~a^ sankappa sankhata santa^na scruples sensuous serenity signless sucarita suchness upa^saka uposatha upstream vimamsa^ visuddhi 谛(satya) 空(sunya) asankhata avihimsa^ boundless cosmogony domanassa dwellings EMPTINESS emptiness existence faculties FIVE EYES happiness impulsion lightness mind base obstacles SAHA LAND sammasana samphassa samyojana sankha^ra SARIPUTRA sena^sana SENSATION SIX DUSTS SIX GUNAS SIX PATHS SIX ROOTS somanassa something suffering ti sarana treasures upa^sika^ vanishing YASODHARA a^bhassara abhisamaya absorption aggregates ALMSGIVING antinomies appendants asmi ma^na bhava^sava BODHISATTA Bodhisatta compassion conditions dibba sota elasticity enthusiasm expression few wishes FOUR SEALS hindrances impression impurities ka^ma^sava low speech MAHASATTVA messengers obduracies para^ma^sa patisandhi repression sa^man~n~a sama^patti sensuality SEVEN GEMS SHAKYAMUNI si^labbata SIX PLACES sota^panna sota^patti standstill stinginess successive SUDDHODANA ta^vatimsa TEN POWERS tendencies TWO DEATHS unshakable upakkilesa vesa^rajja vipalla^sa vipassana^ 不害(ahimsa) abstentions ahosi kamma alms giving ANAPANASATI anupassana^ ariya sacca ariya vamsa association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA chaste life co nascence corruptions defilements destruction dissolution dosa carita earnestness egolessness EIGHT WINDS foundations inseparable intoxicants khi^na^sava kusala múla LOTUS SUTRA manasika^ra mindfulness NINE REALMS perfections personality perversions pure abodes sala^yatana sama si^si^ samuttha^na san~cetana^ san~n~ojana si^vathika^ sikkha^pada supernormal tejo kasina THREE ROOTS THREE SEALS unwholesome uprightness wrongnesses 定 (samadhi) 结集(samgiti) 轮回(samsara) a^savakkhaya body witness covetousness dispensation dissociation dry visioned FIVE WISDOMS FOUR VIRTUES harmlessness homelessness inclinations ka^ya sakkhi karma result kilesa ka^ma light kasina nesajjikanga ni^la kasina noble abodes pakati si^la pan~ca si^la pasa^da rúpa patisandhika petti visaya pi^ta kasina pleasantness proclivities purisindriya radiant gods recollectons restlessness RIGHT SPEECH sacca n~a^na SAKRADAGAMIN sambojjhanga samma^ magga sampajan~n~a santutthita^ SIX INDRIYAS SIX PARAMITA SROTA-APANNA stream entry subconscious suddha^va^sa supermundane THREE DOGMAS THREE JEWELS THREE REALMS THREE WISDOM TWELVE BASES viveka sukha 佛教(Buddhism) 僧伽制度(samgha) 铁萨罗(Tissara) a^loka kasina Abbreviations abhisankha^ra attentiveness BHAISAJYAGURU birth process companionship comprehension consciousness contentedness dasa pa^rami^ deathlessness demons’ realm disappearance FIVE BHIKSHUS FIVE OFFENCES FIVE PRECEPTS FIVE SKANDHAS FIVE VEHICLES fixed destiny higher wisdom imperfections investigating investigation karma process loathsomeness lohita kasina noble persons oda^ta kasina patisambhida^ patisankha^na post nascence sa^vaka bodhi sakada^ga^mi^ sammuti sacca samvara si^la sasankha^rika satipattha^na shamelessness silent buddha SIX ENTRANCES stream winner subha nimitta susa^nik’anga THREE POISONS THREE SHASTRA THREE STUDIES THREE VIRTUES TIEN TAI SECT TWELVE PLACES TWO OBSTACLES understanding voha^ra sacca 大史(Mahavamsa) 岛史(Diqavamsa) 迦腻色迦(Kaniska) 马鸣(Asvaghosa) 舍卫城(Sravasti) a^ka^sa dha^tu altruistic joy AMITABHA SUTRA asan~n~a satta AVALOKITESVARA Buddha sa^sana buddha^nussati citta santa^na citta visuddhi dasaka kala^pa desirelessness devata^nussati dhamma desana^ dhamma^nussati eka^sanik’anga foolish babble frivolous talk kusala vipa^ka marana^nussati saddha^nusa^ri sahetuka citta samudaya sacca samvara suddhi samvatta kappa samvega vatthu sangaha vatthu SIX FULFILMENT stupid natured TEN DIRECTIONS TEN GOOD DEEDS transformation transitoriness TWELVE NIDANAS upekkha^ sukha va^ritta si^la visible object 大圆满(mahasanti) 二谛(twi-satyas) 三谛(tri-satyas) a^loka san~n~a^ a^na^pa^na sati akusala vitakka anicca san~n~a^ appama^na subha characteristics citta sankha^ra dhamma^nusa^ri^ ditthi visuddhi EIGHT NEGATIONS EIGHTEEN FIELDS FIVE MESSENGERS FOUR GREAT VOWS gustatory organ indriya samatta ka^ya passaddhi loving kindness misapprehension naya vipassana^ nihilistic view nissaya paccaya pamsukúlik’anga pathavi^ kasina sakka^ya ditthi samatha ya^nika samma^ sambodhi sankhitta citta sapada^nik’anga sappatigha rúpa sceptical doubt self confidence SHATIKA SHASTRA sota^pattiyanga SPIRITUAL GHOST stored up karma TAKING PRECEPTS THREE DELUSIONS THREE OBSTACLES tranquilisation upasama^nussati vaci^ sankha^ra vaya^nupassana^ voha^ra desana^ 百论(Sata-sastra) 法护(Dharmaraksa) 极乐世界(sukhavati) 支娄迦谶(Lokaksema) a^sevana paccaya abbhoka^sik’anga anatta^ san~n~a^ appana^ sama^dhi assa^sa passa^sa AVATAMSAKA SUTRA citta vipalla^sa citta^nupassana^ cognitive series EIGHT SUFFERINGS FOUR HOLY REALMS ka^ya gata^ sati ka^ya^nupassana^ karma formations khandha santa^na khaya^nupassana^ maha^ vipassana^ mano san~cetana^ monks’ community nava satta^va^sa nissaya nissita reversible merit samma^ ppadha^na samvara padha^na santi^rana citta sensuous craving SIX SENSE-ORGANS streams of merit sukkha vipassaka supportive karma THIRTY-TWO FORMS THREE EVIL PATHS THREE GOOD PATHS THREE SUFFERINGS 经量部(Sautrantike) 六度(sad-paramita) 律经(Vinaya-sutra) 三性(tri-svabhava) 释迦牟尼 (Sakyamuni) 四谛(catur-satyas) adhisi^la sikkha^ anatta^nupassana^ anicca^nupassana^ ascending insight bhavanga santa^na cetaso vinibandha cittass’ekaggata^ destructive karma dhamma^nupassana^ disinterestedness ditthi vipalla^sa dukkha^nupassana^ eye consciousness FIVE COMMANDMENTS FOREMOST PARAMITA FOUR FEARLESSNESS FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS FOURFOLD ASSEMBLY highest knowledge immaterial sphere kusala kammapatha manopadosika deva na^natta san~n~a^ nissarana paha^na NO STRIFE SAMADHI non disappearance pa^risuddhi si^la pakati upanissaya pan~n~atti si^la paricchinna^ka^sa paticcasamuppa^da sahaja^ta paccaya santa^na santati sati sambojjhanga sati sampajan~n~a satta^va^sa nava sensuous clinging SINGALOVADA SUTRA SIX CONSCIOUSNESS SIX PSYCHIC POWER sudassa sudassi^ suppressive karma TEN DHARMA REALMS TEN WHOLESOMENESS upaca^ra sama^dhi vedana^nupassana^ 迦毗罗卫(Kapilavastu) 三学(tisrah siksah) 桑奇大塔(Sanch Stupa) ahetu patisandhika asankha^rika citta cycle of existence domanassupavica^ra full comprehension hasituppa^da citta marana^sanna kamma meritorious action nirodha sama^patti nirodha^nupassana^ parikamma sama^dhi patikkúla san~n~a^ reflex perceptions samatha vipassana^ sampayutta paccaya samuccheda paha^na self mortification SIDDHARTHA GOUTAMA SIX EXTERNAL BASES SIX INTERNAL BASES somanassúpavica^ra SPHERE OF NO-THING TWO FORMS OF DEATH unconscious beings upanissaya paccaya vipassanúpakkilesa vira^ga^nupassana^ wheel of existence yoniso manasika^ra 莲花生(Padmasambhava) 无著(Asanga 约4或5世纪) 最澄(Saicho 767~822) anabhirati san~n~a^ animitta^nupassana^ answering questions ANUPADISESA-NIBBANA attha patisambhida^ death consciousness discursive thinking FOUR GREAT ELEMENTS fruits of monk life gradual instruction kilesa parinibba^na lofty consciousness maha^purisa vitakka one group existence red kasina exercise RIGHT UNDERSTANDING samanantara paccaya sampaticchana citta san~n~a^ vipalla^sa sattakkhattu parama SATYASIDDHI SHASTRA spiritual faculties sun~n~ata^ vimokkha superiority conceit suta maya^ pan~n~a^ TEN GREAT KING VOWS viriya sambojjhanga 阿底峡(Atisa 982~1054) 大乘经(Mahayana sutra) 寂天(Santideva 约7世纪) 六足论(Satpada sastra) 清净道论(Visuddhimagga) 说一切有部(Sarvastivada) access concentration cemetery meditations dhamma patisambhida^ ditthi nissita si^la five group existence four group existence greedy consciousness ka^mesu miccha^ca^ra MANJUSRI BODHISATTVA NIRVANA WITH RESIDUE paccavekkhana suddhi pubbeniva^sa^nussati pun~n~a^bhisankha^ra regenerating process sama^dhi parikkha^ra samvejani^ya ttha^na SA-UPADISESA-NIBBANA SIX FIELDS OF SENSES SUDDEN ENLIGHTENMENT SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA sun~n~ata^nupassana^ tanha^ nissita si^la TEN TITLES OF BUDDHA THREE ENLIGHTENMENTS ti hetu patisandhika VAST AND LONG TONGUE vivattana^nupassana^ yatha^santhatik’anga 大乘论(Mahayana sastra) 荣西(Eisai 1141~1215) 小乘论(Hinayana sastra) 源信(Genshin 942~1017) a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana anupa^disesa nibba^na apun~n~a^bhisankha^ra deluded consciousness DVADASHAMUKHA SHASTRA dvi hetuka patisandhi indriya samvara si^la n’eva sekha n’a^sekha nine abodes of beings ninefold dispensation nirutti patisambhida^ patipassaddhi paha^na questions and answers REALM OF FORMLESSNESS sacca^nulomika n~a^na sama^dhi sambojjhanga SIX HEAVENS OF DESIRE sota^pannassa anga^ni TEN MERITORIOUS DEEDS THREE CLASSIFICATIONS THREE PERIODS OF TIME transference of merit upekkha^ sambojjhanga visesa bha^giya si^la 朝鲜佛教(Korean Buddhism) 梵网经(Brahmajala-sutra) 觉音(Buddhaghosa 5世纪中叶) 莲花戒(Kamalasila ?~780) 世亲(Vasubandhu 约4或5世纪) 印度佛教(Indian Buddhism) 中论(Madhyamika-sastra) abhisama^ca^rika si^la bhavanga sota^, citta catu pa^risuddhi si^la citta samuttha^na rúpa desire for deliverance desireless deliverance FIVE FORMS OF DECAYING FLOWER ADORNMENT SUTRA FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA kamma samuttha^na rúpa khidda padosika^ deva^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi orambha^giya samyojana passaddhi sambojjhanga prescribed moral rules resistance perceptions sa upa^disesa nibba^na sensitive corporeality SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS substrata of existence THREE UNIVERSAL TRUTHS unshakable deliverance viparina^ma^nupassana^ 长阿含经(Dirghagama-sutra) 超戒寺(Vikramasilavihara) 楞伽经(Lankavatara-sutra) 亲鸾(Shinran 1173~1262) 缘起(pratitya-samutpada) 中国佛教(Chinese Buddhism) dasa (tatha^gata ) bala FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS FOUR IMMEASURABLE MINDS NIRVANA WITHOUT RESIDUE patinissagga^nupassana^ receptive consciousness retrospective knowledge sabbúpadhi patinissagga sankha^rupekkha^ n~a^na si^la sama^dhi pan~n~a^ SIX STATES OF EXISTENCE VISVABHADRA BODHISATTVA 八正道(aryastangika-marga) 成实论(Satyasiddhi-sastra) 大乘佛教(Mahayana Byddhism) 境行果(sthana-carya-phala) 日本佛教(Japanese Buddhism) a^dibrahmacariyaka si^la ANNUTARA-SAMYAK-SAMBODHI asankha^ra parinibba^yi^ bhanga^nupassana^ n~a^na clarity of consciousness corporeality perceptions ka^ma sukh’allika^nuyoga multiformity perceptions paccaya sannissita si^la paricchinna^ka^sa kasina patibha^na patisambhida^ REALM OF SENSUOUS DESIRE sacchikarani^ya^ dhamma^ uddhambha^giya samyojana verbal functions of mind 部派佛部(Sectarian Buddhism) 大日经(Mahavairocana-sutra) 寂护(Santiraksita 705~762) 戒日王(Siladitya 约590~647) 戒贤(Silabhadra 约528~651 ) 摩诃僧祇律(Mahasangha-vinaya) 尼泊尔佛教(Nepalese Buddhism) 十诵律(Sarvastivada-vinaya) 实叉难陀(Siksananda 652~710) 无量寿经(Aparimitayur-sutra) 原始佛教(primitive Buddhism) 杂阿含经(Samyuktagama-sutra) a^ji^va pa^risuddhi si^la adukkha m asukha^ vedana^ hate rooted consciousness indriyesu gutta dva^rata^ kankha^ vitarana visuddhi nibbida^nupassana^ n~a^na pa^risuddhi padha^niyanga pa^timokkha samvara si^la registering consciousness sama^dhi vippha^ra^ iddhi SAMANTABHADRA BODHISATTVA sasankha^ra parinibba^yi^ spontaneously born beings support decisive support TEN STAGES OF BODHISATTVA vanishing and reappearing VIMALAKIRTI-NIVDESA SUTRA 佛教文学(Buddhist literature) 摩诃菩提会(Maha Bodhi Society) 昙无谶(Dharmaksema 385~433) 增一阿含经(Ekottaragama-sutra) 中阿含经(Madh yamagama-sutra) a^ha^re patikkúla san~n~a^ ability to acquire insight analysis of the 4 elements dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu dhamma vicaya sambojjhanga functions of consciousness happy courses of existence impersonality of existence MAHA-PRAJNA-PARAMITA-SUTRA mind consciousness element paranimmita vasavatti deva parassa ceto pariya n~a^na TEN VEHICLES OF MEDITATION uddhamsota akanitthaga^mi^ 发智论(Jnanaprasthana-sastra) 俱舍论(Abhidharmakosa-sastra) 越南佛教(Vietnamese Buddhism) a^di^nava^nupassana^ n~a^na balance of mental faculties PURE LAND OF ULTIMATE BLISS yatha^ bhúta n~a^na dassana 佛教建筑(Buddhist architecture) akusala sa^dha^rana cetasika NINE STAGES OF LOTUS FLOWERS patisankha^nupassana^ n~a^na seven rebirths at the utmost SIX PERIODS OF DAY AND NIGHT udayabbaya^nupassana^ n~a^na 常乐我净(nitya-sukha-atma-subha) 大般涅槃经(Mahaparinirvana-sutra) 观无量寿经(Amitayurbhavana-sutra) 楞严经(surangama-samadhi-sutra) 菩萨戒本(Bodhisattva-pratimoksa) 乞[口*栗]双提赞Khri-Sron-Lde-bTsan 瑜伽师地论(Yogacara-bhumi-sastra) EIGHTEEN DIFFERENT CHARACTERS EVIL TIME OF FIVE TURBIDITIES THREE MEDITATIONS OF ONE MIND vuttha^na ga^mini^ vipassana^ 斯里兰卡佛教(Buddhism in Sri Lanka) 中国佛教美术(Buddhist art in China) adhipan~n~a^ dhamma vipassana^ ascetic purification practices imperturbable karma formations sabba loke anabhirati san~n~a^ VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA 维摩经(Vimalakirti-nirdesa-sutra) equilibrium of mental faculties SIX DIRECTIONS OF REINCARNATION subha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi sukha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi THREE UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS 村上专精(Murakami Senjo 1851~1928) 大般若经(Mahaprajna-paramita-sutra) 铃木大拙(Suzuki Daisetsu 1870~1966) 妙法莲华经(Saddharmapundarika-sutra) 中国佛教音乐(Buddhist music in China) patipada^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi 大智度论(Mahaprajna-paramita-sastra) 冢本善隆(Tsukamoto Zenryu 1898~1980) anan~n~a^tan~ n~assa^mi^t’indriya citta ja (citta samuttha^na) rúpa FOUR ASPECTS (OF BUDDHIST DHARMA) n’eva san~n~a^ n’a^san~n~a^yatana 胜鬘经(Srimala-devi simhanada-sutra) 望月信亨(Mochizuki Shinko 1869~1948) a^ha^ra ja (or-samuttha^na) - rúpa magga^magga n~a^nadassana visuddhi NIRVANA OF PURE, CLEAR SELF-NATURE 成唯识论(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-sastra) 东南亚佛教(Buddhism in South East Asia) EIGHT DIVISIONS OF GODS AND DRAGONS 高楠顺次郎(Takakusu Junjiro 1866~1945) 解深密经(Sandhinir-mokcana-vyuha-sutra) 摄大乘论(Mahayana-samuparigraha-sastra) 中国佛学院(The Chinese Buddhist Academy) 达斯,S·C·(Sarat Chandra Das 1849~1917) 大乘起信论(Maha yana-Sraddhotpada-sastra) 大毗婆沙论(Abhidharma-mahavibhasa-sastra) 欧美佛教(Buddhism in America and Europe) a^rammana^dhipati a^rammanupanissaya FIVE CATEGORIES OF UNTRANSLATED TERMS TWELVE LINKS OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION 般若波罗蜜多心经(Prajna-paramita-hrdaya-sutra) FOUR WAYS (OF LEARNING BUDDHIST DHARMA) 杂阿毗昙心论(Samyuktabhidharma-hrdaya-sastra) TEN GREAT DISCIPLES OF SKAKYAMUNI BUDDHA 金刚经(Vajracchedika-prajna-paramita-sutra) 异部宗轮论(Samayabhedo-paracanacak-ra-sastra) 华严经(Bud dhavatamsaka-mahavai pul yasutra) 三十七菩提分(saptatrimsadbodhi-paksika-dharmah) 中国佛教协会(The Buddhist Association of China) karmically wholesome, unwholesome, neutral thiti bha^giya si^la, sama^dhi, pan~n~a^ FOUR RELIANCE (TO LEARNING BUDDHIST DHARMA) 大方等大集经(Mahavai pul ya-mahasanni-pata-sutra) SPHERE OF NEITHER-PERCEPTION-NOR-NON-PERCEPTION 阿弥陀经(Sukhavati-v yuha-sutra,Amitayur-v yuha-sutra) 李斯·戴维斯,T·W·(Thomas Williams Rhys Davids 1843~1922) 唯识二十论(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-vimsa-kakarika-sastra) 唯识三十颂(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-trimsai-kakarika-sastra) 马拉拉塞克拉,G·P·(Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera 1899~1973) 国际佛教研究协会(The International Association of Buddhist Studies) sura^meraya majja ppama^dattha^na^ veramani^ sikkha^padam sama^diya^mi ▲ 收起
南传佛教英文辞典 【163】sensuous

  sphere  (-world):  s.  avacara,  loka.

南传佛教英文辞典 【164】serenity

  s.  samatha.

南传佛教英文辞典 【165】signless

  (animitta):  s.  ceto-vimutti,  vimokkha,  vipassana^.

南传佛教英文辞典 【166】sucarita

  ”good  conduct”,  is  3-fold,  in  body,  speech  and  mind,  and  comprises  the  10  wholesome  courses  of  action  (s.  kammapatha).  According  to  A.  X,  61,  it  has  sense-control  as  its  condition.  See  D.  33,  A.  II,  17;  III,  2.

南传佛教英文辞典 【167】suchness

  tathata^  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【168】upa^saka

  lit.”sitting  close  by”,  i.e.  a  ”lay  adherent”,  is  any  lay  follower  who  is  filled  with  faith  and  has  taken  refuge  in  the  Buddha,  his  doctrine  and  his  community  of  noble  disciples  (A.  VIII,  25).  His  virtue  is  regarded  as  pure  if  he  observes  the  5  Precepts  (pan~ca-si^la;  s.  sikkha^pada).  He  should  avoid  the  following  wrong  ways  of  livelihood:  trading  in  arms,  in  living  beings,  meat,  alcohol  and  poison  (A.  V,  177).  See  also  A.  VIII,  75.

南传佛教英文辞典 【169】uposatha

  lit.”fasting”,  i.e.”fasting  day”,  is  the  full-moon  day,  the  new-moon  day,  and  the  two  days  of  the  first  and  last  moonquarters.  On  full-moon  and  new-moon  days,  the  Disciplinary  Code,  the  Pa^timokkha,  is  read  before  the  assembled  community  of  monks  (bhikkhu),  while  on  the  mentioned  4  moon-days  many  of  the  faithful  lay  devotees  go  to  visit  the  monasteries,  and  there  take  upon  themselves  the  observance  of  the  8  rules  (attha-si^la;  sikkha^pada).  See  A.  VIII,  41ff.

南传佛教英文辞典 【170】upstream

  to  the  highest  gods,  passing:  s.  ana^ga^mi^.

南传佛教英文辞典 【171】vimamsa^

  ”investigation,  inquiry,  pondering”,  is  one  of  the  4  roads  to  power  (iddhi-pa^da,  q.v.)  and  one  of  the  4  factors  of  predominance  (s.  paccaya,  3).

南传佛教英文辞典 【172】visuddhi

  ”purification”,  purity.  The  ”7  stages  of  purification”  (satta-visuddhi)  form  the  substructure  of  Upatissa”s  Vimutti-Magga  (The  Path  To  Freedom),  preserved  only  in  Chinese,  as  well  as  of  Buddhaghosa”s  monumental  work,  Visuddhi-Magga  (The  Path  of  Purification),  based  on  the  former  work.
The  only  place  in  the  Canon  where  these  7  kinds  of  purification  are  mentioned  is  M.  24,  "The  Simile  of  the  Stage-coach"  (s.”Path”,  §64),  wherein  their  purpose  and  goal  are  illustrated.  There  it  is  said  that  the  real  and  ultimate  goal  does  not  consist  in  purification  of  morality,  or  of  mind,  or  of  view,  etc.,  but  in  total  deliverance  and  extinction.  Now,  just  as  one  mounts  the  first  coach  and  travels  to  the  second  coach,  then  mounts  the  second  coach  and  travels  with  it  to  the  third  coach,  etc.,  in  exactly  the  same  way  the  goal  of  (I)  the  purification  of  morality  (sila-visuddhi)  is  (II)  the  purification  of  mind  (citta-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (III)  the  purification  of  view  (ditthi-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (IV)  the  purification  by  overcoming  doubt  (kankha^vitarana-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (V)  the  purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  what  is  path  and  not-path  (magga^magga-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (VI)  the  purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  the  path-progress  (patipada^-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (VII)  the  purification  of  knowledge  and  vision  (n~a^nadassana-visuddhi);  but  the  goal  of  this  purification  is  deliverance  freed  from  all  clinging.
(I)  "Purification  of  morality  (si^la-visuddhi)  consists  of  the  4-fold  purity  of  morality  (catu-pa^risuddhi-si^la),  namely:  restraint  with  regard  to  the  Disciplinary  Code  (pa^timokkhasamvara-si^la),  sense-restraint  (indriysamvara-si^la),  purity  of  livelihood  (a^ji^vapa^risuddhi-si^la),  morality  with  regard  to  the  4  requisites  (paccaya-sannissita-si^la)"  (Vis.M.  XVIII).  On  these  4  terms,  s.  si^la.  -  In  the  case  of  a  layman,  it  entails  the  observance  of  whatever  moral  rules  (5  or  more)  he  has  taken  upon  himself.
(II)  "Purification  of  mind  (citta-visuddhi)  is  a  name  for  the  8  attainments  (=  absorptions:  jha^na,  q.v.),  as  well  as  for  neighbourhood-concentration  (upaca^ra-sama^dhi;  s.  sama^dhi)."  (ib.).
(III)  "By  purification  of  view  (ditthi-visuddhi)  is  meant  the  understanding,  according  to  reality,  of  mind  and  corporeality  (na^marúpa,  q.v.)...  which  is  founded  on  undeludedness  (wisdom)  as  base,  and  which  in  manifold  ways  determines  mind  and  corporeality  after  overcoming  all  belief  in  a  persollality  (atta^:  self,  ego.)."  (ib.).
(IV)  "By  purification  by  overcoming  doubt  (kankha^-vitarana-visuddhi)  is  meant  the  understanding  which,  by  grasping  the  conditions  of  this  mind  and  corporeality,  has  escaped  from  all  doubt  with  regard  to  the  3  times  (past,  present,  future)."  (ib.  XIX)
(V)  "By  purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  what  is  path  and  not-path  (magga^magga-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi)  is  meant  that  understanding  which  knows  the  right  path  from  the  wrong  path:  ”This  is  the  right  path,  that  the  wrong  path.”"  (ib.  XX)
In  order  to  attain  this  5th  stage  of  purification,  one  at  first  should  develop  methodical  insight  (naya-vipassana^),  i.e.  through  contemplation  of  the  5  groups  of  existence  (khandha,  q.v.).  For  whosoever  does  not  yet  possess  a  perfectly  developed  insight,  to  him  such  phenomena  as  effulgence  of  light,  etc.  (see  below),  arising  during  insight,  may  become  impediments  in  the  3  kinds  of  full  understanding  here  considered  (s.  parin~n~a^).
”As  soon  as  the  manifold  ways  and  characteristics  of  the  4  Truths  (sacca)  and  the  dependent  origination  (paticcasamuppa^da)  have  become  clear  to  the  meditating  disciple,  he  says  to  himself:  Thus  do  these  things  never  before  arisen  arise,  and  having  arisen  they  disappear  again.  Thus  do  the  formations  of  existence  ever  and  again  arise  as  something  quite  new.  But  not  only  are  they  something  new,  they  are  moreover  also  of  limited  duration,  like  a  dew-drop  at  sunrise,  like  a  bubble,  like  a  line  drawn  with  a  stick  in  the  water,  like  a  mustard  seed  placed  on  the  point  of  an  arrow,  or  like  a  flash  of  lightning.  Also  as  something  unsubstantial  and  empty  do  they  appear,  as  jugglery,  as  a  mirage  ....  Merely  something  subject  to  vanishing  arises,  and  having  arisen  disappears  again.”"
During  such  insight  practice,  however,  may  arise  the  10  imperfections  (or  defilements)  of  insight  (vipassanúpakkilesa):  effulgence  of  light  (obha^sa),  knowledge  (n~a^na),  rapture  (pi^ti),  tranquillity  (passaddhi),  happiness  (sukha),  determination  (adhimokkha),  energy  (paggaha),  awareness  (upattha^na),  delight  (nikanti).  -  See  Vis.M.  XX,  105f.  (App.).
Excepting  the  last  one,  ”delight”,  they  are  not  imperfections  or  defilements  in  themselves,  but  may  become  a  basis  for  them  through  the  arising  of  pride  or  delight  or  by  a  wrong  conclusion  that  one  of  the  holy  paths  has  been  attained.  He,  however,  who  is  watchful  and  experienced  in  insight  practice,  will  know  that  these  states  of  mind  do  not  indicate  attainment  of  the  true  path,  but  are  only  symptoms  or  concomitants  of  insight  meditation.
"Thus  far  the  meditating  disciple  has  determined  3  of  the  truths,  namely  while  determining  the  corporeal  and  mental  phenomena  he  has,  through  purification  of  view  (ditthi-visuddhi),  determined  the  ”truth  of  suffering”.  While  grasping  the  conditions  he  has,  through  purification  by  overcoming  doubt  (kankha^-vitarana-visuddhi),  determined  the  ”truth  of  the  origin  of  suffering”.  While  determining  the  right  path,  he  has,  through  purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  what  is  path  and  not-path  (magga^magga-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi),  determined  the  ”truth  of  the  path”  (leading  to  the  extinction  of  suffering)."
(VI)  Purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  the  path-progress  (patipada^-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi)  is  the  insight  perfected  in  8  kinds  of  knowledge,  together  with  the  9th  knowledge,  the  ”knowledge  adapting  itself  to  truth”.
By  the  8  kinds  of  knowledge  are  here  meant  the  following,  which  are  freed  from  defilements,  follow  the  right  process,  and  are  considered  as  insight,  namely:

1.  knowledge  consisting  in  contemplation  of  rise  and  fall  (udayabbaya^nupassana^-n~a^na),
2.  in  contemplation  of  dissolution  (bhanga^nupassana^-n~a^na),
3.  in  awareness  of  terror  (or  the  fearful)  (bhayatúpattha^na^-n~a^na),
4.  in  contemplation  of  misery  (a^di^nava^nupassana^-n~a^na),
5.  in  contemplation  of  aversion  (nibbida^nupassana^-n~a^na),
6.  in  the  desire  for  deliverance  (muccitu-kamyata^-n~a^na),
7.  in  reflecting  contemplation  (patisankha^nupassana^-n~a^na),
8.  in  equanimity  regarding  all  formations  of  existence  (sankha^rupekkha^-n~a^na)  -  which  is  followed  by
9.  in  adaptation  to  truth  (sacca^nulomika-n~a^na).

(1)  consists  in  the  meditative  observation  of  the  3  characteristics  of  existence  (impermanence,  suffering,  no  self)  in  one”s  own  bodily  and  mental  processes.  As  long  as  the  mind  is  still  disturbed  by  the  10  imperfections  (s.  V),  the  3  characteristics  will  not  become  fully  clear  in  their  true  nature.  Only  when  the  mind  is  free  from  these  imperfections  can  the  characteristics  be  observed  clearly.
(2)  When  through  such  repeated  practice,  knowledge  and  mindfulness  have  grown  keen  and  the  bodily  and  mental  formations  become  apparent  quickly,  at  that  stage  the  phase  of  dissolution  of  these  formations  will  become  prominent.
"Consciousness  with  (e.g.)  materiality  as  its  object  arises  and  dissolves.  Having  reflected  on  that  object,  he  contemplates  the  dissolution  of  (reflecting)  consciousness."  (Pts.M.  I,  57,  quoted  in  Vis.M.  XXI,  11).
The  8  blessings  of  this  knowledge  are:  abandoning  the  belief  in  eternal  existence  (bhava-ditthi),  giving  up  attachment  to  life,  constant  right  application  (of  mind  to  meditative  endeavour),  a  purified  livelihood,  overcoming  of  anxiety,  absence  of  fear,  acquisition  of  forbearance  and  gentleness,  conquest  of  discontent  and  sensual  delight  (Vis.M.  XXI,  28).
(3)  Knowledge  consisting  in  awareness  of  terror  (or  fearfulness)  is  the  seeing  of  terror  in  the  conditions  as  well  as  the  continuity  of  existence.  For  whoso  considers  the  formations  as  impermanent,  to  him  the  conditions  of  existence  (i.e.  the  karma-formations  producing  ever  new  existence)  appear  as  terror,  as  driving  towards  death.  Whoso  considers  the  formations  as  misery,  to  him  the  continuity  of  existence  appears  as  terror,  as  something  oppressive.  Whoso  considers  the  formations  as  impersonal,  to  him  the  karmaformations,  as  well  as  the  continuity  of  existence,  appear  as  terror,  as  an  empty  village,  as  a  mirage,  etc.
(4)  Contemplation  of  misery  (or  danger)  is  another  aspect  of  the  awareness  of  terror:  "The  origin  (of  existence)  is  terror  ...  continuance  of  existence  is  terror  ...  arising  is  suffering”,  such  understanding  in  the  awareness  of  terror  is  the  knowledge  of  misery.”Non-arising  is  bliss”,  this  is  knowledge  of  the  peaceful  state  (Pts.M.  I,  59);  that  is,  the  no-more-arising  is  safety,  is  happiness,  is  Nibba^na.
(5)  Contemplation  of  aversion  means:  aversion  for  all  formations  as  terror,  therefore  its  name  ”awareness  of  terror”  has  come  into  use.  Because  it  has  made  known  the  misery  of  all  these  formations,  therefore  it  has  received  the  name  of  ”contemplation  of  misery”  (a^di^nava^nupassana^).  Because  it  has  arisen  through  aversion  for  those  formations,  therefore  it  is  known  as  ”contemplation  of  aversion”  (nibbida^nupassana^).
(6)  Knowledge  consisting  in  the  desire  for  deliverance  means:  the  desire  for  freedom  and  escape  from  all  formations  of  existence..  For  feeling  aversion  for  all  formations,  becoming  weary  of  them,  finding  no  more  delight  in  them,  the  mind  does  not  cling  to  a  single  one  of  all  these  formations.
(7)  Reflecting  contemplation  is  the  repeated  meditative  discernment  of  the  formations  of  existence,  attributing  to  them  the  3  characteristics  of  existence,  with  the  desire  to  find  deliverance  from  all  forms  of  existence.
(8)  Equanimity  regarding  all  formations:  "When  the  meditator  (through  reflecting  contemplation)  has  discerned  the  formations  by  applying  the  3  characteristics  to  them  and  sees  them  as  void,  he  abandons  both  terror  and  delight,  and  becomes  indifferent  and  equanimous  with  regard  to  all  formations;  he  neither  takes  them  as  I  nor  as  ”mine”;  he  is  like  a  man  who  has  divorced  his  wife"  (Vis.M.  XXI,  61).
Now,  while  continuing  to  contemplate  the  3  characteristics  of  existence  and  perceiving  the  tranquil  lot  of  Nibba^na  as  the  peace,  this  equanimity-knowledge  becomes  the  triple  gateway  to  liberation.  As  it  is  said  (Pts.M.  II,  p.  48):
"Three  gateways  to  liberation  (vimokkha-mukha;  s.  vimokkha  I)  lead  to  escape  from  the  world,  namely:  that  the  mind  is  contemplating  all  formations  as  limited,  and  is  rushing  forward  to  the  conditionless  element  (animitta-dha^tu);  that  the  mind  is  stirred  with  regard  to  all  formations  of  existence,  and  is  rushing  forward  to  the  desireless  element  (appanihita-dha^tu);  that  the  mind  sees  all  things  as  something  foreign,  and  is  rushing  forward  to  the  void  element  (sun~n~ata^-dha^tu)."
At  this  stage,  and  through  the  triple  gateway,  the  diversification  of  path  attainment  takes  place,  according  to  the  7  kinds  of  noble  persons  (ariya-puggala,  q.v.);  on  this  see  Vis.M.  XXI,  74ff.
The  6th,  7th  and  8th  knowledges,  according  to  Vis.M.  XXI,  form  really  only  one  single  knowledge  in  its  first,  middle  and  final  stages  of  development.  This  knowledge  is  also  known  as  the  ”insight  leading  to  path  ascent”  (vuttha^na-ga^mini^-vipassana^,  q.v.).
(9)  Adaptation  to  truth  (or  conformity  with  truth)  is  called  that  knowledge  which,  while  contemplating  impermanency,  etc.  adapts  itself  to  the  preceding  8  kinds  of  insight-knowledge,  as  well  as  to  the  immediately  following  supermundane  path  and  to  the  37  elements  pertaining  to  enlightenment  (bodhipakkhiya-dhamma,  q.v.).  It  is  identical  with  adaptation-knowledge  (anuloman~a^na).
"Whosoever  has  cultivated,  developed,  and  frequently  practised  ”equanimity  regarding  all  formations”  in  him  arises  very  strong  faith  known  as  determination  (adhimokkha-saddha^)  and  his  energy  is  better  exerted,  his  mindfulness  better  established,  his  mind  better  concentrated,  and  a  still  stronger  ”equanimity  regarding  the  formations”  arises.”Now  the  path  will  reveal  itself”,  thus  thinking,  the  meditator  contemplates  with  his  equanimity-knowledge  all  formations  as  impermanent,  etc.,  and  thereafter  that  knowledge  sinks  into  the  subconscious  stream  of  existence  (s.  bhavanga-sota^).  Immediately  afterwards  there  arises  advertence  at  the  mind-door  (s.  vin~n~a^na-kicca).  And  just  like  equanimity-knowledge,  the  adaptation-knowledge,  too,  takes  as  its  object  the  formations,  regarding  them  as  something  impermanent,  miserable  and  impersonal.  Thereupon,  while  continuing  the  uninterrupted  continuity  of  consciousness  (citta-santati),  there  arises  the  1st  impulsive  moment  (javana,  q.v.),  called  ”preparation”  (parikamma),  taking  the  same  formations  as  object.  Immediately  thereafter,  with  the  same  formations  as  object,  there  arises  the  2nd  impulsive  moment,  known  as  ”access”  (upaca^ra).  And  again  immediately  after  that,  there  arises  the  impulsive  moment  called  ”adaptation”  (anuloma)."
(VII)  Purification  of  knowledge  and  vision  (n~a^nadassana-visuddhi)  is  the  knowledge  associated  with  any  of  the  4  kinds  of  supermundane  path-consciousness  (s.  ariyapuggala).
"Immediately  upon  this  adaptation-knowledge  there  arises  the  ”maturity-knowlege”  (gotrabhú-n~a^na;  s.  gotrabhú)  taking  as  object  the  Unconditioned,  the  standstill  of  existence,  the  absence  of  becoming,  cessation,  Nibba^na,  while  at  the  same  time  transcending  the  rank  (gotta  =  gotra:  lineage),  designation  and  plane  of  the  worldling  (puthujjana,  q.v.),  and  entering  the  rank,  designation  and  plane  of  the  Noble  Ones  (ariya),  being  the  first  turning  towards  Nibba^na  as  object,  the  first  thinking  of  it,  the  first  concentration  on  it,  and  the  condition  for  the  path  ...  forming  the  culmination  of  insight,  and  never  as  such  coming  back  again.
””As  the  immediate  continuation  following  upon  that  maturity  knowledge  (gotrabhú-n~a^na),  there  arises  the  first  path-consciousness  (Stream-entrance)  forever  destroying  the  first  3  of  the  10  fetters  of  existence  (samyojana,  q.v.),  and  closing  the  entrance  to  the  lower  worlds.  Immediately  after  this  path-knowledge,  there  arise,  as  its  result,  2  or  3  path-produced  states  of  consciousness,  the  fruitional  consciousness  (phala-citta).  Immediately  after  the  sinking  of  this  consciousness  into  the  subconscious  stream  of  existence,  the  retrospective  knowledge  (paccavekkhana-n~a^na,  q.v.)  arises,  having  the  path-consciousness  as  its  object"  (Vis.M.  XXI).  For  the  3  higher  paths,  s.  ariya-puggala.
Each  of  the  4  kinds  of  path-consciousness  performs  at  the  one  and  the  same  time  4  functions,  namely:  the  function  of  full  understanding  (parin~n~a^,  q.v.)  of  suffering,  the  function  of  overcoming  (paha^na,  q.v.)  the  origin  of  suffering,  the  function  of  realizing  (sacchikiriya^)  the  extinction  of  suffering,  the  function  of  developing  (bha^vana^,  q.v.)  the  supermundane  Noble  Eightfold  Path  (magga,  q.v.).
See  Path  of  Purification,  by  Buddhaghosa,  tr.  by  n~yanamoli  (BPS);  Path  of  Freedom,  by  Upatissa  (BPS).

中国百科全书 【173】谛(satya)

  Di

  佛教教义。意谓真理或实在。主要有四谛、二谛、三谛等不同说法。

  四谛  1、苦谛。苦是受逼迫苦恼之意,主要指三界生死轮回的苦恼。有三苦、八苦的不同。三苦,一为苦苦,指正在受痛苦时的苦恼;二为坏苦,是享受快乐结束时的苦恼;三为行苦,谓不苦不乐时,为无常变化的自然规律所支配的苦恼,包括生、老、病、死在内。八苦即生苦、老苦、病苦、死苦、求不得苦、怨憎会苦、爱别离苦、五阴盛苦。佛教认为,三苦、八苦有的是社会原因造成的,有的是自然原因造成的。

  2、集谛。亦名习谛。集是积聚感招之意。说一切众生,常时以来,由于贪瞋愚痴的行动,造成的善恶行为的业因,能感招将来的生死苦果。

  3、灭谛。亦名尽谛,为息灭、灭尽之意,灭尽三界内之烦恼业因以及生死果报,称为灭,也称了脱生死,从此不再受三界内的生死苦恼,达到涅槃寂灭境界,即为解脱。

  4、道谛。道为通达之意,也是道路的意思。这种道路是达到寂灭解脱的方法和手段;原始佛教认为道谛是指八正道。以后大、小乘又各有发展。佛教认为依道谛去修行,就能达到寂灭解脱的灭谛。由此途径确实可以达到解脱生死的目的。

  二谛  即真谛和俗谛。又称第一义谛、世俗谛,或名胜义谛与名言谛。真俗二谛,中观派的基本思想是缘起性空论,认为世间出世间万事万物,都是由众多因素相依相持而形成的,是有,称假有,这就是世俗谛,没有独立不变的自性,是空,称性空,这就是真谛,所以真俗二谛,就是空、有二谛。这是就外在的物境而言。若以主观认识而论,谓世俗谛是有,这是世间一般人的常识见解;言真谛为空是二乘圣者特有的超世见解。实际上,说有不住有,谈空不落空,空有无碍,才是真俗二谛的正观。又世俗谛的有,是世间万事万物的现象;真谛的空,是世间万事万物的本性。缘起才能性空,性空才能缘起,缘起与性空实际是一种事物的两个方面,相反相成,对立而统一。所以缘起就是性空,性空就是缘起。如《般若经》中说:色即是空,空即是色,不二而二,二而不二。大乘佛教各宗,因为传承或立论方法不同,对二谛的解释也各不相同。有的认为二谛是理,有的认为二谛是教。天台宗认为二谛或三谛是真实不虚的谛理,故云:“三谛者,天然之性德也。”三论宗认为真俗二谛是两种真实不虚的言教:“二谛者,盖是言教之通诠,相待之假称……唯是教门,不关境理。”

  三谛  即空谛、假谛、中道谛。佛教天台宗所立的谛理。认为一切事物都由因缘而生,没有永恒不变的实体,叫做空谛;一切事物其中虽无永恒不变的实体,却有如幻如化的相貌,叫做假谛;这些都不出法性,不待造作而有,叫做中道谛。一切事物,皆不出此空、假、中三谛的范畴,故称为三谛之理。《始终心要》说:“三谛者,天然之性德也,中谛者统一切法,真谛者泯一切法,假谛者立一切法。”又此三谛,圆融无碍,一即是三,三即是一。如观空时,无假无中无不空;观假时,无空无中无不假;观中道时,无空无假无不中,名为圆融三谛。《中观论·四谛品》说:“因缘所生法,我说即是空,亦为是假名,亦是中道义”。此偈被认为是圆融三谛的出处。(刘峰)

中国百科全书 【174】空(sunya)

  Kong

  佛教教义。音译舜若。佛教用来表述“非有”、“非存在”的一个基本概念。佛教各时期、各派别对空的解释不一。在原始佛教中,空只是整个佛教理论体系中的一个普通概念。部派佛教时期,这一概念成为当时争论的重点之一。大乘佛教时期,尤其是般若经系统的大乘思想则进而以空为其理论基础。从所否定的对象来说,空可分“我空”、“法空”两种。我空,即认为一切有情都是由各个组成元素聚合而成,不断流转生灭,因此不存在常一主宰的主体——我,这是小乘佛教的观点;法空,则认为一切事物都依赖于一定的因缘或条件才能存在,本身没有任何质的规定性,但法空并非虚无,它是一种不可描述的实在,称为“妙有”,这主要是大乘中观派阐明的观点。从论证的方式来说,空可分“分析空”、“当体空”两种。分析空即从统一之可分解为若干部分或因素上,从事物的生灭变化上,说明事物的不实在和不自在,这主要是小乘所采用的方法;当体空则认为一切事物无须分解,只要用空的理法去观察,就可以明白它本身就是空的,这主要是大乘所采用的方法。从是否终极真理来说,大乘又把空分成“但空”、“不但空”两种。把空当作绝对的虚无,认识不到它实际是有的一种存在形式,即一种妙有,就是但空,也叫“恶趣空”;反之,如能认识到事物不但有空的一面,还有不空的一面,认识到空不遣有,有不离空,空中摄有,有内存空,这就是不但空,也叫中道。从上述几种对空的基本解释出发,佛教各派还推衍出三空、四空、六空、七空、十空、十一空、十二空、十四空、十六空、十八空、十九空、二十空等。其中以《大品般若》、《大智度论》所说的十八空影响较大。(方广錩)

南传佛教英文辞典 【175】asankhata

  The  ”Unformed,  Unoriginated,  Unconditioned”  is  a  name  for  Nibba^na,  the  beyond  of  all  becoming  and  conditionality.

南传佛教英文辞典 【176】avihimsa^

  (equivalents:  ahimsa^,  avihesa^):  ”harmlessness”,  nonviolence,  absence  of  cruelty.  The  ”thought  of  harmlessness”  (or:  ”non-cruelty”;  avihimsa^-vitakka)  is  one  of  the  three  constituents  of  right  thought  (samma^-sankappa),  i.e.  the  2nd  factor  of  the  Eightfold  Path  (s.  magga).  In  the  several  lists  of  ”elements”  (dha^tu)  appears  also  an  ”element  of  harmlessness”  (avihesa^-dha^tu),  in  the  sense  of  an  elementary  quality  of  noble  thought.  See  Dhp.  225,  261,  270,  300.

南传佛教英文辞典 【177】boundless

  consciousness  (and  b.  space),  Sphere  of:  s.  jha^na  5,  6.

南传佛教英文辞典 【178】cosmogony

  cf.  kappa.

南传佛教英文辞典 【179】domanassa

  lit.”sad-mindedness”,  grief,  i.e.  mentally  painful  feeling  (cetasika-vedana^),  is  one  of  the  5  feelings  (vedana^,  q.v.)  and  one  of  the  22  faculties  (indriya,  q.v.).  According  to  the  Abhidhamma,  grief  is  always  associated  with  antipathy  and  grudge,  and  therefore  karmically  unwholesome  (akusala,  q.v.)  Cf.  Tab.  I.  30,  31.

南传佛教英文辞典 【180】dwellings

  Suitable  d.  for  monks;  s.  sena^sana.  Satisfied  with  whatever  d.;  s.  dhutanga.

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