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atta catu gati hate meat path sati agati amata ARHAT atta^ death great satta vatta water ANATTA Arahat atappa eating JATAKA MATTER matter sugati vatthu virati anatta^ created duggati matured patched patigha samatha sassata vipatti vivatta a^yatana anussati atima^na dogmatic fatalism KSATRIYA nibbatti PATIENCE patience sammatta sankhata tathata^ ujukata^ uposatha 谛(satya) 慧 (Mati) asankhata attention avya^kata breathing deviation dukkhata^ formation immediate mahaggata micchatta pariyatti patipada^ patipatti pativedha SENSATION SIX PATHS ti ratana aberration aggregates BODHISATTA Bodhisatta foundation generation intimation liberation MAHASATTVA MEDITATION meditation paramattha patisandhi pattida^na sama^patti si^labbata sota^patti ta^vatimsa tatha^gata TWO DEATHS vin~n~atti wrong path ANAPANASATI appicchata^ association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA foundations infatuation inoperative kamma patha kamma vatta mana^yatana MIDDLE PATH middle path origination patipannaka patti da^na penetration preparatory realization rúpa^yatana sala^yatana si^vathika^ temperature vavattha^na 無我(anatman) 真如(tathata) abhinibbatti accumulation dispensation dissociation hate natured heat element inclinations intoxicating kammattha^na pakati si^la patisandhika purification RENUNCIATION vatthu ka^ma 叁界(tridhatu) Abbreviations anatta^ va^da attentiveness atthi paccaya concentration CONTEMPLATION contemplation deathlessness determination dhamma^yatana ditthi ppatta hadaya vatthu investigating investigation kamman~n~ata^ kammattha^na^ loathsomeness material food nimma^na rati pa^gun~n~ata^ patisambhida^ patisankha^na satipattha^na tittha^yatana vivatta kappa water element abhibha^yatana asan~n~a satta atta kilamatha buddha^nussati citt’ekaggata^ devata^nussati dhamma^nussati EIGHTFOLD PATH eightfold path greedy natured katatta^ kamma marana^nussati natthi paccaya niyata puggala path condition relative truth samvatta kappa samvega vatthu sangaha vatthu stupid natured transformation ugghatitan~n~u upapatti bhava vigata paccaya 二谛(twi-satyas) 叁谛(tri-satyas) a^na^pa^na sati avigata paccaya cakkh’ a^yatana deluded natured EIGHT NEGATIONS FOUR GREAT VOWS gustatory organ indriya samatta natthika ditthi pathavi^ dha^tu pathavi^ kasina PRATYEKA-BUDDHA samatha ya^nika sappatigha rúpa SHATIKA SHASTRA sota^pattiyanga tatha^gata bala tranquilisation upasama^nussati 百論(Sata-sastra) 法界(dharmadhatu) 極樂世界(sukhavati) adhipati paccaya anatta^ san~n~a^ atthangika magga AVATAMSAKA SUTRA dukkha patipada^ faithful natured immaterial world ka^ya gata^ sati ka^ya vin~n~atti karma formations life infatuation mental formation natural morality nava satta^va^sa neyyattha dhamma ni^tattha dhamma THREE EVIL PATHS THREE GOOD PATHS vaci^ vin~n~atti 四谛(catur-satyas) 吳哥古迹(Angkor Vat) a^nupubbi^ katha^ anatta^nupassana^ cittass’ekaggata^ immaterial sphere kusala kammapatha na^natta san~n~a^ pakati upanissaya pan~n~atti si^la paticcasamuppa^da patta pindik’anga santa^na santati sati sambojjhanga sati sampajan~n~a satta^va^sa nava tatramajjhattata^ youth infatuation ahetu patisandhika atta va^dupa^da^na catu voka^ra bhava dha^tu vavattha^na health infatuation karma accumulation maturity knowledge nirodha sama^patti patibha^ga nimitta patikkúla san~n~a^ regenerative karma ruminating natured samatha vipassana^ self mortification tatra majjhattata^ tiraccha^na katha^ TWO FORMS OF DEATH 四大(caturmahabhuta) anabhirati san~n~a^ attha patisambhida^ death consciousness FOUR GREAT ELEMENTS intelligent natured majjhima^ patipada^ RIGHT CONCENTRATION sampaticchana citta sattakkhattu parama SATYASIDDHI SHASTRA sun~n~ata^ vimokkha TEN GREAT KING VOWS upatthambhaka kamma 阿底峽(Atisa 982~1054) 六足論(Satpada sastra) a^kin~can~n~a^yatana access concentration adaptation knowledge cemetery meditations dhamma patisambhida^ MANJUSRI BODHISATTVA niyata miccha^ditthi pubbeniva^sa^nussati regenerating process SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA sun~n~ata^nupassana^ ti hetu patisandhika vivattana^nupassana^ yatha^santhatik’anga 中道(madhyamapratipad) a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana bhojane mattan~n~uta^ death proximate karma dependent origination dvi hetuka patisandhi germinating once more ninefold dispensation nirutti patisambhida^ patipassaddhi paha^na pun~n~a kiriya vatthu THREE CLASSIFICATIONS ubhato bha^ga vimutta vin~n~a^nan~ca^yatana catu pa^risuddhi si^la FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS substrata of existence yatha^kammúpaga n~a^na 楞伽經(Lankavatara-sutra) 緣起(pratitya-samutpada) bhayatupattha^na n~a^na catu dha^tu vavattha^na dasa (tatha^gata ) bala FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS muccitu kamyata^ n~a^na patinissagga^nupassana^ sabbúpadhi patinissagga SIX STATES OF EXISTENCE VISVABHADRA BODHISATTVA 成實論(Satyasiddhi-sastra) 佛性(buddhata, buddhatva) attainment concentration patibha^na patisambhida^ reflecting contemplation hate rooted consciousness indriyesu gutta dva^rata^ SAMANTABHADRA BODHISATTVA TEN STAGES OF BODHISATTVA 佛教文學(Buddhist literature) a^ha^re patikkúla san~n~a^ dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu khalu paccha^ bhattik’anga paranimmita vasavatti deva TEN VEHICLES OF MEDITATION neighbourhood concentration origination of corporeality PURE LAND OF ULTIMATE BLISS yatha^ bhúta n~a^na dassana LAW OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION patisankha^nupassana^ n~a^na seven rebirths at the utmost 常樂我淨(nitya-sukha-atma-subha) 菩薩戒本(Bodhisattva-pratimoksa) THREE MEDITATIONS OF ONE MIND ascetic purification practices imperturbable karma formations sabba loke anabhirati san~n~a^ VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA lahuta^ muduta^, kamman~n~ata^ pariyatti patipatti, pativedha SIX DIRECTIONS OF REINCARNATION patipada^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi n’eva san~n~a^ n’a^san~n~a^yatana NIRVANA OF PURE, CLEAR SELF-NATURE 成唯識論(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-sastra) 達斯,S·C·(Sarat Chandra Das 1849~1917) a^rammana^dhipati a^rammanupanissaya FIVE CATEGORIES OF UNTRANSLATED TERMS TWELVE LINKS OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION TEN GREAT DISCIPLES OF SKAKYAMUNI BUDDHA 華嚴經(Bud dhavatamsaka-mahavai pul yasutra) 叁十七菩提分(saptatrimsadbodhi-paksika-dharmah) 中國佛教協會(The Buddhist Association of China) 大方等大集經(Mahavai pul ya-mahasanni-pata-sutra) 阿彌陀經(Sukhavati-v yuha-sutra,Amitayur-v yuha-sutra) 唯識二十論(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-vimsa-kakarika-sastra) 唯識叁十頌(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-trimsai-kakarika-sastra) 國際佛教研究協會(The International Association of Buddhist Studies) sura^meraya majja ppama^dattha^na^ veramani^ sikkha^padam sama^diya^mi ▲ 收起
南傳佛教英文辭典 【163】kamman~n~ata^

  s.  lahuta^.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【164】kammattha^na^

  This  term,  as  a  designation  for  the  meditation  exercises  (bha^vana^),  is  found  only  in  the  Com.  In  the  suttas  the  word  is  only  used  in  a  concrete  sense  for  ”field  of  activity  or  occupation”,  as  agriculture,  trade,  etc.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【165】loathsomeness

  (of  the  body):  s.  asubha,  sivathika^,  ka^yagata^sati.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【166】material food

  kabalinka^ra^ha^ra  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【167】nimma^na rati

  the  name  of  a  class  of  heavenly  beings  of  the  sensuous  sphere;  s.  deva.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【168】pa^gun~n~ata^

  ”proficiency”,  namely,  of  mental  concomitants  (ka^ya-pa^gun~n~ata^),  and  of  consciousness  (citta-pa^gun~n~ata^),  are  2  mental  phenomena  associated  with  all  wholesome  consciousness.  Cf.  Tab.  II.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【169】pa^gun~n~ata^

  s.  lahuta^.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【170】patisambhida^

  ”analytical  knowledge”  or  ”discrimination”,  is  of  4  kinds:  analytical  knowledge  of  the  true  meaning  (attha-patisambhida^),  of  the  law  (dhamma-patisambhida^),  of  language  (nirutti-patisambhida^),  of  ready  wit  (patibha^na-patisambhida^).
As  an  alternative  rendering  of  the  fourth  term  (patibha^na),  Bhikkhu  n~a^namoli  proposes:  perspicuity  (in  expression  and  knowledge).

1.  The  analytical  knowledge  of  the  meaning  (attha-p.)  is  the  knowledge  with  regard  to  the  sense.
2.  The  analytical  knowledge  of  the  law  (dhamma-p.)  is  the  knowledge  with  regard  to  the  law.
3.  The  analytical  knowledge  of  language  (nirutti-p.)  is  the  knowledge  of  the  language  with  regard  to  those  former  2  things.
4.  The  analytical  knowledge  of  ready-wit  (patibha^na-p.)  is  the  knowledge  about  the  (former  3)  kinds  of  knowledge"  (Vibh.  XV).

"(1)  attha  (Sanskrit  artha,  ?  ar,  to  reach;  result,  meaning,  purpose,  true  substance)  designates,  in  short,  the  fruit  (phala)  of  a  cause  (hetu);  for  since  the  fruit  of  a  cause  results  from  adhering  to  the  cause,  and  is  reached  and  effected  thereby,  therefore  it  is  called  result  (attha).  In  particular,  however,  5  things  are  considered  as  attha,  namely:  everything  dependent  on  conditions,  Nibba^na,  the  meaning  of  words,  karma-result,  and  functional  consciousness.  When  anyone  reflects  on  that  meaning  any  knowledge  of  his,  falling  within  the  category  concerned  with  meaning  (or  result),  is  the  ”analytical  knowledge”  of  meaning.
"(2)  dhamma  (Sanskrit  dharma,  ?  dhar,  to  bear;  bearer,  condition,  law,  phenomenon,  thing)  is,  in  short,  a  name  for  condition  (paccaya)....  In  particular,  however,  5  things  are  considered  as  dhamma,  namely:  every  cause  (hetu)  producing  a  result,  the  noble  path,  the  spoken  word,  the  karmically  wholesome,  the  karmically  unwholesome.  When  anyone  reflects  on  that  law,  any  knowledge  of  his,  falling  within  the  category  concerned  with  law  (or  cause),  is  the  ”analytical  knowledge”  of  the  law.
In  Vibh.  it  is  further  said:  ”The  knowledge  of  suffering  is  the  ”analytical  knowledge”  of  the  true  meaning  (attha-patisambhida^),  the  knowledge  of  its  origin  is  the  ”analytical  knowledge”  of  the  law  (dhamma-patisambhida^).  The  knowledge  of  the  cause  is  the  ”analytical  knowledge”  of  the  law  (dhamma-patisambhida^),  the  knowledge  of  the  result  of  the  cause  is  the  ”analytical  knowledge”  of  the  true  meaning  (attha-patisambhida^)...  That  the  monk  knows  the  law,  the  sunas  etc.  this  is  called  the  ”analytical  knowledge”  of  the  law  (dhamma-patisambhida^);  if  however,  he  understands  the  meaning  of  this  or  that  speech...  it  is  called  the  ”analytical  knowledge”  of  the  true  meaning  (attha-patisambhida^).”
(3)  "”The  knowledge  of  the  language  concerning  those  things”  means:  the  language  corresponding  to  reality,  and  the  unfailing  mode  of  expression  concerning  the  true  meaning  and  the  law.
(4)  "”Knowledge  about  the  kinds  of  knowledges”  is  that  knowledge  which  has  all  knowledges  as  object  and  considers  them.  Or,  the  analytical  knowledge  of  ready  wit  (patibha^na-patisambhida^)  means  the  knowledge  of  the  above  mentioned  3  kinds  of  knowledge,  in  all  their  details,  with  their  objects,  functions,  etc."  (Vis.M.  XIV).
On  the  7  qualities  leading  to  the  attainment  of  the  4  ”analytical  knowledge”  ,  s.  A.  VII,  37  -  See  Vis.M.  XIV,  21ff;  Vibh.  XV;  Pts.M.  Patisambhida^  Katha^.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【171】patisankha^na

  bala  and  bha^vana^  bala:  ”power  of  reflection”,  and  ”power  of  mental  development”.  About  these  2  powers  it  is  said  in  A.  II,  10:
"What,  o  monks,  is  the  power  of  reflection?  If,  o  monks,  someone  thinks  thus:  ”Bad  conduct  in  deeds,  words  and  thoughts  verily  bears  bad  fruits  both  in  this  life,  as  well  as  in  the  next  life”,  and  in  consequence  of  this  consideration,  he  abandons  bad  conduct  in  deeds,  words  and  thoughts,  follows  good  conduct,  and  keeps  his  heart  pure,  this,  o  monks,  is  the  power  of  reflection.
"What,  o  monks,  is  the  power  of  mental  development?  If,  o  monks,  a  monk  develops  the  factors  of  enlightenment  (bojjhanga,  q.v.),  bent  on  solitude,  on  detachment,  on  extinction,  and  ending  in  deliverance,  namely:  mindfulness,  investigating  of  the  law,  energy,  rapture,  tranquillity,  concentration,  and  equanimity,  this,  o  monks,  is  the  power  of  mental  development."

南傳佛教英文辭典 【172】satipattha^na

  the  4  ”foundations  of  mindfulness”,  lit.”awarenesses  of  mindfulness”  (sati-upattha^na),  are:  contemplation  of  body,  feeling,  mind  and  mind-objects.  -  For  sati,  s.  prec.
A  detailed  treatment  of  this  subject,  so  important  for  the  practice  of  Buddhist  mental  culture,  is  given  in  the  2  Satipattha^na  Suttas  (D.  22;  M.  10),  which  at  the  start  as  well  as  the  conclusion,  proclaim  the  weighty  words:  "The  only  way  that  leads  to  the  attainment  of  purity,  to  the  overcoming  of  sorrow  and  lamentation,  to  the  end  of  pain  and  grief,  to  the  entering  of  the  right  path,  and  to  the  realization  of  Nibba^na  is  the  4  foundations  of  mindfulness."
After  these  introductory  words,  and  upon  the  question  which  these  4  are,  it  is  said  that  the  monk  dwells  in  contemplation  of  the  body,  the  feelings,  the  mind,  and  the  mind-objects,  "ardent,  clearly  conscious  and  mindful,  after  putting  away  worldly  greed  and  grief."
These  4  contemplations  are  in  reality  not  to  be  taken  as  merely  separate  exercises,  but  on  the  contrary,  at  least  in  many  cases,  especially  in  the  absorptions,  as  things  inseparably  associated  with  each  other.  Thereby  the  Satipatha^na  Sutta  forms  an  illustration  of  the  way  in  which  these  4  contemplations  relating  to  the  5  groups  of  existence  (khandha,  q.v.)  simultaneously  come  to  be  realized,  and  finally  lead  to  insight  into  the  impersonality  of  all  existence.
(1)  The  contemplation  of  the  body  (ka^yanupassana^)  consists  of  the  following  exercises:  mindfulness  with  regard  to  in-and-outbreathing  (a^na^pa^nasati,  q.v.),  minding  the  4  postures  (iriya^patha,  q.v.),  mindfulness  and  clarity  of  consciousness  (satisampajan~n~a,  q.v.),  reflection  on  the  32  parts  of  the  body  (s.  ka^yagata^sati  and  asubha),  analysis  of  the  4  physical  elements  (dha^tuvavattha^na,  q.v.),  cemetery  meditations  (si^vathika^  q.v.).
(2)  All  feelings  (vedana^nupassana^)  that  arise  in  the  meditator  he  clearly  perceives,  namely:  agreeable  and  disagreeable  feeling  of  body  and  mind,  sensual  and  super-sensual  feeling,  indifferent  feeling  .
(3)  He  further  clearly  perceives  and  understands  any  state  of  consciousness  or  mind  (citta^nupassana^),  whether  it  is  greedy  or  not,  hateful  or  not,  deluded  or  not,  cramped  or  distracted,  developed  or  undeveloped,  surpassable  or  unsurpassable,  concentrated  or  unconcentrated,  liberated  or  unliberated.
(4)  Concerning  the  mind-objects  (dhamma^nupassana^),  he  knows  whether  one  of  the  five  hindrances  (ni^varana,  q.v.)  is  present  in  him  or  not,  knows  how  it  arises,  how  it  is  overcome,  and  how  in  future  it  does  no  more  arise.  He  knows  the  nature  of  each  of  the  five  groups  (khandha,  q.v.),  how  they  arise,  and  how  they  are  dissolved.  He  knows  the  12  bases  of  all  mental  activity  (a^yatana  q.v.):  the  eye  and  the  visual  object,  the  ear  and  the  audible  object,  ..  mind  and  mind-object,  he  knows  the  fetters  (samyojana,  q.v.)  based  on  them,  knows  how  they  arise,  how  they  are  overcome,  and  how  in  future  they  do  no  more  arise.  He  knows  whether  one  of  the  seven  factors  of  enlightenment  (bojjhanga,  q.v.)  is  present  in  him  or  not,  knows  how  it  arises,  and  how  it  comes  to  full  development.  Each  of  the  Four  Noble  Truths  (sacca,  q.v.)  he  understands  according  to  reality.
The  4  contemplations  comprise  several  exercises,  but  the  Satipattha^na  should  not  therefore  be  thought  of  as  a  mere  collection  of  meditation  subjects,  any  one  of  which  may  be  taken  out  and  practised  alone.  Though  most  of  the  exercises  appear  also  elsewhere  in  the  Buddhist  scriptures,  in  the  context  of  this  sutta  they  are  chiefly  intended  for  the  cultivation  of  mindfulness  and  insight,  as  indicated  by  the  repetitive  passage  concluding  each  section  of  the  sutta  (see  below).  The  4  contemplations  cover  all  the  5  groups  of  existence  (khandha,  q.v.),  because  mindfulness  is  meant  to  encompass  the  whole  personality.  Hence,  for  the  full  development  of  mindfulness,  the  practice  should  extend  to  all  4  types  of  contemplation,  though  not  every  single  exercise  mentioned  under  these  four  headings  need  be  taken  up.  A  methodical  practice  of  Satipattha^na  has  to  start  with  one  of  the  exercises  out  of  the  group  ”contemplation  of  the  body”,  which  will  serve  as  the  primary  and  regular  subject  of  meditation:  The  other  exercises  of  the  group  and  the  other  contemplatons  are  to  be  cultivated  when  occasion  for  them  arises  during  meditation  and  in  everyday  life.
After  cach  contemplation  it  is  shown  how  it  finally  leads  to  insight-knowledge:  "Thus  with  regard  to  his  own  body  he  contemplates  the  body,  with  regard  to  the  bodies  of  others  he  contemplates  the  body,  with  regard  to  both  he  contemplates  the  body.  He  beholds  how  the  body  arises  and  how  it  passes  away,  beholds  the  arising  and  passing  away  of  the  body.”A  body  is  there”  (but  no  living  being,  no  individual,  no  woman,  no  man,  no  self,  nothing  that  belongs  to  a  self;  neither  a  person,  nor  anything  belonging  to  a  person;  Com.):  thus  he  has  established  his  attentiveness  as  far  as  it  serves  his  knowledge  and  mindfulness,  and  he  lives  independent,  unattached  to  anything  in  the  world.””
In  the  same  way  he  contemplates  feeling,  mind  and  mind-objects.
In  M.  118  it  is  shown  how  these  four  foundations  of  mindfulness  may  be  brought  about  by  the  exercise  of  mindfulness  on  in-and-out  breathing  (a^na^pa^na-sati,  q.v.).
Literature:  The  Way  of  Mindfullness,  tr.  of  Sutta  and  Com.,  by  Soma  Thera  (3rd  ed;  Kandy  1967,  BPS).  -  The  Heart  of  Buddhist  Meditation,  by  Nyanaponika  Thera  (3rd  ed.;  London.  Rider  &  Co.).  The  Foundations  of  Mindfulness  (tr.  of  M.  10),  Nyanasatta  Thera  (Wheel  19).  The  Satipattha^na  Sutta  and  its  Application  to  Modern  Life,  V.  F.  Gunaratna  (WHEEL  60).  -  The  Power  of  Mindfulness  by  Nyanaponika  Thera  (WHEEL  121/122).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【173】tittha^yatana

  the  3  ”articles  of  (heretical)  belief”.  which  in  A.  III,  61  are  declared  as  leading  to  inactivity,  are:  (1)  the  belief  that  all  happiness  and  woe  are  produced  through  former  karma  (prenatal  actions;  s.  karma);  (2)  that  everything  is  uncaused;  (3)  that  everything  is  created  by  God.
(1)  is  the  teaching  of  Niggantha-Na^thaputta,  the  leader  of  the  Nigganthas,  the  modern  Jains.  The  fault  with  this  doctrine  is  that  it  does  not  account  for  that  happiness  and  woe  which  either  are  the  result  of  the  present  life”s  good  or  bad  action,  or  are  associated  with  the  corresponding  action.  (2)  is  the  doctrine  of  Makkhali  Gosa^la;  s.  ditthi.
According  to  the  above  3  doctrines,  man  is  not  responsible  for  his  actions,  so  that  all  moral  exertions  become  useless.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【174】vivatta kappa

  s.  kappa.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【175】water element

  a^po-dha^tu  (s.  dha^tu).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【176】abhibha^yatana

  he  8  ”stages  of  mastery”,  ...
the  8  ”stages  of  mastery”,  are  powers  to  be  obtained  by  means  of  the  kasina-exercises  (s.  kasina).  In  the  Com.  to  M.77,  where  a^yatana  is  explained  by  ”means”  (ka^rana)  it  is  said:  "The  abhibha^yatana  through  their  counteracting  may  master  (suppress)  the  adverse  states,  and  by  means  of  higher  knowledge  they  may  master  the  objects  of  mind."  They  are  means  for  transcending  the  sensuous  sphere.
The  stereotype  text  often  met  with  in  the  Suttas  (e.g.  D.11,  D.33;  M.77;  A.VIII.65;  A.X.29)  is  as  follows:
(1)  "Perceiving  (blue...,  red...,  yellow...,  white)  forms  on  one”s  own  body,  one  sees  forms  externally  small  ones,  beautiful  or  ugly;  and  in  mastering  these  one  understands:  ”I  know,  I  understand.”  This  is  the  first  stage  of  mastery.
(2)  "Perceiving  forms  on  one”s  own  body,  one  sees  forms  externally,  large  ones  ....  This  is  the  second  stage  of  mastery.
(3)  "Not  perceiving  forms  on  one”s  own  body,  one  sees  forms  externally,  small  ones  ....  This  is  the  third  stage  of  mastery.
(4)  "Not  perceiving  forms  on  one”s  own  body,  one  sees  forms  externally,  large  ones  ....  This  is  the  fourth  stage  of  mastery.
(5)  "Not  perceiving  forms  on  one”s  own  body,  one  sees  forms  externally,  blue  forms,  forms  of  blue  colour,  blue  appearance,  blue  lustre,  and  mastering  these  one  understands:  ”I  know,  I  understand.  This  is  the  fifth  stage  of  mastery."
(6-8)  The  same  is  repeated  with  yellow,  red  and  white  forms.
As  preparatory  kasina-object  for  the  1st  and  2nd  exercise  one  should  choose  on  one”s  own  body  a  small  or  a  large  spot,  beautiful  or  ugly,  and  thereon  one  should  concentrate  one”s  full  undivided  attention,  so  that  this  object  after  a  while  reappears  as  mental  reflex  or  image  (nimitta,  q.v.)  and,  as  it  were,  as  something  external.  Such  an  exercise,  though  appearing  quite  mechanical,  if  properly  carried  out  will  bring  about  a  high  degree  of  mental  concentration  and  entrance  into  the  4  absorptions  (jha^na,  q.v.).  In  the  3rd  and  4th  exercises  the  monk  by  an  external  kasina-object  gains  the  mental  reflexes  and  absorptions.  As  objects  of  the  remaining  exercises,  perfectly  clear  and  radiant  colours  should  be  chosen,  flowers,  cloth,  etc.
A  kasina-object  of  small  size  is  said  to  be  suitable  for  a  mentally  unsteady  nature,  one  of  a  large  size  for  a  dull  nature,  a  beautiful  object  for  an  angry  nature,  an  ugly  one  for  a  lustful  nature.
In  Vis.M.  V  it  is  said:  "By  means  of  the  earth-kasina  one  succeeds  in  reaching  the  stage  of  mastery  with  regard  to  small  and  large  objects  ....  By  means  of  the  blue-kasina  one  succeeds  in  causing  blue  forms  to  appear,  in  producing  darkness,  in  reaching  the  stage  of  mastery  with  regard  to  beautiful  and  ugly  colours,  in  reaching  ”deliverance  through  the  beautiful”,  etc."  (cf.  vimokkha  II,  3).  The  same  is  also  said  with  regard  to  the  other  colour  kasinas.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【177】asan~n~a satta

  The  ”unconscious  beings”,  are  a  class  of  heavenly  beings  in  the  fine-material  world;  s.  deva  (II)."There  are,  o  monks,  heavenly  beings  known  as  the  unconscious  ones.  As  soon,  however,  as  in  those  beings  consciousness  arises,  those  beings  will  vanish  from  that  world.  Now,  o  monks,  it  may  happen  that  one  of  those  beings  after  vanishing  from  that  world,  may  reappear  in  this  world...."  (D.  24).  Further  details,  s.  Kath.,  Yam.  (Guide,  pp.  68,  79,  96  ff.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【178】atta kilamatha

”self-mortification”,  is  one  of  the  two  extremes  to  be  avoided,  the  other  extreme  being  addiction  to  sensual  pleasures  (ka^ma-sukha),  whilst  the  Noble  8-fold  Path  constitutes  the  Middle  Path  (majjhima-patipada^,  q.v.).  See  the  Buddha”s  first  sermon,  "The  Establishment  of  the  Realm  of  Dhamma"  (Dhamma-cakkappavattana-Sutta).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【179】buddha^nussati

  ”recollection  of  the  Enlightened  One”;  s.  anussati.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【180】citt’ekaggata^

  =  cittass”ekaggata^  (q.v.).

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