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sel sex alms dosa ends gems lust rise sati ties adosa ASURA asura bases bonds cause chaos doors issa^ RAKSA rules sacca sagga sakka satta sekha sense shame si^la sloth space STUPA subha SUDRA sukha SUTRA vasi^ YAKSA yokes a^sava abodes access asekha beings BHIKSU biases course elders escape floods forest ghosts gnosis groups jewels kasina kilesa kusala misery phassa planes powers samma^ sangha SANJNA sarana sexual stains suddha sugati sukkha SUMERU taints truths tusita usages VAISYA WISDOM wisdom a^ka^sa absence ahimsa^ AKUSALA akusala anusaya arising cankers desana^ destiny disease factors fetters HSU YUN insight KUSHALA mastery message nissaya obha^sa remorse sa^sana sa^vaka saddha^ SAMADHI samatha sammuti SAMSARA samseva sassata sikkha^ sitting skilful sobhana spheres SRAVAKA sublime sun~n~a 戒(sila) AKUSHALA anussati aversion BHIKSUNI bondages cetasika delusion elements extremes fatalism gladness grasping influxes interest KSATRIYA not self opposite postures progress sakka^ya sama^dhi sambodhi sammatta sampada^ samsa^ra SAMSKARA san~n~a^ sankappa sankhata santa^na scruples sensuous serenity signless sucarita suchness upa^saka uposatha upstream vimamsa^ visuddhi 谛(satya) 空(sunya) asankhata avihimsa^ boundless cosmogony domanassa dwellings EMPTINESS emptiness existence faculties FIVE EYES happiness impulsion lightness mind base obstacles SAHA LAND sammasana samphassa samyojana sankha^ra SARIPUTRA sena^sana SENSATION SIX DUSTS SIX GUNAS SIX PATHS SIX ROOTS somanassa something suffering ti sarana treasures upa^sika^ vanishing YASODHARA a^bhassara abhisamaya absorption aggregates ALMSGIVING antinomies appendants asmi ma^na bhava^sava BODHISATTA Bodhisatta compassion conditions dibba sota elasticity enthusiasm expression few wishes FOUR SEALS hindrances impression impurities ka^ma^sava low speech MAHASATTVA messengers obduracies para^ma^sa patisandhi repression sa^man~n~a sama^patti sensuality SEVEN GEMS SHAKYAMUNI si^labbata SIX PLACES sota^panna sota^patti standstill stinginess successive SUDDHODANA ta^vatimsa TEN POWERS tendencies TWO DEATHS unshakable upakkilesa vesa^rajja vipalla^sa vipassana^ 不害(ahimsa) abstentions ahosi kamma alms giving ANAPANASATI anupassana^ ariya sacca ariya vamsa association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA chaste life co nascence corruptions defilements destruction dissolution dosa carita earnestness egolessness EIGHT WINDS foundations inseparable intoxicants khi^na^sava kusala múla LOTUS SUTRA manasika^ra mindfulness NINE REALMS perfections personality perversions pure abodes sala^yatana sama si^si^ samuttha^na san~cetana^ san~n~ojana si^vathika^ sikkha^pada supernormal tejo kasina THREE ROOTS THREE SEALS unwholesome uprightness wrongnesses 定 (samadhi) 结集(samgiti) 轮回(samsara) a^savakkhaya body witness covetousness dispensation dissociation dry visioned FIVE WISDOMS FOUR VIRTUES harmlessness homelessness inclinations ka^ya sakkhi karma result kilesa ka^ma light kasina nesajjikanga ni^la kasina noble abodes pakati si^la pan~ca si^la pasa^da rúpa patisandhika petti visaya pi^ta kasina pleasantness proclivities purisindriya radiant gods recollectons restlessness RIGHT SPEECH sacca n~a^na SAKRADAGAMIN sambojjhanga samma^ magga sampajan~n~a santutthita^ SIX INDRIYAS SIX PARAMITA SROTA-APANNA stream entry subconscious suddha^va^sa supermundane THREE DOGMAS THREE JEWELS THREE REALMS THREE WISDOM TWELVE BASES viveka sukha 佛教(Buddhism) 僧伽制度(samgha) 铁萨罗(Tissara) a^loka kasina Abbreviations abhisankha^ra attentiveness BHAISAJYAGURU birth process companionship comprehension consciousness contentedness dasa pa^rami^ deathlessness demons’ realm disappearance FIVE BHIKSHUS FIVE OFFENCES FIVE PRECEPTS FIVE SKANDHAS FIVE VEHICLES fixed destiny higher wisdom imperfections investigating investigation karma process loathsomeness lohita kasina noble persons oda^ta kasina patisambhida^ patisankha^na post nascence sa^vaka bodhi sakada^ga^mi^ sammuti sacca samvara si^la sasankha^rika satipattha^na shamelessness silent buddha SIX ENTRANCES stream winner subha nimitta susa^nik’anga THREE POISONS THREE SHASTRA THREE STUDIES THREE VIRTUES TIEN TAI SECT TWELVE PLACES TWO OBSTACLES understanding voha^ra sacca 大史(Mahavamsa) 岛史(Diqavamsa) 迦腻色迦(Kaniska) 马鸣(Asvaghosa) 舍卫城(Sravasti) a^ka^sa dha^tu altruistic joy AMITABHA SUTRA asan~n~a satta AVALOKITESVARA Buddha sa^sana buddha^nussati citta santa^na citta visuddhi dasaka kala^pa desirelessness devata^nussati dhamma desana^ dhamma^nussati eka^sanik’anga foolish babble frivolous talk kusala vipa^ka marana^nussati saddha^nusa^ri sahetuka citta samudaya sacca samvara suddhi samvatta kappa samvega vatthu sangaha vatthu SIX FULFILMENT stupid natured TEN DIRECTIONS TEN GOOD DEEDS transformation transitoriness TWELVE NIDANAS upekkha^ sukha va^ritta si^la visible object 大圆满(mahasanti) 二谛(twi-satyas) 三谛(tri-satyas) a^loka san~n~a^ a^na^pa^na sati akusala vitakka anicca san~n~a^ appama^na subha characteristics citta sankha^ra dhamma^nusa^ri^ ditthi visuddhi EIGHT NEGATIONS EIGHTEEN FIELDS FIVE MESSENGERS FOUR GREAT VOWS gustatory organ indriya samatta ka^ya passaddhi loving kindness misapprehension naya vipassana^ nihilistic view nissaya paccaya pamsukúlik’anga pathavi^ kasina sakka^ya ditthi samatha ya^nika samma^ sambodhi sankhitta citta sapada^nik’anga sappatigha rúpa sceptical doubt self confidence SHATIKA SHASTRA sota^pattiyanga SPIRITUAL GHOST stored up karma TAKING PRECEPTS THREE DELUSIONS THREE OBSTACLES tranquilisation upasama^nussati vaci^ sankha^ra vaya^nupassana^ voha^ra desana^ 百论(Sata-sastra) 法护(Dharmaraksa) 极乐世界(sukhavati) 支娄迦谶(Lokaksema) a^sevana paccaya abbhoka^sik’anga anatta^ san~n~a^ appana^ sama^dhi assa^sa passa^sa AVATAMSAKA SUTRA citta vipalla^sa citta^nupassana^ cognitive series EIGHT SUFFERINGS FOUR HOLY REALMS ka^ya gata^ sati ka^ya^nupassana^ karma formations khandha santa^na khaya^nupassana^ maha^ vipassana^ mano san~cetana^ monks’ community nava satta^va^sa nissaya nissita reversible merit samma^ ppadha^na samvara padha^na santi^rana citta sensuous craving SIX SENSE-ORGANS streams of merit sukkha vipassaka supportive karma THIRTY-TWO FORMS THREE EVIL PATHS THREE GOOD PATHS THREE SUFFERINGS 经量部(Sautrantike) 六度(sad-paramita) 律经(Vinaya-sutra) 三性(tri-svabhava) 释迦牟尼 (Sakyamuni) 四谛(catur-satyas) adhisi^la sikkha^ anatta^nupassana^ anicca^nupassana^ ascending insight bhavanga santa^na cetaso vinibandha cittass’ekaggata^ destructive karma dhamma^nupassana^ disinterestedness ditthi vipalla^sa dukkha^nupassana^ eye consciousness FIVE COMMANDMENTS FOREMOST PARAMITA FOUR FEARLESSNESS FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS FOURFOLD ASSEMBLY highest knowledge immaterial sphere kusala kammapatha manopadosika deva na^natta san~n~a^ nissarana paha^na NO STRIFE SAMADHI non disappearance pa^risuddhi si^la pakati upanissaya pan~n~atti si^la paricchinna^ka^sa paticcasamuppa^da sahaja^ta paccaya santa^na santati sati sambojjhanga sati sampajan~n~a satta^va^sa nava sensuous clinging SINGALOVADA SUTRA SIX CONSCIOUSNESS SIX PSYCHIC POWER sudassa sudassi^ suppressive karma TEN DHARMA REALMS TEN WHOLESOMENESS upaca^ra sama^dhi vedana^nupassana^ 迦毗罗卫(Kapilavastu) 三学(tisrah siksah) 桑奇大塔(Sanch Stupa) ahetu patisandhika asankha^rika citta cycle of existence domanassupavica^ra full comprehension hasituppa^da citta marana^sanna kamma meritorious action nirodha sama^patti nirodha^nupassana^ parikamma sama^dhi patikkúla san~n~a^ reflex perceptions samatha vipassana^ sampayutta paccaya samuccheda paha^na self mortification SIDDHARTHA GOUTAMA SIX EXTERNAL BASES SIX INTERNAL BASES somanassúpavica^ra SPHERE OF NO-THING TWO FORMS OF DEATH unconscious beings upanissaya paccaya vipassanúpakkilesa vira^ga^nupassana^ wheel of existence yoniso manasika^ra 莲花生(Padmasambhava) 无著(Asanga 约4或5世纪) 最澄(Saicho 767~822) anabhirati san~n~a^ animitta^nupassana^ answering questions ANUPADISESA-NIBBANA attha patisambhida^ death consciousness discursive thinking FOUR GREAT ELEMENTS fruits of monk life gradual instruction kilesa parinibba^na lofty consciousness maha^purisa vitakka one group existence red kasina exercise RIGHT UNDERSTANDING samanantara paccaya sampaticchana citta san~n~a^ vipalla^sa sattakkhattu parama SATYASIDDHI SHASTRA spiritual faculties sun~n~ata^ vimokkha superiority conceit suta maya^ pan~n~a^ TEN GREAT KING VOWS viriya sambojjhanga 阿底峡(Atisa 982~1054) 大乘经(Mahayana sutra) 寂天(Santideva 约7世纪) 六足论(Satpada sastra) 清净道论(Visuddhimagga) 说一切有部(Sarvastivada) access concentration cemetery meditations dhamma patisambhida^ ditthi nissita si^la five group existence four group existence greedy consciousness ka^mesu miccha^ca^ra MANJUSRI BODHISATTVA NIRVANA WITH RESIDUE paccavekkhana suddhi pubbeniva^sa^nussati pun~n~a^bhisankha^ra regenerating process sama^dhi parikkha^ra samvejani^ya ttha^na SA-UPADISESA-NIBBANA SIX FIELDS OF SENSES SUDDEN ENLIGHTENMENT SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA sun~n~ata^nupassana^ tanha^ nissita si^la TEN TITLES OF BUDDHA THREE ENLIGHTENMENTS ti hetu patisandhika VAST AND LONG TONGUE vivattana^nupassana^ yatha^santhatik’anga 大乘论(Mahayana sastra) 荣西(Eisai 1141~1215) 小乘论(Hinayana sastra) 源信(Genshin 942~1017) a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana anupa^disesa nibba^na apun~n~a^bhisankha^ra deluded consciousness DVADASHAMUKHA SHASTRA dvi hetuka patisandhi indriya samvara si^la n’eva sekha n’a^sekha nine abodes of beings ninefold dispensation nirutti patisambhida^ patipassaddhi paha^na questions and answers REALM OF FORMLESSNESS sacca^nulomika n~a^na sama^dhi sambojjhanga SIX HEAVENS OF DESIRE sota^pannassa anga^ni TEN MERITORIOUS DEEDS THREE CLASSIFICATIONS THREE PERIODS OF TIME transference of merit upekkha^ sambojjhanga visesa bha^giya si^la 朝鲜佛教(Korean Buddhism) 梵网经(Brahmajala-sutra) 觉音(Buddhaghosa 5世纪中叶) 莲花戒(Kamalasila ?~780) 世亲(Vasubandhu 约4或5世纪) 印度佛教(Indian Buddhism) 中论(Madhyamika-sastra) abhisama^ca^rika si^la bhavanga sota^, citta catu pa^risuddhi si^la citta samuttha^na rúpa desire for deliverance desireless deliverance FIVE FORMS OF DECAYING FLOWER ADORNMENT SUTRA FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA kamma samuttha^na rúpa khidda padosika^ deva^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi orambha^giya samyojana passaddhi sambojjhanga prescribed moral rules resistance perceptions sa upa^disesa nibba^na sensitive corporeality SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS substrata of existence THREE UNIVERSAL TRUTHS unshakable deliverance viparina^ma^nupassana^ 长阿含经(Dirghagama-sutra) 超戒寺(Vikramasilavihara) 楞伽经(Lankavatara-sutra) 亲鸾(Shinran 1173~1262) 缘起(pratitya-samutpada) 中国佛教(Chinese Buddhism) dasa (tatha^gata ) bala FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS FOUR IMMEASURABLE MINDS NIRVANA WITHOUT RESIDUE patinissagga^nupassana^ receptive consciousness retrospective knowledge sabbúpadhi patinissagga sankha^rupekkha^ n~a^na si^la sama^dhi pan~n~a^ SIX STATES OF EXISTENCE VISVABHADRA BODHISATTVA 八正道(aryastangika-marga) 成实论(Satyasiddhi-sastra) 大乘佛教(Mahayana Byddhism) 境行果(sthana-carya-phala) 日本佛教(Japanese Buddhism) a^dibrahmacariyaka si^la ANNUTARA-SAMYAK-SAMBODHI asankha^ra parinibba^yi^ bhanga^nupassana^ n~a^na clarity of consciousness corporeality perceptions ka^ma sukh’allika^nuyoga multiformity perceptions paccaya sannissita si^la paricchinna^ka^sa kasina patibha^na patisambhida^ REALM OF SENSUOUS DESIRE sacchikarani^ya^ dhamma^ uddhambha^giya samyojana verbal functions of mind 部派佛部(Sectarian Buddhism) 大日经(Mahavairocana-sutra) 寂护(Santiraksita 705~762) 戒日王(Siladitya 约590~647) 戒贤(Silabhadra 约528~651 ) 摩诃僧祇律(Mahasangha-vinaya) 尼泊尔佛教(Nepalese Buddhism) 十诵律(Sarvastivada-vinaya) 实叉难陀(Siksananda 652~710) 无量寿经(Aparimitayur-sutra) 原始佛教(primitive Buddhism) 杂阿含经(Samyuktagama-sutra) a^ji^va pa^risuddhi si^la adukkha m asukha^ vedana^ hate rooted consciousness indriyesu gutta dva^rata^ kankha^ vitarana visuddhi nibbida^nupassana^ n~a^na pa^risuddhi padha^niyanga pa^timokkha samvara si^la registering consciousness sama^dhi vippha^ra^ iddhi SAMANTABHADRA BODHISATTVA sasankha^ra parinibba^yi^ spontaneously born beings support decisive support TEN STAGES OF BODHISATTVA vanishing and reappearing VIMALAKIRTI-NIVDESA SUTRA 佛教文学(Buddhist literature) 摩诃菩提会(Maha Bodhi Society) 昙无谶(Dharmaksema 385~433) 增一阿含经(Ekottaragama-sutra) 中阿含经(Madh yamagama-sutra) a^ha^re patikkúla san~n~a^ ability to acquire insight analysis of the 4 elements dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu dhamma vicaya sambojjhanga functions of consciousness happy courses of existence impersonality of existence MAHA-PRAJNA-PARAMITA-SUTRA mind consciousness element paranimmita vasavatti deva parassa ceto pariya n~a^na TEN VEHICLES OF MEDITATION uddhamsota akanitthaga^mi^ 发智论(Jnanaprasthana-sastra) 俱舍论(Abhidharmakosa-sastra) 越南佛教(Vietnamese Buddhism) a^di^nava^nupassana^ n~a^na balance of mental faculties PURE LAND OF ULTIMATE BLISS yatha^ bhúta n~a^na dassana 佛教建筑(Buddhist architecture) akusala sa^dha^rana cetasika NINE STAGES OF LOTUS FLOWERS patisankha^nupassana^ n~a^na seven rebirths at the utmost SIX PERIODS OF DAY AND NIGHT udayabbaya^nupassana^ n~a^na 常乐我净(nitya-sukha-atma-subha) 大般涅槃经(Mahaparinirvana-sutra) 观无量寿经(Amitayurbhavana-sutra) 楞严经(surangama-samadhi-sutra) 菩萨戒本(Bodhisattva-pratimoksa) 乞[口*栗]双提赞Khri-Sron-Lde-bTsan 瑜伽师地论(Yogacara-bhumi-sastra) EIGHTEEN DIFFERENT CHARACTERS EVIL TIME OF FIVE TURBIDITIES THREE MEDITATIONS OF ONE MIND vuttha^na ga^mini^ vipassana^ 斯里兰卡佛教(Buddhism in Sri Lanka) 中国佛教美术(Buddhist art in China) adhipan~n~a^ dhamma vipassana^ ascetic purification practices imperturbable karma formations sabba loke anabhirati san~n~a^ VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA 维摩经(Vimalakirti-nirdesa-sutra) equilibrium of mental faculties SIX DIRECTIONS OF REINCARNATION subha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi sukha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi THREE UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS 村上专精(Murakami Senjo 1851~1928) 大般若经(Mahaprajna-paramita-sutra) 铃木大拙(Suzuki Daisetsu 1870~1966) 妙法莲华经(Saddharmapundarika-sutra) 中国佛教音乐(Buddhist music in China) patipada^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi 大智度论(Mahaprajna-paramita-sastra) 冢本善隆(Tsukamoto Zenryu 1898~1980) anan~n~a^tan~ n~assa^mi^t’indriya citta ja (citta samuttha^na) rúpa FOUR ASPECTS (OF BUDDHIST DHARMA) n’eva san~n~a^ n’a^san~n~a^yatana 胜鬘经(Srimala-devi simhanada-sutra) 望月信亨(Mochizuki Shinko 1869~1948) a^ha^ra ja (or-samuttha^na) - rúpa magga^magga n~a^nadassana visuddhi NIRVANA OF PURE, CLEAR SELF-NATURE 成唯识论(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-sastra) 东南亚佛教(Buddhism in South East Asia) EIGHT DIVISIONS OF GODS AND DRAGONS 高楠顺次郎(Takakusu Junjiro 1866~1945) 解深密经(Sandhinir-mokcana-vyuha-sutra) 摄大乘论(Mahayana-samuparigraha-sastra) 中国佛学院(The Chinese Buddhist Academy) 达斯,S·C·(Sarat Chandra Das 1849~1917) 大乘起信论(Maha yana-Sraddhotpada-sastra) 大毗婆沙论(Abhidharma-mahavibhasa-sastra) 欧美佛教(Buddhism in America and Europe) a^rammana^dhipati a^rammanupanissaya FIVE CATEGORIES OF UNTRANSLATED TERMS TWELVE LINKS OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION 般若波罗蜜多心经(Prajna-paramita-hrdaya-sutra) FOUR WAYS (OF LEARNING BUDDHIST DHARMA) 杂阿毗昙心论(Samyuktabhidharma-hrdaya-sastra) TEN GREAT DISCIPLES OF SKAKYAMUNI BUDDHA 金刚经(Vajracchedika-prajna-paramita-sutra) 异部宗轮论(Samayabhedo-paracanacak-ra-sastra) 华严经(Bud dhavatamsaka-mahavai pul yasutra) 三十七菩提分(saptatrimsadbodhi-paksika-dharmah) 中国佛教协会(The Buddhist Association of China) karmically wholesome, unwholesome, neutral thiti bha^giya si^la, sama^dhi, pan~n~a^ FOUR RELIANCE (TO LEARNING BUDDHIST DHARMA) 大方等大集经(Mahavai pul ya-mahasanni-pata-sutra) SPHERE OF NEITHER-PERCEPTION-NOR-NON-PERCEPTION 阿弥陀经(Sukhavati-v yuha-sutra,Amitayur-v yuha-sutra) 李斯·戴维斯,T·W·(Thomas Williams Rhys Davids 1843~1922) 唯识二十论(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-vimsa-kakarika-sastra) 唯识三十颂(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-trimsai-kakarika-sastra) 马拉拉塞克拉,G·P·(Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera 1899~1973) 国际佛教研究协会(The International Association of Buddhist Studies) sura^meraya majja ppama^dattha^na^ veramani^ sikkha^padam sama^diya^mi ▲ 收起
英汉对照词典 【181】EMPTINESS

Emptiness  ==  空

The  Sanskrit  word  is  Sunya.  One  of  the  key  concepts  in  Buddhism.  Emptiness  is  an  abstract  idea  representing  impermanence,  unreality,  instability,  transience  and  relativity  in  the  nature  of  all  existence.  The  doctrine  states  that  all  phenomena  and  the  ego  have  no  reality,  but  are  composed  of  a  certain  number  of  Skandhas  or  elements,  which  disintegrate.  The  doctrine  also  states  that  everything  is  unstable,  possessing  no  self-essence  or  self-nature,  i.e.,  its  own  existence  dependent  or  caused  by  the  conditions  of  others”  existence.
Emptiness  is  not  nothing,  but  it  is  the  condition  of  existence  of  everything.  It  permeates  all  phenomena  making  possible  their  evolution.

南传佛教英文辞典 【182】emptiness

  sun~n~ata^  (q.v.).  -  Contemplation  of  e.:  sun~n~ata^nupassana^.  -  For  emptiness  of  self,  pertaining  to  the  4  truths,  s.  sacca.

南传佛教英文辞典 【183】existence

  bhava  (q.v.)  -  The  5  groups  of  e.:  khandha  (q.v.)  -  The  4  substrata  of  e.:  upadhi  (q.v.).  -  Courses  of  e.:  gati  (q.v.).  -  Wheel  of  e.:  samsa^ra  (q.v.).  -  Craving  for  e.:  bhava-tanha^;  s.  tanha^;  -  The  3  characteristics  of  e.:  ti-lakkhana  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【184】faculties

  indriya  (q.v.);  see  also  paccaya  16.

英汉对照词典 【185】FIVE EYES

Five  Eyes  ==  五眼(肉眼、天眼、法眼、慧眼、佛眼)

There  are  five  classes  of  eyes:
1.  human  eye
2.  devine  eye
3.  dharma  eye
4.  wisdom  eye
5.  Buddha  eye

南传佛教英文辞典 【186】happiness

  feeling  of  h.:  s.  sukha.  -  The  idea  of  h.  (of  the  world),  s.  vipalla^sa.

南传佛教英文辞典 【187】impulsion

  javana  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【188】lightness

  (of  corporeality,  mental  factors  and  consciousness):  lahuta^  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【189】mind base

  mana^yatana;  s.  a^yatana.

南传佛教英文辞典 【190】obstacles

  the  10  o.  of  meditation:  palibodha  (q.v.);  for  the  5  mental  obstacles,  or  hindrances,  s.  ni^varana.

英汉对照词典 【191】SAHA LAND

Saha  Land  ==  娑婆世界

It  refers  to  the  land  on  Earth.  Saha  interprets  as  bearing  and  enduring.  Saha  Land  is  contrary  to  Pure  Land.

南传佛教英文辞典 【192】sammasana

  This  term,  as  noun,  occurs  probably  for  the  first  time  in  Pts.M.  I.  53,  although  as  a  verb  it  is  found  already  in  the  old  texts.  The  same  holds  good  with  its  synonym  vavattha^na.

南传佛教英文辞典 【193】sammasana

  ”comprehension”,  exploring,  ”determining”  (vavattha^na,  q.v.)  is  a  name  for  the  determining  of  all  phenomena  of  existence  as  impermanent,  miserable  and  impersonal  (anicca,  dukkha,  anatta^),  etc.,  which  is  the  beginning  of  insight  (s.  Pts.M.  I,  p.  53;  Vis.M.  XX);  also  called  kala^pa-s.  (q.v.),  ”comprehension  by  groups  (of  existence  -  khandha).”  (App.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【194】samphassa

  =  phassa  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【195】samyojana

  ”fetters”.  There  are  10  fetters  tying  beings  to  the  wheel  of  existence,  namely:  (1)  personality-belief  (sakka^ya-ditthi,  q.v.),  (2)  sceptical  doubt  (vicikiccha^  q.v.),  (3)  clinging  to  mere  rules  and  ritual  (si^labbata-para^ma^sa;  s.  upa^da^na),  (4)  sensuous  craving  (ka^ma-ra^ga,  4.v.),  (5)  ill-will  (vya^pa^da),  (6)  craving  for  fine-material  existence  (rúpa-ra^ga),  (7)  craving  for  immaterial  existence  (arúpa-ra^ga),  (8)  conceit  (ma^na,  q.v.),  (9)  restlessness  (uddhacca,  q.v.),  (10)  ignorance  (avijja^,  q.v.).  The  first  five  of  these  are  called  ”lower  fetters”  (orambha^giya-samyojana),  as  they  tie  to  the  sensuous  world.  The  latter  5  are  called  ”higher  fetters”  (uddhambha^giya-samyojana),  as  they  tie  to  the  higher  worlds,  i.e.  the  fine-material  and  immaterial  world  (A.  IX,  67,  68;  X.  13;  D  .  33,  etc.).
He  who  is  free  from  1-3  is  a  Sota^panna,  or  Stream-winner,  i.e.  one  who  has  entered  the  stream  to  Nibba^na,  as  it  were.  He  who,  besides  these  3  fetters,  has  overcome  4  and  5  in  their  grosser  form,  is  called  a  Sakada^ga^mi,  a  ”Once-returner”  (to  this  sensuous  world).  He  who  is  fully  freed  from  1-5  is  an  Ana^ga^mi^,  or  ”Non-returner”  (to  the  sensuous  world).  He  who  is  freed  from  all  the  10  fetters  is  called  an  Arahat,  i.e.  a  perfectly  Holy  One.
For  more  details,  s.  ariya-puggala.
The  10  fetters  as  enumerated  in  the  Abhidhamma,  e.g.  Vibh.  XVII,  are:  sensuous  craving,  ill-will,  conceit,  wrong  views,  sceptical  doubt,  clinging  to  mere  rules  and  ritual,  craving  for  existence,  envy,  stinginess,  ignorance.

南传佛教英文辞典 【196】sankha^ra

  This  term  has,  according  to  its  context,  different  shades  of  meaning,  which  should  be  carefully  distinguished.
(I)  To  its  most  frequent  usages  (s.  foll.  1-4)  the  general  term  ”formation”  may  be  applied,  with  the  qualifications  required  by  the  context.  This  term  may  refer  either  to  the  act  of  ”forming  or  to  the  passive  state  of  ”having  been  formed”  or  to  both.
1.  As  the  2nd  link  of  the  formula  of  dependent  origination,  (paticcasamuppa^da,  q.v.),  sankha^ra  has  the  active  aspect,  ”forming,  and  signifies  karma  (q.v.),  i.e.  wholesome  or  unwholesome  volitional  activity  (cetana^)  of  body  (ka^ya-s.),  speech  (vaci^-s.)  or  mind  (citta-  or  mano-s.).  This  definition  occurs,  e.g.  at  S.  XII,  2,  27.  For  s.  in  this  sense,  the  word  ”karma-formation”  has  been  coined  by  the  author.  In  other  passages,  in  the  same  context,  s.  is  defined  by  reference  to  (a)  meritorious  karma-formations  (pun~n~”a^bhisankha^ra),  (b)  demeritorious  k.  (apun~n~”abhisankha^ra),  (c)  imperturbable  k.  (a^nen~j”a^bhisankha^ra),  e.g.  in  S.  XII,  51;  D.  33.  This  threefold  division  covers  karmic  activity  in  all  spheres  of  existence:  the  meritorious  karma-formations  extend  to  the  sensuous  and  the  fine-material  sphere,  the  demeritorious  ones  only  to  the  sensuous  sphere,  and  the  ”imperturbable”  only  to  the  immaterial  sphere.
2.  The  aforementioned  three  terms,  ka^ya-,  vaci^-  and  citta-s.  are  sometimes  used  in  quite  a  different  sense,  namely  as  (1)  bodily  function,  i.e.  in-and-out-breathing  (e.g.  M.  10),  (2)  verbal  function,  i.e.  thought-conception  and  discursive  thinking,  (3)  mental-function,  i.e.  feeling  and  perception  (e.g.  M.  44).  See  nirodhasama^patti.
3.  It  also  denotes  the  4th  group  of  existence  (sankha^rakkhandha),  and  includes  all  ”mental  formations”  whether  they  belong  to  ”karmically  forming”  consciousness  or  not.  See  khandha,  Tab.  II.  and  S.  XXII,  56,  79.
4.  It  occurs  further  in  the  sense  of  anything  formed  (sankhata,  q.v.)  and  conditioned,  and  includes  all  things  whatever  in  the  world,  all  phenomena  of  existence.  This  meaning  applies,  e.g.  to  the  well-known  passage,  "All  formations  are  impermanent...  subject  to  suffering"  (sabbe  sankha^ra  anicca^  ...  dukkha^).  In  that  context,  however,  s.  is  subordinate  to  the  still  wider  and  all-embracing  term  dhamma  (thing);  for  dhamma  includes  also  the  Unformed  or  Unconditioned  Element  (asankhata-dha^tu),  i.e.  Nibba^na  (e.g.  in  sabbe  dhamma^  anatta^,  "all  things  are  without  a  self").
(II)  Sankha^ra  also  means  sometimes  ”volitional  effort”,  e.g.  in  the  formula  of  the  roads  to  power  (iddhi-pa^da,  q.v.);  in  sasankha^ra-  and  asankha^ra-parinibba^yi^  (s.  ana^ga^mi^,  q.v.);  and  in  the  Abhidhamma  terms  asankha^rika-  (q.v.)  and  sasankha^rika-citta,  i.e.  without  effort  =  spontaneously,  and  with  effort  =  prompted.
In  Western  literature,  in  English  as  well  as  in  German,  sankha^ra  is  sometimes  mistranslated  by  ”subconscious  tendencies”  or  similarly  (e.g  Prof  Beckh:  "unterbewu?te  Bildekr?fte,"  i.e.  subconscious  formative  forces).  This  misinterpretation  derives  perhaps  from  a  similar  usage  in  non-Buddhist  Sanskrit  literature,  and  is  entirely  inapplicable  to  the  connotations  of  the  term  in  Pa^li  Buddhism,  as  listed  above  under  I,  1-4.  For  instance,  within  the  dependent  origination,  s.  is  neither  subconscious  nor  a  mere  tendency,  but  is  a  fully  conscious  and  active  karmic  volition.  In  the  context  of  the  5  groups  of  existence  (s.  above  I,  3),  a  very  few  of  the  factors  from  the  group  of  mental  formations  (sankha^rakkhandha)  are  also  present  as  concomitants  of  subconsciousness  (s.  Tab.  I-III),  but  are  of  course  not  restricted  to  it,  nor  are  they  mere  tendencies.

英汉对照词典 【197】SARIPUTRA

Sariputra  ==  舍利弗

One  of  the  Ten  Great  Disciples  of  Shakyamuni,  noted  for  his  wisdom  and  learning.  He  was  also  the  right-hand  attendant  on  Shakyamuni.  He  figures  prominently  in  certain  sutras.  He  is  represented  as  standing  with  Maudgalyayana  by  the  Buddha  when  entering  Nirvana.  He  is  to  reappear  as  Padmaprabha  Buddha.

南传佛教英文辞典 【198】sena^sana

  ”dwelling  place”,  is  one  of  the  4  requisites  of  the  monk”s  life  (s.  si^la  4).  To  be  suitable  for  spiritual  training,  it  should  possess  5  advantages.  As  it  is  said  (A.  X,  11):  "But  how,  o  monks,  does  the  dwelling  place  possess  5  advantages?  Such  a  dwelling  place  is  not  too  far,  nor  too  near  (to  the  village),  is  suitable  for  going  (on  almsround)  and  returning.  In  the  daytime  it  is  not  much  crowded,  and  at  night  without  noise  and  bustle.  One  is  not  much  molested  there  by  gadflies,  mosquitoes,  wind,  sun  and  creeping  things.  While  living  there,  the  monk  without  difficulty  obtains  robes,  almsfood,  dwelling,  and  the  necessary  medicines.  There  are  elder  monks  living  there,  with  great  learning,  well  versed  in  the  Message,  masters  of  the  Law  (dhamma),  of  the  Discipline  (vinaya)  and  of  the  Tables  of  Contents  (i.e.  either  the  twofold  Abhidhamma  Matrix,  or  the  Bhikkhu  and  Bhikkhuni  Pa^timokkha;  s.  pa^timokkha).  And  he  approaches  them  from  time  to  time,  questions  them,  asks  them  for  explanations,  etc.

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