Emptiness == 空
The Sanskrit word is Sunya. One of the key concepts in Buddhism. Emptiness is an abstract idea representing impermanence, unreality, instability, transience and relativity in the nature of all existence. The doctrine states that all phenomena and the ego have no reality, but are composed of a certain number of Skandhas or elements, which disintegrate. The doctrine also states that everything is unstable, possessing no self-essence or self-nature, i.e., its own existence dependent or caused by the conditions of others” existence.
Emptiness is not nothing, but it is the condition of existence of everything. It permeates all phenomena making possible their evolution.
sun~n~ata^ (q.v.). - Contemplation of e.: sun~n~ata^nupassana^. - For emptiness of self, pertaining to the 4 truths, s. sacca.
bhava (q.v.) - The 5 groups of e.: khandha (q.v.) - The 4 substrata of e.: upadhi (q.v.). - Courses of e.: gati (q.v.). - Wheel of e.: samsa^ra (q.v.). - Craving for e.: bhava-tanha^; s. tanha^; - The 3 characteristics of e.: ti-lakkhana (q.v.).
indriya (q.v.); see also paccaya 16.
Five Eyes == 五眼(肉眼、天眼、法眼、慧眼、佛眼)
There are five classes of eyes:
1. human eye
2. devine eye
3. dharma eye
4. wisdom eye
5. Buddha eye
feeling of h.: s. sukha. - The idea of h. (of the world), s. vipalla^sa.
javana (q.v.).
(of corporeality, mental factors and consciousness): lahuta^ (q.v.).
mana^yatana; s. a^yatana.
the 10 o. of meditation: palibodha (q.v.); for the 5 mental obstacles, or hindrances, s. ni^varana.
Saha Land == 娑婆世界
It refers to the land on Earth. Saha interprets as bearing and enduring. Saha Land is contrary to Pure Land.
This term, as noun, occurs probably for the first time in Pts.M. I. 53, although as a verb it is found already in the old texts. The same holds good with its synonym vavattha^na.
”comprehension”, exploring, ”determining” (vavattha^na, q.v.) is a name for the determining of all phenomena of existence as impermanent, miserable and impersonal (anicca, dukkha, anatta^), etc., which is the beginning of insight (s. Pts.M. I, p. 53; Vis.M. XX); also called kala^pa-s. (q.v.), ”comprehension by groups (of existence - khandha).” (App.).
= phassa (q.v.).
”fetters”. There are 10 fetters tying beings to the wheel of existence, namely: (1) personality-belief (sakka^ya-ditthi, q.v.), (2) sceptical doubt (vicikiccha^ q.v.), (3) clinging to mere rules and ritual (si^labbata-para^ma^sa; s. upa^da^na), (4) sensuous craving (ka^ma-ra^ga, 4.v.), (5) ill-will (vya^pa^da), (6) craving for fine-material existence (rúpa-ra^ga), (7) craving for immaterial existence (arúpa-ra^ga), (8) conceit (ma^na, q.v.), (9) restlessness (uddhacca, q.v.), (10) ignorance (avijja^, q.v.). The first five of these are called ”lower fetters” (orambha^giya-samyojana), as they tie to the sensuous world. The latter 5 are called ”higher fetters” (uddhambha^giya-samyojana), as they tie to the higher worlds, i.e. the fine-material and immaterial world (A. IX, 67, 68; X. 13; D . 33, etc.).
He who is free from 1-3 is a Sota^panna, or Stream-winner, i.e. one who has entered the stream to Nibba^na, as it were. He who, besides these 3 fetters, has overcome 4 and 5 in their grosser form, is called a Sakada^ga^mi, a ”Once-returner” (to this sensuous world). He who is fully freed from 1-5 is an Ana^ga^mi^, or ”Non-returner” (to the sensuous world). He who is freed from all the 10 fetters is called an Arahat, i.e. a perfectly Holy One.
For more details, s. ariya-puggala.
The 10 fetters as enumerated in the Abhidhamma, e.g. Vibh. XVII, are: sensuous craving, ill-will, conceit, wrong views, sceptical doubt, clinging to mere rules and ritual, craving for existence, envy, stinginess, ignorance.
This term has, according to its context, different shades of meaning, which should be carefully distinguished.
(I) To its most frequent usages (s. foll. 1-4) the general term ”formation” may be applied, with the qualifications required by the context. This term may refer either to the act of ”forming or to the passive state of ”having been formed” or to both.
1. As the 2nd link of the formula of dependent origination, (paticcasamuppa^da, q.v.), sankha^ra has the active aspect, ”forming, and signifies karma (q.v.), i.e. wholesome or unwholesome volitional activity (cetana^) of body (ka^ya-s.), speech (vaci^-s.) or mind (citta- or mano-s.). This definition occurs, e.g. at S. XII, 2, 27. For s. in this sense, the word ”karma-formation” has been coined by the author. In other passages, in the same context, s. is defined by reference to (a) meritorious karma-formations (pun~n~”a^bhisankha^ra), (b) demeritorious k. (apun~n~”abhisankha^ra), (c) imperturbable k. (a^nen~j”a^bhisankha^ra), e.g. in S. XII, 51; D. 33. This threefold division covers karmic activity in all spheres of existence: the meritorious karma-formations extend to the sensuous and the fine-material sphere, the demeritorious ones only to the sensuous sphere, and the ”imperturbable” only to the immaterial sphere.
2. The aforementioned three terms, ka^ya-, vaci^- and citta-s. are sometimes used in quite a different sense, namely as (1) bodily function, i.e. in-and-out-breathing (e.g. M. 10), (2) verbal function, i.e. thought-conception and discursive thinking, (3) mental-function, i.e. feeling and perception (e.g. M. 44). See nirodhasama^patti.
3. It also denotes the 4th group of existence (sankha^rakkhandha), and includes all ”mental formations” whether they belong to ”karmically forming” consciousness or not. See khandha, Tab. II. and S. XXII, 56, 79.
4. It occurs further in the sense of anything formed (sankhata, q.v.) and conditioned, and includes all things whatever in the world, all phenomena of existence. This meaning applies, e.g. to the well-known passage, "All formations are impermanent... subject to suffering" (sabbe sankha^ra anicca^ ... dukkha^). In that context, however, s. is subordinate to the still wider and all-embracing term dhamma (thing); for dhamma includes also the Unformed or Unconditioned Element (asankhata-dha^tu), i.e. Nibba^na (e.g. in sabbe dhamma^ anatta^, "all things are without a self").
(II) Sankha^ra also means sometimes ”volitional effort”, e.g. in the formula of the roads to power (iddhi-pa^da, q.v.); in sasankha^ra- and asankha^ra-parinibba^yi^ (s. ana^ga^mi^, q.v.); and in the Abhidhamma terms asankha^rika- (q.v.) and sasankha^rika-citta, i.e. without effort = spontaneously, and with effort = prompted.
In Western literature, in English as well as in German, sankha^ra is sometimes mistranslated by ”subconscious tendencies” or similarly (e.g Prof Beckh: "unterbewu?te Bildekr?fte," i.e. subconscious formative forces). This misinterpretation derives perhaps from a similar usage in non-Buddhist Sanskrit literature, and is entirely inapplicable to the connotations of the term in Pa^li Buddhism, as listed above under I, 1-4. For instance, within the dependent origination, s. is neither subconscious nor a mere tendency, but is a fully conscious and active karmic volition. In the context of the 5 groups of existence (s. above I, 3), a very few of the factors from the group of mental formations (sankha^rakkhandha) are also present as concomitants of subconsciousness (s. Tab. I-III), but are of course not restricted to it, nor are they mere tendencies.
Sariputra == 舍利弗
One of the Ten Great Disciples of Shakyamuni, noted for his wisdom and learning. He was also the right-hand attendant on Shakyamuni. He figures prominently in certain sutras. He is represented as standing with Maudgalyayana by the Buddha when entering Nirvana. He is to reappear as Padmaprabha Buddha.
”dwelling place”, is one of the 4 requisites of the monk”s life (s. si^la 4). To be suitable for spiritual training, it should possess 5 advantages. As it is said (A. X, 11): "But how, o monks, does the dwelling place possess 5 advantages? Such a dwelling place is not too far, nor too near (to the village), is suitable for going (on almsround) and returning. In the daytime it is not much crowded, and at night without noise and bustle. One is not much molested there by gadflies, mosquitoes, wind, sun and creeping things. While living there, the monk without difficulty obtains robes, almsfood, dwelling, and the necessary medicines. There are elder monks living there, with great learning, well versed in the Message, masters of the Law (dhamma), of the Discipline (vinaya) and of the Tables of Contents (i.e. either the twofold Abhidhamma Matrix, or the Bhikkhu and Bhikkhuni Pa^timokkha; s. pa^timokkha). And he approaches them from time to time, questions them, asks them for explanations, etc.