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in age eye ill joy LAW law one sel sex utu ZEN aeon alms atta BALA bala body both catu chie deva dosa ends envy fine food gati gems grie hate hell hetu loka lust mada mala mano MARK meat mind moha múla ogha oja^ once open pain path peta rise RUPA rúpa sati talk ties tree unit view void will yoga yoni ZEAL adosa agati ALAYA amata amoha anger ARANA ARHAN ARHAT ASURA asura atta^ aviha bases being belie bhava bodhi bonds cause chaos citta death doors doubt dread faith great greed iddhi image issa^ ja^ti jara^ ji^va ka^ma kalpa kamma KARMA karma kicca kriya kuppa light lobha lower ma^na Ma^ra MAGGA magga merit METTA mirth moral na^ma neyya nicca noble phala pi^ti ra^ga RAKSA right rules sacca sagga sakka satta sekha sense shame si^la sloth space STUPA subha SUDRA sukha SUTRA va^yo vasi^ vatta VIGOR water world wrong YAKSA yokes " a^sava abodes access action alobha ANATTA ANICCA anicca Arahat asekha atappa Avi^ci beauty beings bha^va BHIKSU biases bodily BUDDHA Buddha cakkhu carana carita change course dha^tu dhamma DHARMA ditthi divine dukkha eating EFFORT effort elders ENERGY energy escape favour fixity floods forest friend gantha ghosts GIVING giving gnosis groups growth grudge hearer iriya^ JATAKA javana jewels KARUNA kasina khanti kilesa kiriya kusala lokiya MANTRA marana marvel MATTER matter method metta^ middha misery MUDITA niraya object oma^na phassa picked planes powers PRAJNA purity RAHULA refuge samma^ sangha SANJNA sarana sexual stains suddha sugati sukkha SUMERU taints tanha^ terror torpor trance truths tusita upa^di upadhi usages va^ca^ VAISYA vatthu VEDANA vijja^ virati viriya virtue viveka WISDOM wisdom woeful a^ha^ra a^ji^va a^ka^sa a^ruppa absence agility ahimsa^ AKALIKA AKALIKO AKUSALA akusala ANAGAMI anatta^ anusaya arising avacara avijja^ bhikkhu BRAHMIN cankers cetana^ CHARITY conceit control counter craving created decline desana^ destiny devotee disease duggati emotion factors feeling fetters freedom HSU YUN HUA TOU INDRIYA indriya insight ji^vita kala^pa karuna^ killing KUSHALA lahuta^ mangala mastery matured meaning message miccha^ miracle mudita^ muduta^ mundane navanga neutral nimitta nirodha NIRVANA nirvana nissaya niya^ma obha^sa okkanti old age ottappa patched patigha perfect Preface puggala pun~n~a rapture reality rebirth remorse sa^sana sa^vaka saddha^ SAMADHI samatha sammuti SAMSARA samseva sassata sikkha^ sitting skilful sobhana spheres SRAVAKA sublime sun~n~a thought turning upacaya UPEKKHA vedana^ vibhava vica^ra viha^ra vimutti vipa^ka vipatti vira^ga vitakka vivatta voda^na voka^ra worldly 戒(sila) a^nen~ja a^yatana acquired adherent AKUSHALA AMITABHA ANAGAMIN anussati Appendix atima^na aversion bhavanga BHIKSUNI bondages ca^ritta cemetery cetasika clinging deciding delusion departed DEVOTION dhutanga dogmatic drinking elements eternity exertion extremes fatalism fivefold fruition gladness gotrabhú grasping HINAYANA HUI NENG ill will impurity influxes interest kammanta kin~cana KSATRIYA kukkucca lakkhana learning MAHAMAYA MAHAYANA maintain MAITREYA monkhood MORALITY morality Nibba^na nibba^na nibbatti nibbedha not self opposite PARAMITA PATIENCE patience postures practice progress reaction sakka^ya sama^dhi sambodhi sammatta sampada^ samsa^ra SAMSKARA san~n~a^ sankappa sankhata santa^na scruples sensuous serenity signless sucarita suchness Table II tathata^ te vijja thinking training uddhacca ujukata^ upa^saka upaca^ra upekkha^ uposatha upstream vimamsa^ vimokkha virility visuddhi vitality VOLITION volition 谛(satya) 慧 (Mati) 空(sunya) 業(karma) 瑜伽(yoga) a^rammana a^vajjana abhijjha^ acinteyya adherence adhicitta akanittha anottappa appama^da asankhata attention avihimsa^ avikkhepa avya^kata beautiful behaviour bha^vana^ BOJJHANGA bojjhanga boundless breathing cetokhila character CONDITION cosmogony cowardice deva dúta deviation dhuta^nga domanassa duccarita dukkhata^ dwellings EMPTINESS emptiness ENDURANCE existence eye organ faculties FIVE EYES formation happiness IGNORANCE ignorance immediacy immediate impulsion indulging intention knowledge kolankola lightness lokuttara mahaggata micchatta mind base NAGARJUNA nekkhamma ni^varana nutriment obstacles palibodha parikamma pariyatti patipada^ patipatti pativedha pondering proximity PURE LAND ready wit rúpa loka SAHA LAND sammasana samphassa samyojana sankha^ra SARIPUTRA sena^sana SENSATION SIX DUSTS SIX GUNAS SIX PATHS SIX ROOTS somanassa something suffering ti pitaka ti ratana ti sarana TRAILOKYA treasures TRIPITAKA upa^da^na upa^sika^ vanishing vinipa^ta vya^pa^da worldling YASODHARA 阿含(agama) 法(dharma) a^bhassara aberration abhin~n~a^ abhisamaya absorption adhimokkha ADHITTHANA advertence aggregates ALMSGIVING Ana^ga^mi^ analytical antinomies appendants asmi ma^na avya^pa^da awakenment bhava^sava BODHISATTA Bodhisatta compassion conception conditions confidence contiguity continuity cuti citta detachment DHAMMAPADA dibba loka dibba sota DIVINE EYE ego belief ego entity eka bi^ji^ elasticity enthusiasm equanimity expression EXTINCTION extinction femininity few wishes foundation FOUR PHALA FOUR SEALS functional generation hindrances impression impurities individual inducement intimation ka^ma guna ka^ma loka ka^ma^sava liberality liberation low speech macchariya MAHASATTVA mano kamma MEDITATION meditation messengers MIDDLE WAY mutability obduracies opapa^tika overcoming para^ma^sa paramattha parin~n~a^ patisandhi pattida^na permanency productive punabbhava puthujjana reflection repetition repression repugnance RIGHT VIEW rúpa ka^ya sa^man~n~a sama^patti sensuality SEVEN GEMS SHAKYAMUNI si^labbata SIX PLACES sota^panna sota^patti standstill stinginess successive SUDDHODANA ta^vatimsa tatha^gata TEN POWERS tendencies therava^da TWO DEATHS unprepared unshakable upakkilesa upavica^ra vehapphala vesa^rajja vin~n~a^na vin~n~atti vipalla^sa vipassana^ wrong path ya^ma deva yuganaddha 不害(ahimsa) 識(Vijnana) 無常(anitya) a^nantariya a^po dha^tu abandonment abstentions adhittha^na ahosi kamma alms giving anabhijjha^ ANAPANASATI anupassana^ appicchata^ ariya iddhi ariya magga ariya sacca ariya vamsa arúpa bhava association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA brahma loka chaste life co nascence contentment corruptions cutúpapa^ta defilements deliverance destruction determining development dissolution dosa carita earnestness egolessness EIGHT WINDS enlightened fading away forbearance foundations human world iddhi pa^da immortality indifferent infatuation inoperative inseparable intoxicants itthindriya ka^ma bhava ka^ma ra^ga ka^ya kamma kamma bhava kamma patha kamma vatta karma round khi^na^sava kusala múla loka dhamma LOTUS SUTRA maha^ bhúta mana^yatana manasika^ra mano dha^tu MIDDLE PATH middle path mind object mindfulness na^ma ka^ya NINE REALMS nippapan~ca noble power origination pa^timokkha pada parama PARINIRVANA paritta^bha patipannaka patti da^na penetration perfections performance personality perversions preparatory proficiency pure abodes realization RECOGNITION remembrance rúpa^vacara rúpa^yatana sala^yatana sama si^si^ samuttha^na san~cetana^ san~n~ojana si^vathika^ sikkha^pada supernormal tejo dha^tu tejo kasina temperature THREE ROOTS THREE SEALS ti lakkhana unthinkable unwholesome uprightness vaci^ kamma vavattha^na vicikiccha^ wrongnesses 定 (samadhi) 結集(samgiti) 輪回(samsara) 涅槃(Nirvana) 無我(anatman) 真如(tathata) a^savakkhaya abhinibbatti accumulation adaptability an~n~indriya appaman~n~a^ arúpa^vacara bahula kamma bhava ditthi bhava tanha^ body witness ceto vimutti citta kkhana citta vi^thi conventional corporeality covetousness dhamma cakka DHARMA-WHEEL dibba cakkhu dispensation dissociation divine abode dry visioned fire element FIVE WISDOMS FOUR VIRTUES garuka kamma harmlessness hate natured heat element HEAVENLY EYE hiri ottappa homelessness impermanence inclinations intoxicating janaka kamma ka^ma tanha^ ka^ma^vacara ka^ya sakkhi kamma^yúhana kammaja rúpa kammattha^na karma result kilesa ka^ma light kasina lobha carita mental image mind element momentaneity nesajjikanga ni^la kasina noble abodes non violence pa^tiha^riya pakati si^la pan~ca si^la parinibba^na pasa^da rúpa patisandhika petti visaya pi^ta kasina pleasantness predominance proclivities purification purisindriya ra^ga carita radiant gods recollectons RENUNCIATION restlessness RIGHT ACTION RIGHT EFFORT RIGHT SPEECH rúpa jjha^na rúpa kala^pa rúpa^rammana sacca n~a^na SAKRADAGAMIN sambojjhanga samma^ magga sampajan~n~a santutthita^ SIX INDRIYAS SIX PARAMITA SROTA-APANNA stream entry ▲ 收起
南傳佛教英文辭典 【199】bodily

  action  (wholesome  or  unwholesome);  s.  karma,  karma  formations  -  Right  b.a.  =  samma^-kammanta;  s.  magga.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【200】bodily

  postures,  the  4:  iriya^-patha  (q.v.)

英漢對照詞典 【201】BUDDHA

Buddha  ==  佛

Means  "the  Enlightened  One"  or  "the  Awakened  One".

南傳佛教英文辭典 【202】Buddha

  s.  samma^-sambodhi.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【203】cakkhu

  ”eye”  s.  a^yatana.  -  The  foll.  5  kinds  of  ”eyes”  are  mentioned  and  explained  in  CNid.  (PTS,  p.  235;  the  first  3  also  in  It.  52):  1.  the  physical  eye  (mamsa  cakkhu),  2.  the  divine  eye  (dibba-cakkhu;  s.  abhin~n~a^),  3.  the  eye  of  wisdom  (pan~n~a^-cakkhu),  4  the  eye  of  a  Buddha  (Buddha-c.),  5.  the  eye  of  all-round  knowledge  (samanta-c.;  a  frequent  appellation  of  the  Buddha).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【204】carana

  s.  vijja^-carana.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【205】carita

  ra^ga-c.,  dosa-c.,  buddhi-c.,  etc.,  are  only  to  be  met  with  in  the  Com.  and  Vis.M.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【206】carita

  ”nature,  character”.  In  Vis.M.  III  there  are  explained  six  types  of  men:  the  greedy-natured  (ra^ga-carita),  the  hate-natured  (dosa-carita),  the  stupid  or  dull-natured  (moha-carita),  the  faithful-natured  (saddha^-carita),  the  intelligent-natured  (buddhi-carita),  the  ruminating-natured  (vitakka-carita).  -  (App.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【207】change

  contemplation  of:  one  of  the  18  chief  kinds  of  insight  (vipassana^,  q.v.)  .

南傳佛教英文辭典 【208】course

  of  action  (wholesome  or  unwholesome):  kammapatha  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【209】dha^tu

  ”elements”,  are  the  ultimate  constituents  of  a  whole.
(1)  The  4  physical  elements  (dha^tu  or  maha^-bhúta),  popularly  called  earth,  water,  fire  and  wind,  are  to  be  understood  as  the  primary  qualities  of  matter.  They  are  named  in  Pa^li:  pathavi^-dha^tu,  a^po-dha^tu,  tejo-dha^tu,  and  va^yo-dha^tu.  In  Vis.M.  XI,  2  the  four  elements  are  defined  thus:  "Whatever  is  characterized  by  hardness  (thaddha-lakkkhana)  is  the  earth  or  solid-element;  by  cohesion  (a^bandhana)  or  fluidity,  the  water-element;  by  heating  (paripa^cana),  the  fire  or  heat-element;  by  strengthening  or  supporting  (vitthambhana),  the  wind  or  motion-element.  All  four  are  present  in  every  material  object,  though  in  varying  degrees  of  strength.  If,  for  instance,  the  earth  element  predominates,  the  material  object  is  called  ”solid”,  etc.  -  For  the  analysis  of  the  4  elements,  s.  dha^tu-vavattha^na.
(II)  The  18  physical  and  mental  elements  that  constitute  the  conditions  or  foundations  of  the  process  of  perception,  are:

1.  visual  organ  (eye)  9.  gustative  object
2.  auditory  organ  (ear)  10.  body-impression
3.  olfactory  organ  (nose)  11.  eye-consciousness
4.  gustatory  organ  (tongue)  12.  ear-consciousness
5.  tactile  organ  (body)  13.  nose-consciousness
6.  visible  object  14.  tongue-consciousness
7.  sound  or  audible  object  15.  body-consciousness
8.  odour  or  olfactive  object
16.  mind-element  17.  mind-object
(mano-dha^tu)  (dhamma-dha^tu)
18.  mind-consciousness-element
(mano-vin~n~a^na-dha^tu)

1-10  are  physical;  11-16  and  18  are  mental;  17  may  be  either  physical  or  mental.  -  16  performs  the  function  of  advertence  (a^vajjana)  towards  the  object  at  the  inception  of  a  process  of  sensuous  consciousness;  it  further  performs  the  function  of  receiving  (sampaticchana)  the  sensuous  object.  18  performs,  e.g.,  the  function  of  investigation  (santi^rana),  determining  (votthapana)  and  registering  (tada^rammana)  -  (for  its  other  functions,  s.  Table  I).  For  the  14  functions  of  consciousness,  s.  vin~n~a^na-kicca.
Cf.  M.  115;  S.  XIV  and  especially  Vibh.  II  (Guide  p.  28f),  Vis.M.  XV,  17ff.
Of  the  many  further  groupings  of  elements  (enumerated  in  M.  115),  the  best  known  is  that  of  the  3  world-elements:  the  sensuous  world  (ka^ma-dha^tu),  the  fine-material  world  (rúpa-dha^tu),  the  immaterial  world  (arúpa-dha^tu);  further  the  sixfold  group:  the  solid,  liquid,  heat,  motion,  space,  consciousness  (pathavi^,  a^po,  tejo,  va^yo,  a^ka^sa,  vin~n~a^na;  s.  above  I),  described  in  M.  140;  see  also  M.  112.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【210】dhamma

  lit.  the  ”bearer”,  constitution  (or  nature  of  a  thing),  norm,  law  (jus),  doctrine;  justice,  righteousness;  quality;  thing,  object  of  mind  (s.  a^yatana)  ”phenomenon”.  In  all  these  meanings  the  word  ”dhamma”  is  to  be  met  with  in  the  texts.  The  Com.  to  D.  instances  4  applications  of  this  term  guna  (quality,  virtue),  desana^  (instruction),  pariyatti  (text),  nijji^vata^  (soullessness,  e.g."all  dhamma^,  phenomena,  are  impersonal,"  etc.).  The  Com.  to  Dhs.  has  hetu  (condition)  instead  of  desana^.  Thus,  the  analytical  knowledge  of  the  law  (s.  patisambhida^)  is  explained  in  Vis.M.  XIV.  and  in  Vibh.  as  hetumhi-n~a^na,  knowledge  of  the  conditions.
The  Dhamma,  as  the  liberating  law  discovered  and  proclaimed  by  the  Buddha,  is  summed  up  in  the  4  Noble  Truths  (s.  sacca).  It  forms  one  of  the  3  Gems  (ti-ratana,  q.v.)  and  one  of  the  10  recollections  (anussati  q.v.).
Dhamma,  as  object  of  mind  (dhamma^yatana,  s.  a^yatana)  may  be  anything  past,  present  or  future,  corporeal  or  mental,  conditioned  or  not  (cf.  sankha^ra,  4),  real  or  imaginary.

英漢對照詞典 【211】DHARMA

Dharma  ==  法

Sanskrit  word,  means  law,  truth,  anything  Buddhist.  It  is  used  in  the  sense  of  all  things,  visible  or  invisible.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【212】ditthi

  (lit.”sight”;  ?  dis,  to  see):  view,  belief,  speculative  opinion,  insight.  If  not  qualified  by  samma^,  ”right”,  it  mostly  refers  to  wrong  and  evil  view  or  opinion,  and  only  in  a  few  instances  to  right  view,  understanding  or  insight  (e.g.  ditthi-ppatta,  q.v.;  ditthi-visuddhi,  purification  of  insight;  ditthi-sampanna,  possessed  of  insight).
Wrong  or  evil  views  (ditthi  or  miccha^-ditthi)  are  declared  as  utterly  rejectable  for  being  a  source  of  wrong  and  evil  aspirations  and  conduct,  and  liable  at  times  to  lead  man  to  the  deepest  abysses  of  depravity,  as  it  is  said  in  A.  I,  22:
"No  other  thing  than  evil  views  do  I  know,  o  monks,  whereby  to  such  an  extent  the  unwholesome  things  not  yet  arisen  arise,  and  the  unwholesome  things  already  arisen  are  brought  to  growth  and  fullness.  No  other  thing  than  evil  views  do  I  know,  whereby  to  such  an  extent  the  wholesome  things  not  yet  arisen  are  hindered  in  their  arising,  and  the  wholesome  things  already  arisen  disappear.  No  other  thing  than  evil  views  do  I  know,  whereby  to  such  an  extent  human  beings  at  the  dissolution  of  the  body,  at  death,  are  passing  to  a  way  of  suffering,  into  a  world  of  woe,  into  hell."  Further  in  A.  I,  23:  "Whatever  a  man  filled  with  evil  views  performs  or  undertakes,  or  whatever  he  possesses  of  will,  aspiration,  longing  and  tendencies,  all  these  things  lead  him  to  an  undesirable,  unpleasant  and  disagreeable  state,  to  woe  and  suffering."
From  the  Abhidhamma  (Dhs)  it  may  be  inferred  that  evil  views,  whenever  they  arise,  are  associated  with  greed  (s.  Tab.  I.  22,  23,  26,  27).
Numerous  speculative  opinions  and  theories,  which  at  all  times  have  influenced  and  still  are  influencing  mankind,  are  quoted  in  the  sutta-texts.  Amongst  them,  however,  the  wrong  view  which  everywhere,  and  at  all  times,  has  most  misled  and  deluded  mankind  is  the  personality-belief,  the  ego-illusion.  This  personality-belief  (sakka^ya-ditthi),  or  ego-illusion  (atta-ditthi),  is  of  2  kinds:  eternity-belief  and  annihilation-belief.
Eternity-belief  (sassata-ditthi)  is  the  belief  in  the  existence  of  a  persisting  ego-entity,  soul  or  personality,  existing  independently  of  those  physical  and  mental  processes  that  constitute  life  and  continuing  even  after  death.
Annihilation-belief  (uccheda-ditthi),  on  the  other  hand,  is  the  belief  in  the  existence  of  an  ego-entity  or  personality  as  being  more  or  less  identical  with  those  physical  and  mental  processes,  and  which  therefore,  at  the  dissolution  at  death,  will  come  to  be  annihilated.  -  For  the  20  kinds  of  personality-belief,  see  sakka^ya-ditthi.
Now,  the  Buddha  neither  teaches  a  personality  which  will  continue  after  death,  nor  does  he  teach  a  personality  which  will  be  annihilated  at  death,  but  he  shows  us  that  ”personality”,  ”ego”,  ”individual”,  ”man”,  etc.,  are  nothing  but  mere  conventional  designations  (voha^ra-vacana)  and  that  in  the  ultimate  sense  (s.  paramattha-sacca)  there  is  only  this  self-consuming  process  of  physical  and  mental  phenomena  which  continually  arise  and  again  disappear  immediately.  -  For  further  details,  s.  anatta^,  khandha,  paticcasamuppa^da.
"The  Perfect  One  is  free  from  any  theory  (ditthigata),  for  the  Perfect  One  has  seen  what  corporeality  is,  and  how  it  arises  and  passes  away.  He  has  seen  what  feeling  ...  perception  ...  mental  formations  ...  consciousness  are,  and  how  they  arise  and  pass  away.  Therefore  I  say  that  the  Perfect  One  has  won  complete  deliverance  through  the  extinction,  fading  away,  disappearance,  rejection  and  casting  out  of  all  imaginings  and  conjectures,  of  all  inclination  to  the  ”vain-glory  of  ”I”  and  ”mine."  (M.  72).
The  rejection  of  speculative  views  and  theories  is  a  prominent  feature  in  a  chapter  of  the  Sutta-Nipa^ta,  the  Atthaka-Vagga.
The  so-called  ”evil  views  with  fixed  destiny”  (niyata-miccha^ditthi)  constituting  the  last  of  the  10  unwholesome  courses  of  action  (kammapatha,  q.v.),  are  the  following  three:  (1)  the  fatalistic  ”view  of  the  uncausedness”  of  existence  (ahetukaditthi),  (2)  the  view  of  the  inefficacy  of  action”  (akiriyaditthi),  (3)  nihilism  (natthikaditthi).
(1)  was  taught  by  Makkhali-Gosa^la,  a  contemporary  of  the  Buddha  who  denied  every  cause  for  the  corruptness  and  purity  of  beings,  and  asserted  that  everything  is  minutely  predestined  by  fate.
(2)  was  taught  by  Púrana-Kassapa,  another  contemporary  of  the  Buddha  who  denied  every  karmical  effect  of  good  and  bad  actions:  "To  him  who  kills,  steals,  robs,  etc.,  nothing  bad  will  happen.  For  generosity,  self-restraint  and  truthfulness,  etc.  no  reward  is  to  be  expected."
(3)  was  taught  by  Ajita-Kesakambali,  a  third  contemporary  of  the  Buddha  who  asserted  that  any  belief  in  good  action  and  its  reward  is  a  mere  delusion,  that  after  death  no  further  life  would  follow,  that  man  at  death  would  become  dissolved  into  the  elements,  etc.
For  further  details  about  these  3  views,  s.  D.  2,  M.  60;  commentarial  exposition  in  WHEEL  98/99,  P.  23.
Frequently  mentioned  are  also  the  10  antinomies  (antaga^hika^  miccha^-ditthi):  ”Finite  is  the  world”  or  ”infinite  is  the  world”...”body  and  soul  are  identical”  or  ”body  and  soul  are  different”  (e.g.  M.  63).
In  the  Brahma^jala  Sutta  .(D.1),  62  false  views  are  classified  and  described,  comprising  all  conceivable  wrong  views  and  speculations  about  man  and  world.
See  The  All-Embracing  Net  of  Views  (Brahma^jala  Sutta),  tr.  with  Com.  by  Bhikkhu  Bodhi  (BPS).
Further  s.  D.  15,  23,  24,  28;  M.  11,  12,  25,  60,  63,  72,  76,  101,  102,  110;  A.  II,  16;  X,  93;  S.  XXI,  XXIV;  Pts.M.  Ditthikatha^,.  etc.

Wrong  views  (ditthi)  are  one  of  the  proclivities  (s.  anusaya),  cankers  (s.  a^sava),  clingings  (s.  upa^da^na),  one  of  the  three  modes  of  perversions  (s.  vipalla^sa).  Unwholesome  consciousness  (akusala  citta),  rooted  in  greed,  may  be  either  with  or  without  wrong  views  (ditthigata-sampayutta  or  vippayutta);  s.  Dhs.;  Tab  I.
On  right  view  (samma^-ditthi),  s.  magga  and  M.  9  (Trans.  with  Com.  in  ”R.  Und.”).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【213】divine

  messengers,  the  3:  deva-dúta  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【214】dukkha

  (1)  ”pain”,  painful  feeling,  which  may  be  bodily  and  mental  (s.  vedana^).
(2)  ”Suffering”,  ”ill”.  As  the  first  of  the  Four  Noble  Truths  (s.  sacca)  and  the  second  of  the  three  characteristics  of  existence  (s.  ti-lakkhana),  the  term  dukkha  is  not  limited  to  painful  experience  as  under  (1),  but  refers  to  the  unsatisfactory  nature  and  the  general  insecurity  of  all  conditioned  phenomena  which,  on  account  of  their  impermanence,  are  all  liable  to  suffering,  and  this  includes  also  pleasurable  experience.  Hence  ”unsatisfactoriness”  or  ”liability  to  suffering”  would  be  more  adequate  renderings,  if  not  for  stylistic  reasons.  Hence  the  first  truth  does  not  deny  the  existence  of  pleasurable  experience,  as  is  sometimes  wrongly  assumed.  This  is  illustrated  by  the  following  texts:
"Seeking  satisfaction  in  the  world,  monks,  I  had  pursued  my  way.  That  satisfaction  in  the  world  I  found.  In  so  far  as  satisfaction  existed  in  the  world,  I  have  well  perceived  it  by  wisdom.  Seeking  for  misery  in  the  world,  monks,  I  had  pursued  my  way.  That  misery  in  the  world  I  found.  In  so  far  as  misery  existed  in  the  world,  I  have  well  perceived  it  by  wisdom.  Seeking  for  the  escape  from  the  world,  monks,  I  had  pursued  my  way.  That  escape  from  the  world  I  found.  In  so  far  as  an  escape  from  the  world  existed,  I  have  well  perceived  it  by  wisdom"  (A.  111,  101).
"If  there  were  no  satisfaction  to  be  found  in  the  world,  beings  would  not  be  attached  to  the  world  ....  If  there  were  no  misery  to  be  found  in  the  world,  beings  would  not  be  repelled  by  the  world  ....  If  there  were  no  escape  from  the  world,  beings  could  not  escape  therefrom"  (A.  111,  102).
See  dukkhata^.  For  texts  on  the  Truth  of  Suffering,  see  W.  of  B.  and  ”Path”.
See  The  Three  Basic  Facts  of  Existence,  II.  Suffering  (WHEEL  191/193).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【215】eating

  knowing  the  measure  in  bhojane  mattan~n~uta^  (q.v.).

英漢對照詞典 【216】EFFORT

Effort  ==  精進

See  Vigor.

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