”one who already during a given explanation comes to penetrate the truth” (Pug.). This is one of four types of persons classified according to their ability of acquiring insight, mentioned in A. IV, 133. Cf. also vipacitan~n~u, neyya, pada-parama. See The Requisites of Enlightenment, by Ledi Sayadaw (WHEEL 171/174) p. 1ff.
”rebirth-process”; s. bhava.
”disappearance”, is one of the 24 conditions (paccaya, q.v.).
Erdi
即真谛和俗谛。又稱第一義谛、世俗谛,或名勝義谛與名言谛。真俗二谛,中觀派的基本思想是緣起性空論,認爲世間出世間萬事萬物,都是由衆多因素相依相持而形成的,是有,稱假有,這就是世俗谛,沒有獨立不變的自性,是空,稱性空,這就是真谛,所以真俗二谛,就是空、有二谛。這是就外在的物境而言。若以主觀認識而論,謂世俗谛是有,這是世間一般人的常識見解;言真谛爲空是二乘聖者特有的超世見解。實際上,說有不住有,談空不落空,空有無礙,才是真俗二谛的正觀。又世俗谛的有,是世間萬事萬物的現象;真谛的空,是世間萬事萬物的本性。緣起才能性空,性空才能緣起,緣起與性空實際是一種事物的兩個方面,相反相成,對立而統一。所以緣起就是性空,性空就是緣起。如《般若經》中說:色即是空,空即是色,不二而二,二而不二。大乘佛教各宗,因爲傳承或立論方法不同,對二谛的解釋也各不相同。有的認爲二谛是理,有的認爲二谛是教。天臺宗認爲二谛或叁谛是真實不虛的谛理,故雲:“叁谛者,天然之性德也。”叁論宗認爲真俗二谛是兩種真實不虛的言教:“二谛者,蓋是言教之通诠,相待之假稱……唯是教門,不關境理。”
Sandi
即空谛、假谛、中道谛。佛教天臺宗所立的谛理。認爲一切事物都由因緣而生,沒有永恒不變的實體,叫做空谛;一切事物其中雖無永恒不變的實體,卻有如幻如化的相貌,叫做假谛;這些都不出法性,不待造作而有,叫做中道谛。一切事物,皆不出此空、假、中叁谛的範疇,故稱爲叁谛之理。《始終心要》說:“叁谛者,天然之性德也,中谛者統一切法,真谛者泯一切法,假谛者立一切法。”又此叁谛,圓融無礙,一即是叁,叁即是一。如觀空時,無假無中無不空白;觀假時,無空無中無不假;觀中道時,無空無假無不中,名爲圓融叁谛。《中觀論·四谛品》說:“因緣所生法,我說即是空,亦爲是假名,亦是中道義”。此偈被認爲是圓融叁谛的出處。
”mindfulness on in-and-out-breathing”, i...
is one of the most important exercises for reaching mental concentration and the 4 absorptions (jha^na, q.v.).
In the Satipattha^na Sutta (M. 10, D. 22) and elsewhere, 4 methods of practice are given, which may also serve as basis for insight meditation. The ”Discourse on Mindfulness of Breathing” (a^na^pa^nasati Sutta, M. 118) and other texts have 16 methods of practice, which divide into 4 groups of four. The first three apply to both tranquillity (samatha, q.v.) and insight-meditation, while the fourth refers to pure insight practice only. The second and the third group require the attainment of the absorptions.
"With attentive mind he breathes in, with attentive mind he breathes out.
I. (1) "When making a long inhalation he knows: ”I make a long inhalation”; when making a long exhalation he knows: ”I make a long exhalation.”
(2) "When making a short inhalation he knows: ”I make a short inhalation”; when making a short exhalation he knows: ”I make a short exhalation.”
(3) "”Clearly perceiving the entire (breath-) body I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”clearly perceiving the entire (breath-) body I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(4) "”Calming this bodily function I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”calming this bodily function I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
II. (5) "”Feeling rapture (pi^ti) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”feeling rapture I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(6) "”Feeling joy I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”feeling joy I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(7) "”Feeling the mental formation (citta-sankha^ra) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself, ”feeling the mental formation I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(8) "”Calming the mental formation I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”calming the mental formation I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
III. (9) "”Clearly perceiving the mind (citta) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”clearly perceiving the mind I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(10) "”Gladdening the mind I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”gladdening the mind I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(11) "”Concentrating the mind I will breathe in, thus he trains himself;”concentrating the mind I will breathe out”, thus he trains himself.
(12) "”Freeing the mind I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”freeing the mind I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself
IV. (13) "”Reflecting on impermanence (anicca) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”reflecting on impermanence I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(14) "”Reflecting on detachment (vira^ga) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”reflecting on detachment I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(15) "”Reflecting on extinction (nirodha) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”reflecting on extinction I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(16) "”Reflecting on abandonment (patinissagga) I will breathe in, thus he trains himself;”reflecting on abandonment I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself."
In M. 118 it is further shown how these 16 exercises bring about the 4 foundations of mindfulness (satipattha^na, q.v.), namely:
1-4 contemplation of the body,
5-8 contemplation of feeling,
9-12 contemplation of mind (consciousness),
13-16 contemplation of mind-objects.
Then it is shown how these 4 foundations of mindfulness bring about the 7 factors of enlightenment (bojjhanga, q.v.); then these again deliverance of mind (ceto-vimutti, q.v.) and deliverance through wisdom (pan~n~a^-vimutti, q.v.).
Literature: a^na^pa^nasati Samyutta (S. LIV). -
Pts.M. a^na^pa^nakatha^ - Full explanation of practice in Vis.M. VIII, 145ff. -
For a comprehensive anthology of canonical and commentarial texts, see Mindfulness of Breathing, n~a^namoli Thera (Kandy: BPS, 1964).
”non-disappearance”, is one of the 24 conditions (paccaya, q.v.).
”the base "visual organ"” (s. a^yatana).
moha-carita; s. carita.
Eight Negations == 八不
The eight negations of Nagarjuna, founder of Madhyamika, are actually four pairs of neither birth nor death, neither end nor permanence, neither identity nor difference, neither coming nor going. This is one of the important concepts of the Middle Way, the ultimate truth of Buddhism and the reality character of all Dharma.
Four Great Vows == 四弘誓願
1.Vow to take across the numberless living beings.
2.Vow to cut off the endless afflictions.
3.Vow to study the countless Dharma doors.
4.Vow to realize the supreme Buddha Way.
s. a^yatana.
This term is probably found for the first time in the Com., esp. Vis.M. IV. The rudiments of this doctrine, however, are already found in the old sutta texts, e.g. A. III, 100.
”equilibrium, balance, or harmony of faculties”, relates to the 5 spiritual faculties: faith, energy, mindfulness, concentration and wisdom (s. indriya 15-19). Of these there are two pairs of faculties, in each of which both faculties should well counter-balance each other, namely: faith and wisdom (saddha^, pan~n~a^, q.v.) on the one hand and energy and concentration (viriya, sama^dhi, q.v.) on the other. For excessive faith with deficient wisdom leads to blind belief, whilst excessive wisdom with deficient faith leads to cunning. In the same way, great energy with weak concentration leads to restlessness, whilst strong concentration with deficient energy leads to indolence. Though for both faculties in each of the 2 pairs a balanced degree of intensity is desirable, mindfulness should be allowed to develop to the highest degree of strength. Cf. Vis.M. III- (App.).
”nihilistic view” (a doctrine that all values are baseless, that nothing is knowable or can be communicated, and that life itself is meaningless), s. ditthi.
”earth-element”. or ”solid element”. It is cognizable through the sensations of pressure, touch, cold, heat. pain, etc. - About the 4 elements. s. dha^tu, khandha (I. A.).
”earth-kasina” (s. kasina).
Pratyeka-Buddha == 辟支佛
the second stage in Hinayana, the first or initial being that of Sravaka. He is enlightened to the conditions, i.e. the Law of Dependent Origination. He seeks enlightenment for himself and understands deeply Nidanas. He attains his enlightenment alone, independently, or a teacher, and with the object of attaining Nirvana and his own salvation rather than that of others.