(disciple): sa^vaka (q.v.).
patha (lit.”ways of movement”): ”bodily postures”, i.e. going, standing, sitting, lying. In the Satipattha^na-sutta (s. satipattha^na), they form the subject of a contemplation and an exercise in mindfulness.
"While going, standing, sitting or lying down, the monk knows ”I go”, ”I stand”, ”I sit”, ”I lie down”; he understands any position of the body." - "The disciple understands that there is no living being, no real ego, that goes, stands, etc., but that it is by a mere figure of speech that one says: ”I go”, ”I stand”, and so forth." (Com.).
Jataka == 本生經
the sutra to narrate the birth stories of Shakyamuni in present life, past lives, and effects related to the past lives and the present lives.
The only reference in the Sutta Pitaka is Pts.M. II, 73: kusalakammassa javana-khane, "in the impulsion-moment of a wholesome karma." In the Abhidhamma Pitaka it is briefly mentioned in the Pattha^na, but without explanation, as if already known. The teaching of the flashing forth of 4 javana immediately before entering the jha^na or lokuttara-magga, i.e. parikamma, upaca^ra, anuloma, gotrabhú is, as such, without doubt a later development in the commentarial literature.
(fr. javati, to impel): ”impulsion”, is the phase of full cognition in the cognitive series, or perceptual process (citta-vi^thi; s. vin~n~a^na-kicca) occurring at its climax, if the respective object is large or distinct. It is at this phase that karma is produced, i.e. wholesome or unwholesome volition concerning the perception that was the object of the previous stages of the respective process of consciousness. There are normally 7 impulsive moments. In mundane consciousness (lokiya, q.v.), any of the 17 karmically wholesome classes of consciousness (Tab. I, 1-17) or of the 12 unwholesome ones (Tab. I, 22-23) may arise at the phase of impulsion. For the Arahat, however, impulsion has no longer a karmic, i.e. rebirth-producing character, but is a karmically independent function (kiriya, q.v.; Tab. I, 72-89). There are further 8 supermundane classes of impulsion (Tab. I, 18-21, 66-69).
The 4 impulsive moments immediately before entering an absorption (jha^na, q.v.) or one of the supermundane paths (magga; s. ariyapuggala) are: the preparatory (parikamma), approach (upaca^ra), adaptation (anuloma), and maturity-moment (gotrabhú, q.v.) In connection with entering the earth-kasina absorption (s. kasina), they are explained as follows, in Vis.M. IV: "After the breaking off of the subconscious stream of being (bhavanga-sota, q.v.), there arises the ”advertence at the mind-door” (manodva^ra^vajjana, s. vin~n~a^nakicca), taking as object the earthkasina (whilst thinking), ”Earth! Earth!” Thereupon, 4 or 5 impulsive moments flash forth, amongst which the last one (maturity-moment) belongs to the fine-material sphere (rúpa^vacara), whereas the rest belong to the sense-sphere (ka^ma^vacara; s. avacara), though the last one is more powerful in thought conception, discursive thinking, interest (rapture), joy and concentration (cf. jha^na) than the states of consciousness belonging to the sense-sphere. They are called ”preparatory” (parikamma-sama^dhi), as they are preparing for the attainment-concentration (appana^-sama^dhi);”approaching” (upaca^ra-sama^dhi), as they are close to the attainment-concentration and are moving in its neighbourhood;”adaptive” (anuloma), as they adapt themselves to the preceding preparatory states and to the succeeding attainment concentration. The last one of the four is called ”matured” (gotrabhú). In a similar way, the impulsive moments before reaching the divine ear are described in Vis.M. XIII, 1. - Cf. Karma - (App.).
The 3: ti-ratana (q.v.).
karuna == 悲
(perhaps related to Sanskrit krtsna, ”all, complete, whole”), is the name for a purely external device to produce and develop concentration of mind and attain the 4 absorptions (jha^na q.v.). It consists in concentrating one”s full and undivided attention on one visible object as preparatory image (parikamma-nimitta), e.g. a colored spot or disc, or a piece of earth, or a pond at some distance, etc., until at last one perceives, even with the eyes closed, a mental reflex, the acquired image (uggaha-nimitta). Now, while continuing to direct one”s attention to this image, there may arise the spotless and immovable counter-image (patibha^ga-nimitta), and together with it the neighbourhood-concentration (upaca^ra-sama^dhi) will have been reached. While still persevering in the concentration on the object, one finally will reach a state of mind where all sense-activity is suspended, where there is no more seeing and hearing, no more perception of bodily impression and feeling, i.e. the state of the 1st mental absorption (jha^na, q.v.).
The 10 kasinas mentioned in the Suttas are: earth-kasina, water, fire, wind, blue, yellow, red, white, space, and consciousness."There are 10 kasina-spheres: someone sees the earth kasina, above, below, on all sides, undivided, unbounded .... someone see the water-kasina, above, below, etc." (M. 77; D. 33) Cf. abhibha^yatan, bha^vana^; further s. Fund. IV.
For space and consciousness-kasina we find in Vis.M. V the names limited space-kasina (paricchinna^ka^sa-kasina;... s. App. ) and light-kasina (a^loka-kasina).
For full description see Vis.M. IV-V; also Atthasa^lini Tr. I, 248.
”patience”, forbearance”, is one of the 10 perfections (pa^rami^, q.v.).
the 10 kilesa are probably for the first time enumerated and explained in Dhs. (§§ 1229-1239). There they are, however, called kilesa-vatthu, which name (dasa kilesa-vatthu) is already mentioned in Pts I, 130, though there they are neither enumerated nor explained.
”defilements”, are mind-defiling, unwholesome qualities. Vis.M. XXII, 49, 65: "There are 10 defilements, thus called because they are themselves defiled, and because they defile the mental factors associated with them. They are: (1) greed (lobha), (2) hate (dosa), (3) delusion (moha), (4) conceit (ma^na), (5) speculative views (ditthi), (6) skeptical doubt (vicikiccha^), (7) mental torpor (thi^na), (8) restlessness (uddhacca); (9) shamelessness (ahirika), (10) lack of moral dread or unconscientiousness (anottappa)." For 1-3, s. múla; 4, s. ma^na; 5, s. ditthi; 6-8, s. ni^varana; 9 and 10, s. ahirika-anottappa.
The ten are explained in Dhs. 1229f and enumerated in Vibh. XII. No classification of the k. is found in the Suttas, though the term occurs quite often in them. For the related term, upakkilesa (q.v.;”impurities”) different lists are given - (App.).
(kiriya^, kriya^) citta is a term first used in the Abh. Canon (e.g. Dhs. §§ 566-582). It has an important place in post-canonical Abh. literature, e.g. Vis.M. XIV.
(or kriya)-citta: ”functional consciousness” or ”karmically inoperative consciousness”, is a name for such states of consciousness as are neither karmically wholesome (kusala), nor unwholesome (akusala), nor karma-results (vipa^ka); that is, they function independently of karma. Thus are also called all those worldly mental states in the Arahat which are accompanied by 2 or 3 noble roots (greedlessness, hatelessness, undeludedness), being in the Arahat karmically neutral and corresponding to the karmically wholesome states of a non-Arahat (s. Tab. 1-8 and 73-89), as well as the rootless mirth-producing (hasituppa^da) mind-consciousness-element of the Arahat (Tab. 72); further, that mind-element (mano-dha^tu) which performs the function of advertence (a^vajjana) to the sense object (Tab. 70), and that mind-consciousness-element (manovin~n~a^na-dha^tu) which performs the functions of deciding (votthapana) and advertence to the mental object (Tab. 71). The last-named 2 elements, of course, occur in all beings.
Together with karma-resultant consciousness (vipa^ka) it belongs to the group of ”karmically neutral consciousness” (avya^kata). See Tab. I (last column). - (App.).
”karmically wholesome” or ”profitable”, salutary, morally good, (skillful) Connotations of the term, according to Com. (Atthasa^lini), are: of good health, blameless, productive of favourable karma-result, skillful. It should be noted that Com. excludes the meaning ”skillful”, when the term is applied to states of consciousness.
It is defined in M. 9 as the 10 wholesome courses of action (s. kammapatha). In psychological terms, ”karmically wholesome” are all those karmical volitions (kamma-cetana^) and the consciousness and mental factors associated therewith, which are accompanied by 2 or 3 wholesome roots (s. múla), i.e. by greedlessness (alobha) and hatelessness (adosa), and in some cases also by non-delusion (amoha: wisdom, understanding). Such states of consciousness are regarded as ”karmically wholesome” as they are causes of favourable karma results and contain the seeds of a happy destiny or rebirth. From this explanation, two facts should be noted: (1) it is volition that makes a state of consciousness, or an act, ”good” or ”bad”; (2) the moral criterion in Buddhism is the presence or absence of the 3 wholesome or moral roots (s. múla).
The above explanations refer to mundane (lokiya, q.v.) wholesome consciousness. Supermundane wholesome (lokuttara-kusala) states, i.e. the four paths of sanctity (s. ariyapuggala), have as results only the corresponding four fruitions; they do not constitute karma, nor do they lead to rebirth, and this applies also to the good actions of an Arahat (Tab. I, 73-80) and his meditative states (Tab. 1, 81-89), which are all karmically inoperative (functional; s. kiriya).
Kusala belongs to a threefold division of all consciousness, as found in the Abhidhamma (Dhs.), into wholesome (kusala), unwholesome (akusala) and karmically neutral (avya^kata), which is the first of the triads (tika) in the Abhidhamma schedule (ma^tika^); s. Guide, pp. 4ff., 12ff; Vis.M. XIV, 83ff.
”mundane”, are all those states of consciousness and mental factors - arising in the worldling, as well as in the Noble One - which are not associated with the supermundane (lokuttara; s. the foll.) paths and fruitions of sota^patti, etc. See ariyapuggala, A.
Mantra == 咒
The Sanskrit word is Dharani, i.e. esoteric incantation. It is a treatise with mystical meaning, and is regarded as every word and deed of a Bodhisattva. It is one of the most popular method of cultivation in Buddhism, especially in Shingon or "True Word" sect.
”death”, in ordinary usage, means the disappearance of the vital faculty confined to a single life-time, and therewith of the psycho-physical life-process conventionally called ”man, animal, personality, ego”, etc. Strictly speaking, however, death is the continually repeated dissolution and vanishing of each momentary physical-mental combination, and thus it takes place every moment. About this momentaneity of existence, it is said in Vis.M. VIII:
"In the absolute sense, beings have only a very short moment to live, life lasting as long as a single moment of consciousness lasts. Just as a cart-wheel, whether rolling or whether at a standstill, at all times only rests on a single point of its periphery, even so the life of a living being lasts only for the duration of a single moment of consciousness. As soon as that moment ceases, the being also ceases. For it is said: ”The being of the past moment of consciousness has lived, but does not live now, nor will it live in future. The being of the future moment has not yet lived, nor does it live now, but it will live in the future. The being of the present moment has not lived, it does live just now, but it will not live in the future.”"
In another sense, the coming to an end of the psycho-physical life-process of the Arahat, or perfectly Holy One, at the moment of his passing away may be called the final and ultimate death, as up to that moment the psycho-physical life-process was still going on from life to life.
Death, in the ordinary sense, combined with old age, forms the 12th link in the formula of dependent origination (paticca-samuppa^da q.v.).
For death as a subject of meditation, s. marana^nussati; as a function of consciousness, s. vin~n~a^na-kicca.
s. pa^tiha^riya.