”mindfulness with regard to the body”, refers sometimes (e.g. Vis.M. VIII, 2) only to the contemplation on the 32 parts of the body, sometimes (e.g. M. 119) to all the various meditations comprised under the ”contemplation of the body” (ka^ya^nupassana^), the 1st of the 4 ”foundations of mindfulness” (satipattha^na, q.v.), consisting partly in concentration (sama^dhi) exercises, partly in insight (vipassana^) exercises. On the other hand, the cemetery meditations (si^vathika, q.v.) mentioned in the Satipattha^na S.(M. 10) are nearly the same as the 10 contemplations of loathsomeness (asubha-bha^vana^, q.v.). of Vis.M. VI, whereas elsewhere the contemplation on the 32 parts of the body is called the ”reflection on impurity” (patikkúla-san~n~a^).
In such texts as: ”One thing, o monks, developed and repeatedly practised, leads to the attainment of wisdom. It is the contemplation on the body” (A.I), the reference is to all exercises mentioned in the 1st Satipattha^na.
Vis.M. VIII, 2 gives a detailed description and explanation of the method of developing the contemplation on the 32 parts of the body. This exercise can produce the 1st absorption only (jha^na, q.v.) The stereotype text given in the Satipattha^na Sutta and elsewhere - but leaving out the brain - runs as follows:
"And further, o monks, the monk contemplates this body from the soles of the feet upward, and from the tops of the hairs downward, with skin stretched over it, and filled with manifold impurities: ”This body has hairs of the head, hairs of the body, nails, teeth, skin, flesh, sinews, bones, marrow, kidneys, heart, liver, diaphragm, spleen, lungs, intestines, bowels, stomach, excrement, bile, phlegm, pus, blood, sweat, fat, tears, skin grease, spittle, nasal mucus, oil of the joints, and urine ...."
Vis.M. VIII, 2 says "By repeating the words of this exercise one will become well acquainted with the wording, the mind will not rush here and there, the different parts will become distinct and appear like a row of fingers, or a row of hedge-poles. Now, just as one repeats the exercise in words, one should do it also in mind. The repeating in mind forms the condition for the penetration of the characteristic marks.... He who thus has examined the parts of the body as to colour, shape, region, locality and limits, and considers them one by one, and not too hurriedly, as something loathsome, to such a one, while contemplating the body, all these things at the same time are appearing distinctly clear. But also when keeping one”s attention fixed outwardly (i.e. to the bodies of other beings), and when all the parts appear distinctly, then all men and animals moving about lose the appearance of living beings and appear like heaps of many different things. And it looks as if those foods and drinks, being swallowed by them, were being inserted into this heap of things. Now, while again and again one is conceiving the idea ”Disgusting! Disgusting!” - omitting in due course several parts - gradually the attainment - concentration (appana^-sama^dhi, i.e. the concentration of the jha^na) will be reached. In this connection, the appearing of forms ... is called the acquired image (uggaha-nimitta), the arising of loathsomeness, however, the counter-image (patibha^ganimitta)."
s. vin~n~atti.
sankha^ra, i.e. wholesome or unwholesome volitions (cetana^) manifested as actions of body, speech or mind, form the 2nd link of the formula of dependent origination (paticca-samuppa^da, q.v.).
s. mada.
sankha^ra (q.v.). s. Tab. II.
pakati-si^la (q.v.).
s. satta^va^sa.
A ”teaching the meaning of which is implicit, or has to be inferred” as contrasted with a ”teaching with an explicit or evident meaning” (ni^tattha-dhamma). In A. I, 60 (PTS) it is said: "Whoso declares a sutta with an implicit meaning as a sutta with explicit meaning (and conversely), such a one makes a false statement with regard to the Blessed One." - See paramattha.
A ”doctrine with evident meaning”, contrasted with a ”doctrine with a meaning to be inferred” (neyyattha-dhamma, q.v.). See also paramattha.
Three Evil Paths == 叁惡道
They are the three lowest realms of the Nine Realms: hell, hungry ghost and animal.(地獄,餓鬼,畜牲)
Three Good Paths == 叁善道
They are Man, Asura and Deva Paths.(人,阿修羅,天道)
s. vin~n~atti.
sidi
1、苦谛。苦是受逼迫苦惱之意,主要指叁界生死輪回的苦惱。有叁苦、八苦的不同。叁苦,一爲苦苦,指正在受痛苦時的苦惱;二爲壞苦,是享受快樂結束時的苦惱;叁爲行苦,謂不苦不樂時,爲無常變化的自然規律所支配的苦惱,包括生、老、病、死在內。八苦即生苦、老苦、病苦、死苦、求不得苦、怨憎會苦、愛別離苦、五陰盛苦。佛教認爲,叁苦、八苦有的是社會原因造成的,有的是自然原因造成的。
2、集谛。亦名習谛。集是積聚感招之意。說一切衆生,常時以來,由于貪瞋愚癡的行動,造成的善惡行爲的業因,能感招將來的生死苦果。
3、滅谛。亦名盡谛,爲息滅、滅盡之意,滅盡叁界內之煩惱業因以及生死果報,稱爲滅,也稱了脫生死,從此不再受叁界內的生死苦惱,達到涅槃寂滅境界,即爲解脫。
4、道谛。道爲通達之意,也是道路的意思。這種道路是達到寂滅解脫的方法和手段;原始佛教認爲道谛是指八正道。以後大、小乘又各有發展。佛教認爲依道谛去修行,就能達到寂滅解脫的滅谛。由此途徑確實可以達到解脫生死的目的。
柬博寨宗教藝術遺迹的總稱。共400余處,尤以大吳哥王城、吳哥寺、巴壤寺和班疊斯雷寺最爲著名。始建于真臘帝國全盛時期的9世紀末葉。這個帝國興于6世紀,經曆了600年的繁華。初奠都洞裏薩湖畔,9世紀末遷都吳哥。吳哥古迹便是這時期的藝術創造。
大吳哥王城亦稱“吳哥通”,是當時的都城。位于今暹粒省東部。王城呈正方形,周長達12公裏。石砌城牆高7米,寬亦7米。牆外有濠溝和護城河。城門之上建石塔,塔飾大佛。門外左右排列天神兩列,各高2米,共54尊。城內有寺塔、皇宮等一系列建築群。巴壤寺即爲其中之一。
巴壤寺是建在城中心的佛寺。寺門東向。始建于12世紀末。叁層方形臺基上,各層有加廓,廓內飾淺浮雕和小石塔。第叁層臺基上所立中心大塔,高45米。周圍繞以16座中型塔和幾十座小塔,構成完整的塔群。大塔上部雕有“濕婆四面神像”,居高臨下,環顧四野,具有神秘玄思的意味,也反映出佛教與印度都的融合。
吳哥寺,又稱“小吳哥”。位于大吳哥王城南郊。始建于國王蘇裏亞跋摩二世時。平面設計猶如大小四個“口”字相疊套,形成裏外叁層。第一層臺基東西長215米,南北寬180米。有六處入口通向第二層臺基,這層臺基長115米,寬100米,比第一層高出7米。第叁層臺基爲正方形,邊長75米。圓心爲大塔,離地面65米。四隅各有相同形製的一座小塔。第二層臺基四隅亦然。所以吳哥寺共有九塔,今惟存第叁層之五塔。整體設計體現了佛教須彌山世界的思想,成爲宇宙中心之象征。
班疊斯雷寺裏外繞以叁道圍牆,主體建築爲叁座並列的石塔。叁塔南北向吳一字形,建于同一座臺基上,相間1米。石塔拱門之上的楣石飾有精致的淺浮雕。
吳哥古迹的雕刻藝術成就極高。吳哥寺各層回廓內側皆飾淺浮雕,覆蓋面長達800多米,內容多關于佛教、印度教兩大史詩《羅摩衍那》和《摩诃婆羅多》的描繪,也穿插許多世俗生活場景。畫面層次分明,裝飾效果極強。其圓雕作品以“吳哥式微笑”的風格著稱。
13世紀末,真臘帝國又遷新都。吳哥王城的繁華逐漸被埋在熱帶叢林之中。直到19世紀葉葉才能發現。(羅照輝)
”gradual instruction”, progressive sermon; given by the Buddha when it was necessary to prepare first the listener”s mind before speaking to him on the advanced teaching of the Four Noble Truths. The stock passage (e.g. D. 3; D 14; M. 56) runs as follows:
"Then the Blessed One gave him a gradual instruction - that is to say, he spoke on liberality (”giving”, da^na, q.v.), on moral conduct (si^la) and on the heaven (sagga); he explained the peril, the vanity and the depravity of sensual pleasures, and the advantage
of renunciation. When the Blessed One perceived that the listener”s mind was prepared, pliant, free from obstacles, elevated and lucid; then he explained to him that exalted teaching particular to the Buddhas (buddha^nam sa^mukkamsika^ desana^), that is: suffering, its cause, its ceasing, and the path."
”contemplation of not-self” is one of the 18 chief kinds of insight (s. vipassana^). See also above.
”one-pointedness of mind”, is a synonym of concentration, or sama^dhi (q.v.)
arúpa^vacara: cf. avacara, jha^na (5-8); Tab. I.