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catu CHAN chie once ca^ga cakka cause chaos citta kicca nicca sacca space access action ANICCA anicca Avi^ci cakkhu carana carita chanda change course escape object picked trance va^ca^ absence avacara cankers cetana^ CHARITY conceit control counter craving created decline factors miccha^ miracle paccaya patched perfect Preface upacaya vica^ra acquired ca^ritta cemetery cetasika clinging deciding dogmatic kin~cana kukkucca papan~ca PATIENCE patience practice reaction scruples sucarita suchness uddhacca upaca^ra acinteyya adherence adhicitta cetokhila character CONDITION cosmogony cowardice duccarita ENDURANCE existence faculties IGNORANCE ignorance immediacy micchatta obstacles advertence analytical compassion conception conditions confidence contiguity continuity cuti citta detachment elasticity EXTINCTION extinction functional hindrances inducement low speech macchariya obduracies overcoming permanency productive reflection repugnance SIX PLACES successive tendencies upavica^ra appicchata^ ariya sacca association attachments chaste life co nascence contentment corruptions cutúpapa^ta deliverance destruction dosa carita forbearance intoxicants mind object nippapan~ca perfections performance proficiency RECOGNITION remembrance rúpa^vacara san~cetana^ vaci^ kamma vicikiccha^ accumulation arúpa^vacara ceto vimutti citta kkhana citta vi^thi conventional corporeality covetousness dhamma cakka dibba cakkhu dissociation impermanence inclinations intoxicating ka^ma^vacara lobha carita non violence pan~ca si^la predominance proclivities purification ra^ga carita recollectons RENUNCIATION RIGHT ACTION RIGHT SPEECH sacca n~a^na subconscious twin miracle ahetuka citta anuloma citta atthi paccaya birth process brahma cariya cakkhu dha^tu companionship comprehension concentration consciousness CONTEMPLATION contemplation contentedness disappearance FIVE OFFENCES FIVE PRECEPTS FIVE VEHICLES imperfections ka^ma cchanda kamma paccaya karma process magga paccaya manopavica^ra mental action pacceka bodhi post nascence sammuti sacca SIX ENTRANCES TIEN TAI SECT TWELVE PLACES TWO OBSTACLES unconditioned verbal action vijja^ carana vipacitan~n~u voha^ra sacca altruistic joy chal abhin~n~o citt’ekaggata^ citta santa^na citta visuddhi natthi paccaya pacceka buddha path condition sahetuka citta samudaya sacca TEN DIRECTIONS uccheda ditthi vigata paccaya visible object 瑜伽行派（Yogacara） anicca san~n~a^ avigata paccaya cakkh’ a^yatana chal abhin~n~a^ characteristics citta sankha^ra indriya paccaya mental function mental obduracy nihilistic view nissaya paccaya olfactory organ sankhitta citta sceptical doubt self confidence TAKING PRECEPTS THREE OBSTACLES vaci^ sankha^ra vipa^ka paccaya vitakka vica^ra 五明(panca-vidya) a^sevana paccaya adhipati paccaya anantara paccaya citta vipalla^sa citta^nupassana^ cognitive series equality conceit mano san~cetana^ monks’ community santi^rana citta sensuous craving te ci^varik’anga tiraccha^na yoni upekkhopavica^ra vaci^ vin~n~atti vin~n~a^na kicca votthapana citta 四谛(catur-satyas) a^cin!n!aka kamma anicca^nupassana^ ascending insight cakkhu vin~n~a^na cetaso vinibandha cittass’ekaggata^ destructive karma eye consciousness FIVE COMMANDMENTS ineffective karma mental advertence non disappearance paricchinna^ka^sa paticcasamuppa^da pureja^ta paccaya RIGHT REMEMBRANCE sahaja^ta paccaya sensuous clinging SIX CONSCIOUSNESS SIX PSYCHIC POWER upaca^ra sama^dhi upacchedaka kamma yoga^vacara yogi 桑奇大塔(Sanch Stupa) asankha^rika citta catu voka^ra bhava ceto pariya n~a^na corporeality group cycle of existence domanassupavica^ra full comprehension hasituppa^da citta karma accumulation meritorious action ONE BUDDHA VEHICLE reflex perceptions sampayutta paccaya samuccheda paha^na self mortification somanassúpavica^ra tada^rammana citta tiraccha^na katha^ unconscious beings upanissaya paccaya vippayutta paccaya wheel of existence yoga^vacara = yogi 佛所行贊(Buddhacarita) 四大(caturmahabhuta) 五種姓(panca-gotrani) 圓珍(Enchin 814~891) 最澄(Saicho 767~822) alcohol prohibition analytical doctrine counteractive karma death consciousness discursive thinking gradual instruction inferiority conceit lofty consciousness one group existence red kasina exercise RIGHT CONCENTRATION samanantara paccaya sampaticchana citta spiritual faculties superiority conceit 月官（Candragomin約7世紀） a^kin~can~n~a^yatana access concentration akuppa^ ceto vimutti cemetery meditations cinta^ maya pan~n~a^ derived corporeality five group existence four group existence greedy consciousness inference of meaning ka^mesu miccha^ca^ra niyata miccha^ditthi paccavekkhana n~a^na paccavekkhana suddhi paccha^ja^ta paccaya pan~ca voka^ra bhava pan~cadva^ra^vajjana regenerating process UNCONDITIONED DHARMA a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana animitta ceto vimutti corporeality and mind deluded consciousness germinating once more mind and corporeality pan~ca dva^ra^vajjana produced corporeality sacca^nulomika n~a^na THREE CLASSIFICATIONS transference of merit vi^thi = citta vi^thi vin~n~a^nan~ca^yatana abhisama^ca^rika si^la an~n~a^man~n~a paccaya appama^na ceto vimutti bhavanga sota^, citta catu pa^risuddhi si^la citta samuttha^na rúpa desire for deliverance desireless deliverance doctrine of the Buddha FIVE FORMS OF DECAYING prescribed moral rules resistance perceptions sensitive corporeality SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS substrata of existence unshakable deliverance upahacca parinibba^yi^ 中國佛教（Chinese Buddhism） catu dha^tu vavattha^na FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS muccitu kamyata^ n~a^na receptive consciousness retrospective knowledge SIX STATES OF EXISTENCE 境行果(sthana-carya-phala) 毗尼多流支(Vinitaruci ?~594) 菩提流支(Bodhiruci 約5~6世紀間) 月稱(Candrakirti 約7世紀中葉) a^dibrahmacariyaka si^la attainment concentration clarity of consciousness corporeality perceptions ego idea, ego perception multiformity perceptions paccaya sannissita si^la paricchinna^ka^sa kasina reflecting contemplation sacchikarani^ya^ dhamma^ verbal functions of mind 部派佛部(Sectarian Buddhism) 大日經(Mahavairocana-sutra) avoidance and performance hate rooted consciousness registering consciousness support decisive support 摩诃菩提會(Maha Bodhi Society) 日蓮（Nichiren 1222～1282） a^kin~can~n~a ceto vimutti ability to acquire insight dhamma vicaya sambojjhanga functions of consciousness happy courses of existence impersonality of existence khalu paccha^ bhattik’anga mind consciousness element parassa ceto pariya n~a^na TEN VEHICLES OF MEDITATION balance of mental faculties karma produced corporeality neighbourhood concentration origination of corporeality thought thought conception 佛教建築(Buddhist architecture) akusala sa^dha^rana cetasika 瑜伽師地論(Yogacara-bhumi-sastra) EIGHTEEN DIFFERENT CHARACTERS 中國佛教美術（Buddhist　art　in　China） ascetic purification practices equilibrium of mental faculties SIX DIRECTIONS OF REINCARNATION subha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi sukha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi THREE UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS 中國佛教音樂(Buddhist music in China) karmically acquired corporeality citta ja (citta samuttha^na) rúpa FOUR ASPECTS (OF BUDDHIST DHARMA) 望月信亨（Mochizuki Shinko 1869～1948） NIRVANA OF PURE, CLEAR SELF-NATURE 解深密經(Sandhinir-mokcana-vyuha-sutra) 中國佛學院(The Chinese Buddhist Academy) 達斯，S·C·（Sarat Chandra Das 1849~1917) 歐美佛教（Buddhism in America and Europe）師覺月（Prabodhi Chandra Bagachi ?~1956） FIVE CATEGORIES OF UNTRANSLATED TERMS TEN GREAT DISCIPLES OF SKAKYAMUNI BUDDHA 金剛經(Vajracchedika-prajna-paramita-sutra) 異部宗輪論(Samayabhedo-paracanacak-ra-sastra) 馬克斯·缪勒，F·（Friedrich Max Muller 1823～1900）中國佛教協會(The Buddhist Association of China) karmically wholesome, unwholesome, neutral FOUR RELIANCE (TO LEARNING BUDDHIST DHARMA) SPHERE OF NEITHER-PERCEPTION-NOR-NON-PERCEPTION 國際佛教研究協會(The International Association of Buddhist Studies) ▲ 收起

南傳佛教英文辭典【235】chal abhin~n~a^

　　the　　6　　”higher　　powers”;　　s.　　abhin~n~a^.

南傳佛教英文辭典【236】characteristics

　　of　　existence,　　the.　　3:　　ti-lakkhana　　(q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典【237】citta sankha^ra

　　s.　　sankha^ra.

南傳佛教英文辭典【238】indriya paccaya

　　s.　　paccaya　　16.

南傳佛教英文辭典【239】mental function

　　citta-sankha^ra;　　s.　　sankha^ra　　(2).

南傳佛教英文辭典【240】mental obduracy

　　ceto-khila　　(q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典【241】nihilistic view

　　natthika-ditthi;　　s.　　ditthi.

南傳佛教英文辭典【242】nissaya paccaya

”support”,　　base,　　foundation,　　is　　one　　of　　the　　24　　conditions　　(s.　　paccaya,　　8).

南傳佛教英文辭典【243】olfactory organ

　　s.　　a^yatana.

南傳佛教英文辭典【244】sankhitta citta

　　in　　the　　Satipattha^na　　Sutta,　　signifies　　the　　”contracted”　　or　　”cramped”　　mind,　　not　　the　　concentrated　　(sama^hita)　　mind,　　as　　often　　translated　　by　　Western　　authors.　　Cf.　　Satipattha^na　　(3).

南傳佛教英文辭典【245】sceptical doubt

　　vicikiccha^　　(q.v.).　　Cf.　　kankha^.

南傳佛教英文辭典【246】self confidence

　　vesa^rajja　　(q.v.).

英漢對照詞典【247】TAKING PRECEPTS

Taking　　Precepts　　==　　持戒

see　　Morality.

英漢對照詞典【248】THREE OBSTACLES

Three　　Obstacles　　==　　叁障

1.the　　karmic　　obstacle　　
2.the　　affliction　　obstacle　　
3.the　　retribution　　obstacle　　
When　　the　　Three　　Obstacles　　are　　cleared　　and　　dissolved,　　the　　Three　　Virtues　　will　　be　　perfected.

南傳佛教英文辭典【249】vaci^ sankha^ra

”verbal　　karma-formation”,　　or　　”verbal　　function”.
(1)　　For　　verbal　　karma-formation,　　s.　　sankha^ra　　(I.　　1).
(2)　　For　　verbal　　function　　(of　　mind),　　i.e.　　thought-conception　　and　　discursive　　thinking,　　s.　　sankha^ra　　(I.　　2).

南傳佛教英文辭典【250】vipa^ka paccaya

”karma-result　　condition”　　is　　one　　of　　the　　24　　conditions　　(paccaya,　　q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典【251】vitakka vica^ra

”thought-conception　　and　　discursive　　thinking”,　　(or　　”applied　　and　　sustained　　thought”)　　are　　verbal　　functions　　(vaci^-sankha^ra:　　s.　　sankha^ra)　　of　　the　　mind,　　the　　so-called　　”inner　　speech　　(”parole　　interieure”).　　They　　are　　constituents　　of　　the　　1st　　absorption　　(s.　　jha^na),　　but　　absent　　in　　the　　higher　　absorptions.
(1)　　"Thought-conception　　(vitakka)　　is　　the　　laying　　hold　　of　　a　　thought,　　giving　　it　　attention.　　Its　　characteristic　　consists　　in　　fixing　　the　　consciousness　　to　　the　　object.
(2)　　"Discursive　　thinking　　(vica^ra)　　is　　the　　roaming　　about　　and　　moving　　to　　and　　fro　　of　　the　　mind....　　It　　manifests　　itself　　as　　continued　　activity　　of　　mind"　　(Vis.M.　　IV).
(1)　　is　　compared　　with　　the　　striking　　against　　a　　bell,　　(2)　　with　　its　　resounding;　　(1)　　with　　the　　seizing　　of　　a　　pot,　　(2)　　with　　wiping　　it.　　(Cf.　　Vis　　.　　IV.).

中國百科全書【252】五明(panca-vidya)

　　wuming

　　古代印度的五類學科。全稱五明處，即聲明、工巧明、醫方明、因明和內明。前四明是各學派共同的，後一明各學派各有自己的典籍、宗旨，內容亦不相同。如佛教以叁藏十二部經典教義爲內明，婆羅門教則以四吠陀爲內明。大乘佛教積極主張利益衆生，以五明爲學人所必學的內容，並認爲經是圓成佛果的“大智資糧”。

　　聲明　　研究語言和名、句、文身等如何構成的學問。義淨說“西方”6歲童子開始學《悉談章》等聲明著作。中國唐代沙門智廣撰有《悉昙字記》，即此類專著。藏文大藏經中譯有聲明專著近40種。

　　工巧明　　包括的範圍很廣，據《瑜伽師地論》卷十五“工業明處”稱：農，商，事王，書、標、計度、數、印，占相，咒術，營造（雕塑），生成（豢養六畜等），防那（紡織、編織、縫紉），和合（調解爭訟），成熟（飲食業），音樂等十二種均屬此。

　　醫方明　　相當于現代的醫藥科學和醫療技術。釋伽牟尼在世時，其弟子耆婆（王舍城名醫）對醫藥就有所貢獻。隨著佛經的傳譯，天竺醫術也傳入中國，佛經中的“地水火風”和“四百四病”之說，早爲中國古代醫學界所采用。義淨譯的《金光明最勝王經·除病品》中曾講到風、熱、痰蔭、總集等病和針刺、傷破等8種治療方術。融合漢、印、藏醫學的西藏《四部經典》也頗負盛名。

　　因明　　印度邏輯學。印度正理派首創。印度佛教瑜伽行派學者彌勒、無著在《瑜伽師地論》中用“論體”等七事來作解釋，重在辯論術方面的研究。到了陳那作《集量論》，把它發展到以“量論”（帶有認識論的意義）爲主要內容的探討。北魏延興二年（472）吉迦夜譯《方便心論》，梁大寶元年（550）真谛譯《如實論》，因明之學開始傳入中國。其後玄奘傳習因明，譯有陳那的《因明正理門論》和商羯羅主的《因明入正理論》。後窺基作《因明入正理論疏》6卷，成爲漢地研習因明的主要典籍。從此因明在中國佛學界中得到廣泛流傳。

　　內明　　即佛學，指釋迦的言教，包括菩薩藏和聲聞藏兩類教典。據《瑜伽師地論》卷十叁《聞所成地》的解說，“內明處”略有4種相：1、由事施設建立相（指經、律、論的建立）；2、由想差別施設建立相（指佛教專有名相的建立）；3、由攝聖教相（指解釋佛教教義的理論）；4、由佛教所應知處相（指佛教所應知道的法數）。（王新）

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