(of morality etc.): s. ha^na-bha^giya-si^la. S. of existence: vivatta (q.v.).
macchariya (q.v.); cf. Tab. II.
births, karma ripening in: s. karma.
Suddhodana == 净饭王
Pure Rice Prince, the father of Shakyamuni, ruled over the Sakyans at Kapilaratthu on the Nepalese border.
”the Thirty-thrce (Gods)”, a class of heavenly beings in the sensuous sphere; s. deva (I).
Ten Powers == 十力
The Ten Powers of Buddha or Bodhisattva are the complete knowledge of
1.what is right or wrong in every condition
2.what is the karma of every being, past, present and future
3.all stages of dhyana liberation and samadhi
4.the powers and faculties of all beings
5.the desires or moral directions of every being
6.the actual condition of every individual
7.the direction and consequence of all laws
8.all causes of mortality and of good and evil in their reality
9.the end of all beings and Nirvana
10.the destruction of all illusion of every kind
anusaya (q.v.).
Two Deaths == 二死
Two Deaths refer to
1.share-sectioned birth and death
2.changed birth and death
one, the: akuppa-dhamma (q.v.).
”impurities”, corruptions, imperfections (a frequent rendering by ”defilements” is better reserved for kilesa, q.v.).
A list of 16 moral ”impurities of the mind” (cittassa upakkilesa) is mentioned and explained in M. 7 & 8 (WHEEI. 61/62): 1. covetousness and unrighteous greed (abhijjha^-visamalobha), 2. ill will (vya^pa^da), 3. anger (kodha), 4. hostility (upana^ha), 5. denigration (makkha), 6. domineering (pala^sa), 7. envy (issa^), 8. stinginess (macchariya), 9. hypocrisy (ma^ya^), 10. fraud (sa^theyya), 11. obstinacy (thambha), 12. presumption (sa^rambha), 13. conceit (ma^na), 14. arrogance (atima^na), 15. vanity (mada), 16. negligence (pama^da).
There are 3 groups of upakkilesa pertaining to meditation:
(a) 9 mental imperfections occurring in ”one devoted to higher mental training” (adhicitta); 3 coarse ones - evil conduct in deeds, words and thoughts; 3 medium - thoughts of sensual desire, ill will and cruelty; 3 subtle - thoughts about one”s relatives, one”s country and one”s reputation (A. III, 100).
(b) 18 imperfections in the practice of mindfulness of breathing (a^na^pa^na-sati, q.v.), mentioned in Pts.M., a^na^pa^na-katha^ (tr. in Mindfulness of Breathing, by n~a^namoli Thera (p. 60; BPS).
(c) 10 ”imperfections of insight” (-meditation, vipassanúpakkilesa); s. visuddhi V.
”self-confidence” of a Buddha is fourfold. He is confident: 1. to have attained to a perfect Enlightenment of which it cannot be said that it omits anything essential to it; 2. to have destroyed all cankers (a^sava), leaving none that can be said to be undestroyed by him; 3. that what were declared by him as obstacles to liberation are undeniably such; 4. that his teaching fulfils its purpose of actually leading to final liberation from suffering. See A. IV, 8; VII, 58; M. 12.
”perversions” or ”distortions”. - ””There are 4 perversions which may be either of perception (san~n~a^-vipalla^sa), of consciousness (citta v.) or of views (ditthi-v.). And which are these four? To regard what is impermanent (anicca) as permanent; what is painful (dukkha) as pleasant (or happiness-yielding); what is without a self (anatta^) as a self; what is impure (ugly: asubha) as pure or beautiful”” (A. IV, 49). - See Manual of Insight, by Ledi Sayadaw (WHEEL 31/32). p.5.
"Of the perversions, the following are eliminated by the 1st path-knowledge (sota^patti): the perversions of perception, consciousness and views, that the impermanent is permanent and what is not a self is a self; further, the perversion of views that the painful is pleasant, and the impure is pure. By the 3rd path-knowledge (ana^ga^mita^) are eliminated: the perversions of perception and consciousness that the impure is pure. By the 4th path-knowledge (arahatta) are eliminated the perversions of perception and consciousness that the painful is pleasant" (Vis.M. XXII, 68).
ya^nika = sukkha-vipassaka (q.v.).
is frequently found in the older sutta texts (e.g. A. II, 32; S. XLV, 159), also together with samatha. The 9 and 18 insight-knowledges (vipassana^-n~a^na and maha^-vipassana^), however, occur in the Sutta Pitaka only in the Pts.M., n~a^nakatha^, where they are enumerated and explained, though without any group name being attached to them.
”insight”, is the intuitive light flashing forth and exposing the truth of the impermanency, the suffering and the impersonal and unsubstantial nature of all corporeal and mental phenomena of existence. It is insight-wisdom (vipassana^-pan~n~a^) that is the decisive liberating factor in Buddhism, though it has to be developed along with the 2 other trainings in morality and concentration. The culmination of insight practice (s. visuddhi VI) leads directly to the stages of holiness (s. visuddhi VII).
Insight is not the result of a mere intellectual understanding, but is won through direct meditative observation of one”s own bodily and mental processes. In the commentaries and the Vis.M., the sequene in developing insight-meditation is given as follows: 1. discernment of the corporeal (rúpa), 2. of the mental (na^ma), 3. contemplation of both (na^marúpa; i.e. of their pairwise occurrence in actual events, and their interdependence), 4. both viewed as conditioned (application of the dependent origination, paticcasamuppa^da), 5. application of the 3 characteristics (impermanency, etc.) to mind-and-body-cum-conditions.
The stages of gradually growing insight are described in the 9insight- knowledges (vipassana^-n~a^na), constituting the 6th stage of purification: beginning with the ”knowledge of rise and fall” and ending with the ”adaptation to Truth”. For details, see visuddhi VI and Vis.M. XXI.
Eighteen chief kinds of insight-knowledge (or principal insights, maha^-vipassana^) are listed and described in Vis.M. XXII, 113: (1) contemplation of impermanence (anicca^nupassana^), (2) of suffering (dukkha^nupassana^), (3) of no self (anatta^nupnupassana^), (4) of aversion (nibbida^nupassana^). (5) of detachment (vira^ga^nupassana^), (6) of extinction (nirodha^nupassana^), (7) of abandoning (patinissagga^nupassana^), (8) of waning (khaya^nupassana^), (9) of vanishing (vaya^nupassana^), (10) of change (viparina^ma^nupassana^), (11) of the unconditioned (or signless, animitta^nupassana^), (12) of desirelessness (apanihita^nupassana^), (13) of emptiness (sun~n~ata^upassana^), (14) insight into phenomena which is higher wisdom (adhipan~n~a^-dhamma-vipassana^), (15) knowledge and vision according to reality (yatha^-bhúta-n~a^nadassana), (16) contemplation of misery (or danger, a^di^nava^nupassana^), (17) reflecting contemplation (patisankha^nupassana^), (18) contemplation of turning away (vivattana^nupassana^).
Through these 18, the adverse ideas and views are overcome, for which reason this way of overcoming is called ”overcoming by the opposite” (tadanga-paha^na, overcoming this factor by that). Thus (1) dispels the idea of permanence. (2) the idea of happiness, (3) the idea of self, (4) lust, (5) greed, (6) origination, (7) grasping, (8) the idea of compactness, (9) karma-accumulation, (10) the idea of lastingness, (11) the conditions, (12) delight, (13) adherence, (14) grasping and adherence to the idea of substance, (15) attachment and adherence, (17) thoughtlessness, (18) dispels entanglement and clinging.
Insight may be either mundane (lokiya, q.v.) or supermundane (lokuttara, q.v.). Supermundane insight is of 3 kinds: (1) joined with one of the 4 supermundane paths, (2) joined with one of the fruitions of these paths, (3) regarding the extinction, or rather suspension, of consciousness (s. nirodha-sama^patti).
See samatha-vipassana^, visuddhi, III-VII.
Literature: Manual of Insight, by Ledi Sayadaw (WHEL 31/32). Practical Insight Meditation, Progress of Insight, both by Maha^si Sayadaw (BPS). The Experience of Insight, by Joseph Goldstein (BPS).
Buhai
佛教戒律和行持的一个原则。原意为不杀生或不伤害,即对一切有生命的物类不加伤害。不害一词最早见于印度的《广森林奥义》,“奥义书”列为再生族(婆罗门、刹帝利和吠舍种性)断灭轮回的五种解脱方法之一。耆那教特别重视不杀信条,谓在一切生命中都有着灵魂,因此不害是信徒“正行”之一。佛教沿用这一概念,但视植物为“非情”,不作为不害的对象。《大乘广五蕴论》说:“云何不害?谓害对治,以悲为性。谓由悲故,不害群生,是无瞋分,不损恼为业。”说一切有部列为“大善地法”之一,小乘把杀人列为出家比丘四波罗夷戒(四重禁戒)之第三。按戒律条文规定,不杀的对象只限于人类;法相宗视不害为“善法”之一。大乘因强调慈悲为怀,普度众生,比小乘更重视不害的思想,故范围扩大到一切生命,要求做到身口意三业无犯,并在显教菩萨戒的十重戒(十波罗夷戒)中列杀生为首条。不害也是在家佛教徒必须遵行的五戒和沙弥的十戒之一。现代的印度甘地继承了这种不害的思想,构成他非暴力主义的哲学原则,认为不害不仅是“一切生命的原则”,也是“人类的基本法则”。(黄心川)
the 3: virati (q.v.).
”ineffective karma”; s. karma.