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utu atta both catu gati hate hetu lust meat path peta sati talk ties tree unit agati amata ARHAT atta^ citta death doubt faith great ja^ti light merit METTA mirth pi^ti right satta sloth STUPA SUTRA vatta water " action ANATTA Arahat atappa beauty carita dha^tu ditthi eating EFFORT effort fixity forest gantha ghosts growth JATAKA khanti MANTRA MATTER matter method metta^ MUDITA object purity stains sugati taints tanha^ terror torpor trance truths tusita vatthu virati virtue agility anatta^ cetana^ CHARITY conceit control counter created destiny devotee duggati emotion factors fetters HUA TOU insight ji^vita lahuta^ mastery matured mudita^ muduta^ neutral nimitta okkanti ottappa patched patigha perfect rapture reality rebirth samatha sammuti sassata sitting thought turning vimutti vipatti vitakka vivatta a^yatana adherent AMITABHA anussati atima^na ca^ritta cemetery cetasika departed DEVOTION dhutanga dogmatic elements eternity exertion extremes fatalism fruition gotrabhú impurity interest kammanta KSATRIYA maintain MAITREYA MORALITY morality nibbatti not self opposite PARAMITA PATIENCE patience postures practice reaction sammatta sankhata santa^na serenity sucarita Table II tathata^ te vijja thinking training ujukata^ uposatha upstream virility vitality VOLITION volition 谛(satya) 慧 (Mati) acinteyya adhicitta akanittha anottappa asankhata attention avya^kata beautiful breathing cetokhila character CONDITION deva dúta deviation dhuta^nga duccarita dukkhata^ EMPTINESS emptiness existence faculties formation immediate intention lightness lokuttara mahaggata micchatta nutriment obstacles pariyatti patipada^ patipatti pativedha proximity ready wit SARIPUTRA SENSATION SIX DUSTS SIX PATHS SIX ROOTS something ti pitaka ti ratana ti sarana TRAILOKYA treasures TRIPITAKA vinipa^ta aberration absorption ADHITTHANA advertence aggregates analytical antinomies appendants awakenment BODHISATTA Bodhisatta conception conditions contiguity continuity cuti citta detachment dibba sota ego entity elasticity enthusiasm equanimity EXTINCTION extinction femininity foundation functional generation impurities inducement intimation liberality liberation MAHASATTVA MEDITATION meditation mutability opapa^tika paramattha patisandhi pattida^na productive puthujjana reflection repetition RIGHT VIEW sama^patti sensuality si^labbata sota^panna sota^patti standstill stinginess ta^vatimsa tatha^gata TEN POWERS tendencies therava^da TWO DEATHS vin~n~atti wrong path 無常(anitya) a^nantariya a^po dha^tu abandonment abstentions adhittha^na ANAPANASATI appicchata^ association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA chaste life contentment corruptions cutúpapa^ta defilements destruction determining development dissolution dosa carita earnestness EIGHT WINDS enlightened foundations immortality indifferent infatuation inoperative intoxicants itthindriya kamma patha kamma vatta LOTUS SUTRA maha^ bhúta mana^yatana mano dha^tu MIDDLE PATH middle path mind object origination pa^timokkha paritta^bha patipannaka patti da^na penetration perfections personality preparatory realization RECOGNITION rúpa^yatana sala^yatana samuttha^na san~cetana^ si^vathika^ tejo dha^tu tejo kasina temperature THREE ROOTS THREE SEALS ti lakkhana unthinkable uprightness vavattha^na 結集(samgiti) 無我(anatman) 真如(tathata) abhinibbatti accumulation adaptability bhava ditthi bhava tanha^ body witness ceto vimutti citta kkhana citta vi^thi conventional corporeality covetousness dispensation dissociation fire element FOUR VIRTUES hate natured heat element hiri ottappa inclinations intoxicating ka^ma tanha^ kammattha^na karma result light kasina lobha carita mental image mind element momentaneity pa^tiha^riya pakati si^la patisandhika petti visaya pi^ta kasina pleasantness proclivities purification ra^ga carita radiant gods recollectons RENUNCIATION restlessness RIGHT ACTION RIGHT EFFORT RIGHT SPEECH santutthita^ SIX PARAMITA SROTA-APANNA stream entry TEN PARAMITA THREE DOGMAS THREE JEWELS THREE REALMS THREE WISDOM tranquillity TWELVE BASES twin miracle va^yo dha^tu vatthu ka^ma wind element 叁界(tridhatu) 鐵薩羅(Tissara) Abbreviations ahetuka citta anatta^ va^da anuloma citta attentiveness atthi paccaya birth process cakkhu dha^tu concentration CONTEMPLATION contemplation contentedness deathlessness determination dhamma dha^tu dhamma^yatana ditthi ppatta earth element ENLIGHTENMENT enlightenment FIVE PRECEPTS fixed destiny FOUR FRUITION hadaya vatthu imperfections investigating investigation ka^ya lahuta^ kamman~n~ata^ kammattha^na^ loathsomeness lohita kasina material food mental action nimma^na rati oda^ta kasina pa^gun~n~ata^ patisambhida^ patisankha^na post nascence RIGHT THOUGHT sammuti sacca satipattha^na silent buddha SIX ENTRANCES stream winner subha nimitta tanha^ kkhaya THREE POISONS THREE SHASTRA THREE STUDIES THREE VIRTUES TIEN TAI SECT tittha^yatana TWELVE PLACES TWO OBSTACLES unconditioned understanding verbal action vipacitan~n~u vivatta kappa water element weighty karma 阿旃陀石窟(Ajanta) 舍衛城(Sravasti) 因明(Hetuvidya) a^ka^sa dha^tu abhibha^yatana ahetuka ditthi akiriya ditthi altruistic joy AMITABHA SUTRA asan~n~a satta atta kilamatha auditory organ AVALOKITESVARA buddha^nussati citt’ekaggata^ citta santa^na citta visuddhi devata^nussati dhamma^nussati EIGHTFOLD PATH eightfold path frivolous talk greedy natured habitual karma kalya^na mitta katatta^ kamma marana^nussati natthi paccaya niyata puggala path condition relative truth sahetuka citta samvatta kappa samvega vatthu sangaha vatthu SIX FULFILMENT stupid natured TEN DIRECTIONS TEN GOOD DEEDS transformation transitoriness TWELVE NIDANAS uccheda ditthi uggaha nimitta ugghatitan~n~u upapatti bhava va^ritta si^la vibhava tanha^ vigata paccaya visible object 大圓滿(mahasanti) 二谛(twi-satyas) 叁谛(tri-satyas) a^na^pa^na sati akusala vitakka avigata paccaya cakkh’ a^yatana characteristics citta sankha^ra deluded natured ditth’upa^da^na ditthi visuddhi EIGHT NEGATIONS EIGHTEEN FIELDS eternity belief FOUR GREAT VOWS gotrabhú n~a^na gustatory organ indriya samatta mental function mental obduracy natthika ditthi nihilistic view olfactory organ pathavi^ dha^tu pathavi^ kasina PRATYEKA-BUDDHA sakka^ya ditthi samatha ya^nika sankhitta citta sappatigha rúpa sceptical doubt SHATIKA SHASTRA sota^pattiyanga SPIRITUAL GHOST stored up karma tadanga paha^na TAKING PRECEPTS tatha^gata bala THREE DELUSIONS THREE OBSTACLES tranquilisation upasama^nussati vitakka vica^ra 百論(Sata-sastra) 大藏經(tri-pitaka) 法界(dharmadhatu) 極樂世界(sukhavati) adhipati paccaya anantara paccaya anatta^ san~n~a^ atthangika magga AVATAMSAKA SUTRA citta vipalla^sa citta^nupassana^ cognitive series dukkha patipada^ EIGHT SUFFERINGS equality conceit faithful natured immaterial world ka^ya gata^ sati ka^ya vin~n~atti karma formations khandha santa^na life infatuation mano san~cetana^ mental formation monks’ community natural morality nava satta^va^sa neyyattha dhamma ni^tattha dhamma nissaya nissita pan~n~a^ vimutti pindapa^tik’anga reversible merit RIGHT LIVELIHOOD round of rebirth santi^rana citta streams of merit supportive karma te ci^varik’anga THIRTY-TWO FORMS THREE EVIL PATHS THREE GOOD PATHS THREE SUFFERINGS tiraccha^na yoni vaci^ vin~n~atti votthapana citta wheel of the law 經量部(Sautrantike) 六度(sad-paramita) 律經(Vinaya-sutra) 叁性(tri-svabhava) 四谛(catur-satyas) 吳哥古迹(Angkor Vat) a^nantarika kamma a^nupubbi^ katha^ ahirika anottappa anatta^nupassana^ animitta vimokkha ascending insight bhavanga santa^na cetaso vinibandha cittass’ekaggata^ destructive karma disinterestedness ditthi vipalla^sa FIVE COMMANDMENTS FOREMOST PARAMITA FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS highest knowledge immaterial sphere ineffective karma kusala kammapatha mental advertence n~a^ta parin~n~a^ na^natta san~n~a^ NO STRIFE SAMADHI pakati upanissaya pan~n~atti si^la parikamma nimitta paticcasamuppa^da patta pindik’anga pureja^ta paccaya RIGHT REMEMBRANCE sahaja^ta paccaya santa^na santati sati sambojjhanga sati sampajan~n~a satta^va^sa nava SINGALOVADA SUTRA tatramajjhattata^ TEN DHARMA REALMS TEN WHOLESOMENESS upagha^taka kamma vin~n~a^na tthiti youth infatuation 迦毗羅衛(Kapilavastu) 叁學(tisrah siksah) 桑奇大塔(Sanch Stupa) ahetu patisandhika an~n~a^ta^vindriya asankha^rika citta atta va^dupa^da^na catu voka^ra bhava ceto pariya n~a^na corporeality group cycle of existence dha^tu vavattha^na hasituppa^da citta health infatuation karma accumulation maturity knowledge meritorious action nirodha sama^patti patibha^ga nimitta patikkúla san~n~a^ reflex perceptions regenerative karma ruminating natured samatha vipassana^ sampayutta paccaya self mortification SIDDHARTHA GOUTAMA SIX EXTERNAL BASES SIX INTERNAL BASES SPHERE OF NO-THING tada^rammana citta tatra majjhattata^ ti^rana parin~n~a^ tiraccha^na katha^ TWO FORMS OF DEATH vippayutta paccaya wheel of existence 佛所行贊(Buddhacarita) 解脫道論(Vimuttimagga) 四大(caturmahabhuta) 五種姓(panca-gotrani) alcohol prohibition anabhirati san~n~a^ analytical doctrine animitta^nupassana^ answering questions appanihita vimokkha attha patisambhida^ counteractive karma death consciousness discursive thinking FOUR GREAT ELEMENTS FOUR UNLIMITED MIND fruits of monk life gradual instruction inferiority conceit intelligent natured lofty consciousness maha^purisa vitakka majjhima^ patipada^ one group existence RIGHT CONCENTRATION RIGHT UNDERSTANDING samanantara paccaya sampaticchana citta sattakkhattu parama SATYASIDDHI SHASTRA spiritual faculties sun~n~ata^ vimokkha superiority conceit suta maya^ pan~n~a^ TEN GREAT KING VOWS upatthambhaka kamma yamaka pa^tiha^riya 阿底峽(Atisa 982~1054) 大乘經(Mahayana sutra) 寂天(Santideva 約7世紀) 六足論(Satpada sastra) 說一切有部(Sarvastivada) a^kin~can~n~a^yatana access concentration adaptation knowledge akuppa^ ceto vimutti cemetery meditations cinta^ maya pan~n~a^ derived corporeality dhamma patisambhida^ dhamma tthiti n~a^na ditthi nissita si^la five group existence four group existence MANJUSRI BODHISATTVA manovinn~a^na dha^tu NIRVANA WITH RESIDUE niyata miccha^ditthi pa^rami^ pa^ramita^ paccha^ja^ta paccaya parami^ = pa^ramita^ pubbeniva^sa^nussati regenerating process samvejani^ya ttha^na SUDDEN ENLIGHTENMENT SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA sun~n~ata^nupassana^ tanha^ nissita si^la TEN TITLES OF BUDDHA THREE ENLIGHTENMENTS ti hetu patisandhika UNCONDITIONED DHARMA VAST AND LONG TONGUE vivattana^nupassana^ yatha^santhatik’anga 大乘論(Mahayana sastra) 小乘論(Hinayana sastra) 中道(madhyamapratipad) a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana animitta ceto vimutti antara^ parinibba^yi^ bhojane mattan~n~uta^ corporeality and mind death proximate karma dependent origination DVADASHAMUKHA SHASTRA dvi hetuka patisandhi germinating once more mind and corporeality ninefold dispensation nirutti patisambhida^ patipassaddhi paha^na produced corporeality pun~n~a kiriya vatthu questions and answers sota^pannassa anga^ni TEN MERITORIOUS DEEDS THREE CLASSIFICATIONS THREE PERIODS OF TIME transference of merit ubhato bha^ga vimutta vi^thi = citta vi^thi vin~n~a^nan~ca^yatana 梵網經(Brahmajala-sutra) 中論(Madhyamika-sastra) appama^na ceto vimutti bhavanga sota^, citta catu pa^risuddhi si^la citta samuttha^na rúpa doctrine of the Buddha FLOWER ADORNMENT SUTRA FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA ji^vita navaka kala^pa kamma samuttha^na rúpa resistance perceptions sensitive corporeality SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS substrata of existence THREE UNIVERSAL TRUTHS yatha^kammúpaga n~a^na 長阿含經(Dirghagama-sutra) 楞伽經(Lankavatara-sutra) 緣起(pratitya-samutpada) bhayatupattha^na n~a^na catu dha^tu vavattha^na dasa (tatha^gata ) bala determining the reality FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS muccitu kamyata^ n~a^na NIRVANA WITHOUT RESIDUE patinissagga^nupassana^ receptive consciousness retrospective knowledge sabbúpadhi patinissagga SIX STATES OF EXISTENCE VISVABHADRA BODHISATTVA 八正道(aryastangika-marga) 成實論(Satyasiddhi-sastra) 法稱(Dharmakirti 約6~7世紀) 佛性(buddhata, buddhatva) 境行果(sthana-carya-phala) 毗尼多流支(Vinitaruci ?~594) 四分律(Dharmagupta-vinaya) 月稱(Candrakirti 約7世紀中葉) ANNUTARA-SAMYAK-SAMBODHI attainment concentration clarity of consciousness corporeality perceptions ego idea, ego perception multiformity perceptions pa^na^tipa^ta^ veramani^ paccaya sannissita si^la patibha^na patisambhida^ reflecting contemplation verbal functions of mind 部派佛部(Sectarian Buddhism) 大日經(Mahavairocana-sutra) 寂護(Santiraksita 705~762) 戒日王(Siladitya 約590~647) 十誦律(Sarvastivada-vinaya) 無量壽經(Aparimitayur-sutra) 原始佛教(primitive Buddhism) 雜阿含經(Samyuktagama-sutra) hate rooted consciousness independently enlightened indriyesu gutta dva^rata^ kankha^ vitarana visuddhi pa^timokkha samvara si^la registering consciousness SAMANTABHADRA BODHISATTVA spontaneously born beings support decisive support TEN STAGES OF BODHISATTVA VIMALAKIRTI-NIVDESA SUTRA 佛教文學(Buddhist literature) 摩诃菩提會(Maha Bodhi Society) 增一阿含經(Ekottaragama-sutra) 中阿含經(Madh yamagama-sutra) a^ha^re patikkúla san~n~a^ a^kin~can~n~a ceto vimutti ability to acquire insight analysis of the 4 elements dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu functions of consciousness happy courses of existence impersonality of existence khalu paccha^ bhattik’anga MAHA-PRAJNA-PARAMITA-SUTRA mind consciousness element paranimmita vasavatti deva parassa ceto pariya n~a^na TEN VEHICLES OF MEDITATION THREEFOLD BODY OF A BUDDHA uddhamsota akanitthaga^mi^ 發智論(Jnanaprasthana-sastra) 俱舍論(Abhidharmakosa-sastra) 越南佛教(Vietnamese Buddhism) balance of mental faculties karma produced corporeality neighbourhood concentration origination of corporeality PURE LAND OF ULTIMATE BLISS thought thought conception yatha^ bhúta n~a^na dassana 佛教建築(Buddhist architecture) akusala sa^dha^rana cetasika LAW OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION NINE STAGES OF LOTUS FLOWERS patisankha^nupassana^ n~a^na seven rebirths at the utmost SIX PERIODS OF DAY AND NIGHT 常樂我淨(nitya-sukha-atma-subha) 大般涅槃經(Mahaparinirvana-sutra) 觀無量壽經(Amitayurbhavana-sutra) 楞嚴經(surangama-samadhi-sutra) 菩薩戒本(Bodhisattva-pratimoksa) 乞[口*栗]雙提贊Khri-Sron-Lde-bTsan 瑜伽師地論(Yogacara-bhumi-sastra) dittha dhamma vedani^ya kamma EIGHTEEN DIFFERENT CHARACTERS EVIL TIME OF FIVE TURBIDITIES THREE MEDITATIONS OF ONE MIND vuttha^na ga^mini^ vipassana^ 中國佛教美術(Buddhist art in China) ascetic purification practices imperturbable karma formations sabba loke anabhirati san~n~a^ VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA 維摩經(Vimalakirti-nirdesa-sutra) equilibrium of mental faculties lahuta^ muduta^, kamman~n~ata^ pariyatti patipatti, pativedha SIX DIRECTIONS OF REINCARNATION subha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi sukha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi THREE UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS 大般若經(Mahaprajna-paramita-sutra) 鈴木大拙(Suzuki Daisetsu 1870~1966) 妙法蓮華經(Saddharmapundarika-sutra) 中國佛教音樂(Buddhist music in China) karmically acquired corporeality patipada^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi 大智度論(Mahaprajna-paramita-sastra) 冢本善隆(Tsukamoto Zenryu 1898~1980) anan~n~a^tan~ n~assa^mi^t’indriya citta ja (citta samuttha^na) rúpa ▲ 收起
南傳佛教英文辭典 【271】extinction

  s.  nirodha;  -  of  craving:  tanhakkhaya  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【272】femininity

  s  bha^va,  indriya.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【273】foundation

  nissaya,  one  of  the  24  conditions  (paccaya,  q.v.).  Wrong  f.  of  morality,  s.  nissaya.  -  f.  of  sympathy:  sangaha-vatthu  (q.v.)  -  f.-forming  absorptions:  pa^daka-jjha^na  (q.v.);  -  f.  of  an  Arahat”s  mentality:  s.  adhittha^na.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【274】functional

  consciousness,  or  consciousness  functioning  independently  of  karma:  kiriya-citta  (q.v.);  see  vin~n~a^na-kicca.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【275】generation

  the  4  modes  of:  yoni  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【276】impurities

  s.  upakkilesa.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【277】inducement

  an  alternative  rendering  for  decisive-support  condition,  upanissaya,  is  one  of  the  24  conditions  (paccaya;  q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【278】intimation

  cf.  vin~n~atti.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【279】liberality

  da^na  (q.v.),  ca^ga  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【280】liberation

  s.  vimokkha.

英漢對照詞典 【281】MAHASATTVA

Mahasattva  ==  摩诃薩

These  are  great  Bodhisattvas,  who  attain  higher  stages  of  fruition  and  enlightenment.  See  also  Ten  Stages  of  Bodhisattva.

英漢對照詞典 【282】MEDITATION

Meditation  ==  靜慮

the  fifth  Paramita.  There  are  numerous  methods  and  subjects  of  meditation.  See  also  Contemplation.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【283】meditation

  s.  bha^vana^,  jha^na,  sama^dhi.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【284】mutability

  Contemplation  of:  viparina^manupassana^:  see  vipassana^.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【285】opapa^tika

  lit.”accidental”  (from  upapa^ta,  accident;  not  from  upapatti,  as  PTS  Dict.  has);”spontaneously  born”,  i.e.  born  without  the  instrumentality  of  parents.  This  applies  to  all  heavenly  and  infernal  beings."After  the  disappearing  of  the  5  lower  fetters  (samyojana,  q.v.),  he  (the  Ana^ga^mi)  appears  in  a  spiritual  world  (opapa^tika)  ...."

南傳佛教英文辭典 【286】paramattha

  (-sacca,  -vacana,  -desana^):  ”truth  (or  term,  exposition)  that  is  true  in  the  highest  (or  ultimate)  sense”,  as  contrasted  with  the  ”conventional  truth”  (voha^ra-sacca),  which  is  also  called  ”commonly  accepted  truth”  (sammuti-sacca;  in  Skr:  samvrti-satya).  The  Buddha,  in  explaining  his  doctrine,  sometimes  used  conventional  language  and  sometimes  the  philosophical  mode  of  expression  which  is  in  accordance  whith  undeluded  insight  into  reality.  In  that  ultimate  sense,  existence  is  a  mere  process  of  physical  and  mental  phenomena  within  which,  or  beyond  which,  no  real  ego-entity  nor  any  abiding  substance  can  ever  be  found.  Thus,  whenever  the  suttas  speak  of  man,  woman  or  person,  or  of  the  rebirth  of  a  being,  this  must  not  be  taken  as  being  valid  in  the  ultimate  sense,  but  as  a  mere  conventional  mode  of  speech  (voha^ra-vacana).
It  is  one  of  the  main  characteristics  of  the  Abhidhamma  Pitaka,  in  distinction  from  most  of  the  Sutta  Pitaka,  that  it  does  not  employ  conventional  language,  but  deals  only  with  ultimates,  or  realities  in  the  highest  sense  (paramattha-dhamma^).  But  also  in  the  Sutta  Pitaka  there  are  many  expositions  in  terms  of  ultimate  language  (paramattha-desana^),  namely,  wherever  these  texts  deal  with  the  groups  (khandha),  elements  (dha^tu)  or  sense-bases  (a^yatana),  and  their  components;  and  wherever  the  3  characteristics  (ti-lakkhana,  q.v.)  are  applied.  The  majority  of  Sutta  texts,  however,  use  the  conventional  language,  as  appropriate  in  a  practical  or  ethical  context,  because  it  "would  not  be  right  to  say  that  ”the  groups”  (khandha)  feel  shame,  etc."
It  should  be  noted,  however,  that  also  statements  of  the  Buddha  couched  in  conventional  language,  are  called  ”truth”  (voha^ra-sacca),  being  correct  on  their  own  level,  which  does  not  contradict  the  fact  that  such  statements  ultimately  refer  to  impermanent  and  impersonal  processes.
The  two  truths  -  ultimate  and  conventional  -  appear  in  that  form  only  in  the  commentaries,  but  are  implied  in  a  sutta-distinction  of  ”explicit  (or  direct)  meaning”  (ni^tattha,  q.v.)  and  ”implicit  meaning  (to  be  inferred)”  (neyyattha).  Further,  the  Buddha  repeatedly  mentioned  his  reservations  when  using  conventional  speech,  e.g.  in  D.  9:  "These  are  merely  names,  expressions,  turns  of  speech,  designations  in  common  use  in  the  world,  which  the  Perfect  Qne  (Tatha^gata)  uses  without  misapprehending  them."  See  also  S.  I.  25.
The  term  paramattha,  in  the  sense  here  used,  occurs  in  the  first  para.  of  the  Katha^vatthu,  a  work  of  the  Abhidhamma  Pitaka  (s.  Guide,  p.  62).  (App:  voha^ra).
The  commentarial  discussions  on  these  truths  (Com.  to  D.  9  and  M.  5)  have  not  yet  been  translated  in  full.  On  these  see  K  N.  Jayatilleke,  Early  Buddhist  Theory  of  Knowledge  (London,  1963),  pp.  361ff.
In  Maha^yana,  the  Ma^dhyamika  school  has  given  a  prominent  place  to  the  teaching  of  the  two  truths.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【287】paramattha

  s.  voha^ra-desana^.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【288】patisandhi

  lit.”reunion,  relinking”,  i.e.  rebirth,  is  one  of  the  14  functions  of  consciousness  (vin~n~a^na-kicca,  q.v.).  It  is  a  karma-resultant  type  of  consciousness  and  arises  at  the  moment  of  conception  i.e.  with  the  forming  of  new  life  in  the  mother”s  womb.  Immediately  afterwards  it  sinks  into  the  subconscious  stream  of  existence  (bhavangasota,  q.v.),  and  conditioned  thereby  ever  and  ever  again  corresponding  states  of  subconsciousness  arise.  Thus  it  is  really  rebirth-consciousness  that  determines  the  latent  character  of  a  person.
"Neither  has  this  (rebirth-)  consciousness  transmigrated  from  the  previous  existence  to  this  present  existence,  nor  did  it  arise  without  such  conditions,  as  karma,  karma-formations,  propensity,  object,  etc.  That  this  consciousness  has  not  come  from  the  previous  existence  to  this  present  existence,  yet  that  it  has  come  into  existence  by  means  of  conditions  included  in  the  previous  existence,  such  as  karma  (q.v.),  etc.,  this  fact  may  be  illustrated  by  various  things,  such  as  the  echo,  the  light  of  a  lamp,  the  impression  of  a  seal,  or  the  image  produced  by  a  mirror.  For  just  as  the  resounding  of  the  echo  is  conditioned  by  a  sound,  etc.,  and  nowhere  a  transmigration  of  sound  has  taken  place,  just  so  it  is  with  this  consciousness.  Further  it  is  said:  ”In  this  continuous  process,  no  sameness  and  no  otherness  can  be  found.”  For  if  there  were  full  identity  (between  the  different  stages),  then  also  milk  never  could  turn  into  curd.  And  if  there  were  a  complete  otherness,  then  curd  could  never  come  from  milk....  If  in  a  continuity  of  existence  any  karma-result  takes  place,  then  this  karma-result  neither  belongs  to  any  other  being,  nor  does  it  come  from  any  other  (kamma),  because  absolute  sameness  and  otherness  are  excluded  here"  (Vis,  XVII  164ff).
In  Mil.  it  is  said:
"Now,  Venerable  Na^gasena,  the  one  who  is  reborn,  is  he  the  same  as  the  one  who  has  died,  or  is  he  another?"
"Neither  the  same,  nor  another"  (na  ca  so  na  ca  an~n~o).
"Give  me  an  example."
"What  do  you  think,  o  King:  are  you  now,  as  a  grown-up  person,  the  same  that  you  had  been  as  a  little,  young  and  tender  babe?  "
"No,  Venerable  Sir.  Another  person  was  the  little,  young  and  tender  babe,  but  quite  a  different  person  am  I  now  as  a  grown-up  man  ."...
"...  Is  perhaps  in  the  first  watch  of  the  night  one  lamp  burning,  another  one  in  the  middle  watch,  and  again  another  one  in  the  last  watch?"
"No,  Venerable  Sir.  The  light  during  the  whole  night  depends  on  one  and  the  same  lamp.””
"Just  so,  o  King,  is  the  chain  of  phenomena  linked  together.  One  phenomenon  arises,  another  vanishes,  yet  all  are  linked  together,  one  after  the  other,  without  interruption.  In  this  way  one  reaches  the  final  state  of  consciousnes  neither  as  the  same  person.  nor  as  another  person.””
According  to  the  nature  of  their  rebirth  consciousness,  beings  divide  into  the  following  3  groups:
1.  ahetu-patisandhika:  a  ”being  reborn  without  rootconditions”,  is  a  being  whose  consciousness  at  the  moment  of  rebirth  was  not  accompanied  by  any  of  the  3  noble  rootconditions,  viz.  greedlessness,  hatelessness,  undeludedness  (s.  múla),  i.e.  selflessness,  kindness,  intelligence.  Such  beings  are  found  in  the  4  lower  worlds  (apa^ya,  q.v.),  in  which  case  the  function  of  rebirth  is  exercised  by  the  class  of  consciousness  listed  in  Tab.  I  as  No.  56.  But  if  such  beings  are  born  in  the  sensuous  sphere  as  humans,  they  will  be  crippled,  blind,  deaf,  mentally  deficient,  etc.  (Rebirth-consciousness  =  Tab.  I,  No.  41)
2.  dvihetu  (or  duhetu)-patisandhika:  a  ”being  reborn  with  only  2  (noble)  root-conditions”,  i.e.  greedlessness  and  hatelessness.  (Rebirth-consciousness  =  Tab.  I,  Nos.  44,  45,  48  or  49.)
3.  tihetu-patisandhika:  a  ”being  reborn  with  3  (noble)  rootconditions”.  Such  a  being  can  be  found  only  among  men.  (Rebirth-consciousness  =  Tab.  1,  Nos.  42,  43,  46,  or  47)  and  higher  heavenly  beings.
On  these  3  types  of  rebirth,  See  Atthasa^lini  Tr.  11,  354  -  379.  (App.:  patisandhika).
In  the  suttas,  the  terms  for  rebirth  are  chiefly  punabbhava  (q.v.),  ”renewed  existence”,  and  abhinibbatti  ”arising”;  or  both  combined  as  punabbhava^bhinibbatti.  -  (App.:  patisandhi).
Literature  Vis.M.  XVII,  133f,  164f,  189f,  289f;  Vis.M.  XIX,  22f.  -  Karma  and  Rebirth,  by  Nyanatiloka  Thera  (WHEEL  9).  -  The  Case  for  Rebirth,  by  Francis  Story  (WHEEL  12/13).  -  Survival  and  Karma  in  Buddhist  Perspective,  by  K.  N.  Jayatilleke  (WHEEL  141/143).  -  Rebirth  Explained,  by  V.  F.  Gunaratna  (WHEEL  167/169).

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