”substratum of existence”. In the Com. there are enumerated 4 kinds: the 5 groups (khandha, q.v.), sensuous desire (ka^ma), mental defilements (kilesa, q.v.), karma (q.v.). In the suttas it occurs frequently in Sn. (vv. 33, 364, 546, 728), and, with reference to Nibba^na, in the phrase "the abandoning of all substrata" (sabbúpadhi-patinissagga; D. 14). See viveka (3).
the 4 noble: ariya-vamsa (q.v.).
”speech”. On right sp., s. magga (3), sacca (IV.3). - Low talk, s. tiraccha^na-katha^.
Vaisya == 吠舍
the third of the four Indian Castes at the time of Shakyamuni. They were merchant, entrepreneurs, traders, farmers, manufacturers, etc., but not well-educated.
”physical base”, i.e. the 6 physical organs on which the mental process is based, are the 5 physical sense-organs and, according to the Com., the heart (hadaya-vatthu, q.v.) as the 6th. This 6th vatthu must not be confounded with the 6th a^yatana, which is a collective name for all consciousness whatever. - (App.).
as a general term for the 5 sense-organs (cakkhu-vatthu, etc ) is frequent in the Com., and often used together with a^rammana (object). This usage, however, is already indicated in the Abh. Canon: ”Cakkhum p”etam... vatthum p”etam” (Dhs. § 597; Vibh., p.71, PTS): ”cakkhuvin~n~a^nassa vatthu” (Dhs. §§ 679ff.).
Vedana == 受
see Sensation or Five Skandhas.
”(higher) knowledge”, gnosis. For the 3-fold k., s. abhin~n~a^ and te-vijja^. Cf. foll.
the 3 ”abstentions” or abstinences, are: abstention from wrong speech, wrong (bodily) action and wrong livelihood; corresponding to right speech, action and livelihood of the 8-fold Path (s. magga, 3-5). By abstention is not simply meant the non-occurrence of the evil things in question, but the deliberate abstaining therefrom, whenever occasion arises. They belong to the ”secondary” (not constant) mental concomitants obtaining in lofty consciousness (s. Tab. II). Cf. si^la.
”energy”, lit.”virility”, ”manliness” or ”heroism” (from vi^ra, man, hero; Lat. vir; cf. virtus), is one of the 5 spiritual faculties and powers (s. bala), one of the 7 factors of enlightenment (s. bojjhanga) and identical with right effort of the 8-fold Path (s. magga). For further explanations, s. padha^na.
s. si^la.
”detachment”, seclusion, is according to Niddesa, of 3 kinds: (1) bodily detachment (ka^ya-viveka), i.e. abiding in solitude free from alluring sensuous objects; (2) mental detachment (citta-viveka), i.e. the inner detachment from sensuous things; (3) detachment from the substrata of existence (upadhi-viveka).
In the description of the 1st absorption, the words "detached from sensuous things" (vivicc” eva ka^mehi) refer, according to Vis.M. IV, to ”bodily detachment”; the words "detached from karmically unwholesome things" (vivicca akusalehi dhammehi) refer to ”mental detachment”; the words "born of detachment" (vivekaja), to the absence of the 5 hindrances.
Wisdom == 智慧
the highest of Paramita; the virtue of wisdom as the principal means of attaining Nirvana. It connotes a knowledge of the illusory character of everything earthly, and destroys error, ignorance, prejudice and heresy.
pan~n~a^ (q.v.).
courses (of existence): duggati (s. gati).
”nutriment”, ”food”, ...
”nutriment”, ”food”,
is used in the concrete sense as material food and as such it belongs to derived corporeality (s. khandha, Summary I.)
In the figurative sense, as ”foundation” or condition, it is one of the 24 conditions (paccaya, q.v.) and is used to denote 4 kinds of nutriment, which are material and mental:
material food (kabalinka^ra^ha^ra),
(sensorial and mental) impression (phassa),
mental volition (mano-san~cetana^),
consciousness (vin~n~a^na).
Material food feeds the eightfold corporeality having nutrient essence as its 8th factor (i.e. the solid, liquid, heat, motion, colour, odour, the tastable and nutrient essence; s. rúpa-kala^pa).
Sensorial and mental impression is a condition for the 3 kinds of feeling (agreeable, disagreeable and indifferent); s. paticcasamuppa^da (6).
Mental volition (= karma, q.v.) feeds rebirth; s. paticca-samuppa^da (2).
Consciousness feeds mind and corporeality ;na^ma-rúpa; ib., 2) at the moment of conception" (Vis.M. XI).
Literature (on the 4 Nutriments): M. 9 & Com. (tr. in ”R. Und.”), M 38; S. XII, 11, 63, 64 - The Four Nutriments of Life, Selected texts & Com. (WHEEL 105/106).
”livelihood”. About right and wrong livelihood., s. sacca (IV. 5) and miccha^-magga (5).
”space”, ...
”space”, is, according to Com., of two kinds:
limited space (paricchinna^ka^sa or pariccheda^ka^sa),
endless space (ananta^ka^sa), i.e. cosmic space.
1. Limited space, under the name of a^ka^sa-dha^tu (space element), belongs to derived corporeality (s. khandha, Summary I; Dhs 638) and to a sixfold classification of elements (s. dha^tu; M.112, M.115, M.140). It is also an object of kasina (q.v.) meditation. It is defined as follows: "The space element has the characteristic of delimiting matter. Its function is to indicate the boundaries of matter. It is manifested as the confines of matter; or its manifestation consists in being untouched (by the 4 great elements), and in holes and apertures. Its proximate cause is the matter delimited. It is on account of the space element that one can say of material things delimited that ”this is above. below, around that”" (Vis.M. XIV.63).
2. Endless space is called in Atthasa^lini ajata^ka^sa, ”unentangled”, i.e. unobstructed or empty space. It is the object of the first immaterial absorption (s. jha^na), the sphere of boundless space (a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana). According to Abhidhamma philosophy, endless space has no objective reality (being purely conceptual), which is indicated by the fact that it is not included in the triad of the wholesome (kusalatika), which comprises the entire reality. Later Buddhist schools have regarded it as one of several unconditioned or uncreated states (asankhata dharma) - a view that is rejected in Kath. (s. Guide. p. 70). Therava^da Buddhism recognizes only Nibba^na as an unconditioned element (asankhata-dha^tu: s. Dhs. 1084).