”Middle Path”, is the Noble Eightfold Path which, by avoiding the two extremes of sensual lust and self-torment, leads to enlightenment and deliverance from suffering.
To give oneself up to indulgence in sensual pleasure (ka^ma-sukha), the base, common, vulgar, unholy, unprofitable; and also to give oneself up to self-torment (atta-kilamatha), the painful, unholy, unprofitable, both these two extremes the Perfect One has avoided and has found the Middle Path (s. magga), which causes one both to see and to know, and which leads to peace, to discernment, to enlightenment, to Nibba^na. It is the Noble Eightfold Path, the way that leads to the extinction of suffering, namely: right understanding, right thought, right speech, right bodily action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration" (S. LVI, 11).
Right Concentration == 正定
right abstraction, the eighth of the Eightfold Path; meditation, focusing the mind without distraction, preparing the mind to attain wisdom.
s. citta-vi^thi.
”receptive consciousness”, is the mindelement (mano-dha^tu) that follows immediately upon the arising of sense-consciousness (visual consciousness, etc.), performing on that occasion the function of recciving the sense-object. Regarding the other functions of consciousness, s. vin~n~a^na-kicca.
”one wth only 7 further rebirths at the utmost”, is one of the 3 kinds of Stream-winners (sota^panna, q.v.).
Satyasiddhi Shastra == 成實論
written by Harivarman and translated by Kumarajiva, on which the Satyasiddhi Sect bases its doctrine. It was a Hinayana variation of the Sunya (emptiness) doctrine. The term is defined as perfectly establishing the real meaning of the Sutras.
”emptiness-deliverance”; s. vimokkha.
Ten Great King Vows == 十大願王
The vows of Visvabhadra Bodhisattva:(普賢菩薩)
1.To worship and respect all Buddhas.
2.To praise the Thus Come One.
3.To practise offerings.
4.To repent all karmic hindrance.
5.To rejoice and follow merits and virtue.
6.To request that the Dharma wheel be turned.
7.To request that the Buddha remain in the world.
8.To follow the Buddha”s teachings.
9.To live in accord with all living beings.
10.To spread all merits and virtue.
”supportive karma”; s. karma.
Aidixia
——古印度僧人、佛學家。漢名無極自在,本名月藏,法名燃燈吉祥智。生于巴格浦爾(另說班加爾或比哈爾)。11歲在那爛陀寺從覺賢學習佛學,旋去王舍城跟密教大師阿縛都底波陀學習密法,爾後又去超戒寺從那洛波鑽研顯密兩乘。29歲在菩提伽耶摩底寺(另說奧坦多補梨寺)從戒護受具足戒,學習戒律,又從法護學習顯教經典。在1013年阿富汗的穆突起默德·伽塞尼的穆斯林軍隊最後一次侵入印度前,他去金地島(今蘇門答臘)從法稱學習密法,並去錫蘭(今斯裏蘭卡)鑽研大小乘經論和密咒。44歲時返印度,出任超戒寺首座(大上座),聲名極盛,與寶生寂、覺賢、阿縛都底波陀、動毗波、寂賢等人一起被稱爲超戒寺八賢。
——朗達瑪在西藏禁佛以後,佛教陷于危機之中。11世紀西藏阿裏地區的統治者绛曲沃(智光)之請,著《菩提道燈論》,提倡叁士道和業果的學說,因而被稱爲業果學者。此時他就西藏當時大譯師仁欽桑布(寶賢)之請至妥頂寺。時仁欽桑布已85歲,交談之後,極爲敬佩,遂請其校正自己所譯經典,並聽從阿底峽的勸告,建舍閉關修定,直至逝世。
阿底峽住阿裏叁年,正欲回印,到達尼泊爾邊境時,適逢戰亂,交通阻斷,不得不折回西藏。西藏譯師仲敦巴請其到衛地弘法,遂應邀至桑耶寺,譯出《攝大乘論》及世親《攝大乘論釋》等多種經論。他在桑耶寺看到大量印度所無的經典,甚爲震驚。其後又被請到拉薩聶塘,譯出《中觀心要釋思擇焰》,並自著兩部解釋此論的著作。後至耶巴,譯出無著造的《究竟一乘寶性論》。
阿底峽的顯密譯著收于藏文大藏經丹珠爾中的有百多種。他傳播的思想和學說,後來形成噶當派。宗喀巴繼承和發展他的學說,創立了格魯派,傳播到甘肅、青海、蒙古等地。(郭元興)
Liuzulun
小乘佛教說一切有部的六部論書的統稱。該部基本典籍常被稱爲“一身六足”。“一身”指迦多衍尼子所著的《發智論》(異譯《八犍度論》)。“六足”指《集異門足論》、《法蘊足論》、《施設足論》、《識身足論》、《界身足論》和《品類足論》。
①《集異門足論》。舍利弗著。玄奘譯。20卷。有部分藏譯。巴米揚(舊譯梵衍那)曾有梵本殘篇出土。該論主要注釋《長阿含經》中所屬《衆集經》的內容,解說《衆集經》中各種佛教術語,因此是說一切有部阿含經的延伸,論藏從經藏中開始分離出來的最初形態。此論的出現,促使說一切有部逐漸成爲單獨的部派。
②《法蘊足論》。大目犍連著。玄奘譯。12卷。梵本已佚,但有殘篇出土。此論選取阿含經中的22種主要說教逐一加以解釋,每種說教的解釋單獨成篇。例如雜事品注解了有部所傳阿含經中列舉的七十八種煩惱;根品注解了二十二根。此論與南傳上座部的《分別論》有共通之處。
③《施設足論》。大迦多衍那著。法護等譯。7卷。藏譯名《因假名》或《因施設》。此論祖述《長阿含經》中所屬《世起經》的思想,對阿毗達磨的宇宙觀、世界觀進行了詳細的論證分析,是說一切有部中期出現的論著。
④《識身足論》。提婆設摩著。玄奘譯。10卷。主要內容是對人們心識活動的分析,與上座部的《界論》相通。
⑤《界身足論》。世友著。玄奘譯。3卷。主要內容是對心和心作用的分析,是說一切有部的理論基礎,與上座部的《發趣論》相通。
⑥《品類足論》。世友著。玄奘譯。18卷。另有南朝宋求那跋陀羅的譯本《衆事分阿毗昙論》,12卷。學術界一般認爲此書並非出自一人之手,而是各種作品的彙集,論中提到的“五位”、“九十八隨眠”等是有部獨特的理論。有人認爲此書出現的《大毗婆沙論》編集以後,大概在160~320年之間修訂。
六足論是說一切有部初期和中期出現的論書,通過這些著作,該部開始建立了自己的世界觀、宇宙觀和修持論,從而形成了獨特的理論體系。(于衆)
s. jha^na (7).
s. sama^dhi.
anuloma-n~a^na (q.v.).
s. si^vathika^.
the ”analytical knowledge of the law, is one of the 4 kinds of analytical knowledge (patisambhida^, q.v.).
Manjusri Bodhisattva == 文殊菩薩
As one of the Four Great Bodhisattva, he is the one with the greatest wisdom. Manjusri is said to have: wonderful head, universal head, glossy head, revered head, wonderful virtue and wonderfully auspicious. Manjusri, the guardian of wisdom, is often placed on the left of Shakyamuni, while Visvabhadra, the guardian of law, is on the right. Manjusri always rides on a lion. He is also described as the ninth predecessor or Buddha-ancestor of Shakyamuni. He is the Chief of the Bodhisattva, and the chief disciple of the Buddha. He is the object for the pilgrimages visiting the Wu Tai Shan of Shansi Province in China.
”wrong views with fixed destiny”, are the views of uncausedness of existence (ahetuka-ditthi), of the inefficacy of action (akiriya-ditthi), and nihilism (natthika-ditthi). For details, s. ditthi; and M. 60, Com. (WHEEL 98/99). - (App.)