Fayin
佛教術語。亦譯法本、本末、憂檀那等。佛教徒用來鑒別佛法真僞的標准。法,指佛教教義,印,喻世俗印玺,能印證真僞的佛法之印,故名法印。佛教認爲,凡符合法印的是佛法,違背法印的則非佛法。按佛教發展的順序,有叁法印、四法印、五法印、一法印之分。
叁法印 較早的小乘經、律、論和大乘經、論多說叁法印。一般稱:1、諸行無常(宇宙萬有,皆變化無常);2、諸法無我(世界一切現象皆因緣和合,沒有獨立的實體或主宰者);3、涅槃寂靜(佛教徒修行斷盡煩惱,超脫生死輪回,達到涅槃寂靜境界)。《雜阿含經》卷十作“一切行無常,一切法無我,涅槃寂滅”。《大智度論》卷二十二稱:“佛法印有叁種,一者一切有爲法,念念生滅皆無常;二者一切法無我;叁者寂滅涅槃。”《法印經》則別說叁解脫門(空解脫門,無相解脫門,無願解脫門)爲叁法印。
四法印 叁法印加上“一切諸行苦”爲四法印。《增一阿含經》卷十八:“今有四法本末,如來之所說。雲何爲四?一切諸行無常,是謂初法本末……一切諸行苦,是謂第二法本末……一切諸行無我,是謂第叁法本末……涅槃爲永寂,是謂第四法本末。”《菩薩地持經》卷八:“有四憂檀那法,諸佛菩薩爲令衆生清淨故說。雲何爲四?一切行無常,是憂檀那法;一切行若,是憂檀那法;一切法無我,是憂檀那法;涅槃寂滅,是憂檀那法。”南傳巴利語“增一部”及《法句經》則立叁法印爲:1、一切行無常;2、一切行苦;3、一切法無我。增“涅槃永寂”爲四法印,均大同而小異。
五法印 四法印加“一切法空”(世界一切現象皆虛幻不實)則爲五法印。《維摩經》卷上:“昔者佛爲諸比丘略說法要……謂無常義、苦義、空義、無我義、寂滅義。”
一法印 即“一實相印”(實相即“真如”、“法性”)。小乘講叁法印,大乘提一實相印。《法華經·方便品》:“無量衆所尊,爲說實相印。”《法華玄義》卷八上:“諸小乘經,若有無常、無我、涅槃叁印印之,即是佛說,修之得道;無叁法印即是魔說。大乘經但有一法印,謂諸法實相,名了義經,能得大道;若無實相印,是魔所說。”
上述叁法印、四法印、五法印、一法印等,只是在不同場合的說法,無實質差異。智顗在《法華玄義》卷八,列舉實相十二異名,即妙有、真善妙色、實際、畢竟空、如如、涅槃、虛空、佛性、如來藏中實理心、非有非無中道、第一義谛、微妙寂滅。說明一實相印可總攝緣起、無常、無我、寂滅等,合叁、四、五法印爲一實相印。(劉明淵)
Jileshijie
佛教術語。也稱淨土、樂邦。佛教徒所信仰的沒有苦難的理想世界,是相對于世俗衆生所居的“穢土”而言。淨土的思想起源很早,在婆羅門教和小乘佛教的一些派別中就有它的淵源。在婆羅門教中,淨土是毗濕奴所在的天界。小乘佛教中有些俗人集團已信仰淨土往生。但作爲一種系統的思想派別則在大乘佛教時期。大乘《彌勒上生經》中提到有兜率天淨土;《妙法蓮華經》提到靈山淨土;《華嚴經》中提到蓮花藏世界;《藥師琉璃光如來本願功德經》中提到琉璃淨土;《大寶積經》中提到如來妙喜淨土;《大乘密嚴經》中提到密嚴淨土等。《無量壽經》、《觀無量壽經》、《阿彌陀經》等則詳細描述阿彌陀佛的淨土,並根據上述經典的思想建立了淨土宗。該宗認爲人們只要通過念佛、修觀的方法,就能在一期生命終止時往生極樂世界。極樂世界的教主是阿彌陀佛。阿彌陀佛淨土與彌勒淨土、藥師淨土同爲中國佛教徒所信仰的叁大淨土。
佛教認爲時間無始無終,空間無邊無際,佛土(世界)無窮無盡,每一佛土中都有一位佛在那裏教化衆生。極樂世界即是這無窮無盡世界中的一個。《阿彌陀經》說,極樂世界距離人們居住的“娑婆世界”有“十萬億佛土”之遙。在這個極樂世界中,無量功德莊嚴,國中聲聞,菩薩無數,講堂、精舍、宮殿、樓觀、寶樹、寶池等均以七寶莊嚴,微妙嚴淨,百味飲食隨意而至,自然演出萬種伎樂,皆是法音。其國人等智慧高明,顔貌端嚴。但受諸樂,無有痛若,皆能趨向佛之正道。
《阿彌陀經》說,若有善男子善女人聞說阿彌陀佛,執持名號,從一日乃至七日能夠一心不亂,此人臨命終時心不顛倒,即得往生西方極樂世界。《藥師如來本願功德經》等所說的東方藥師佛居住教化的琉璃世界,也是佛教徒所向往的理想國土。那裏的地面由琉璃構成,連藥師佛的身軀,也如同琉璃一樣內外光潔,所以稱琉璃世界。佛經上說此世界和西方極樂世界一樣,具有說不盡的莊嚴美妙;那裏沒有男女性別上的差異,沒有五欲的過患;琉璃爲地,金繩界道;城垣、宮殿都是七寶所成。人們只要在生前持誦《藥師經》,稱念藥師佛名號,並廣修衆善,死後即可往生琉璃世界。(淨慧)
印度尼西亞著名佛塔。位于爪哇島中部古魯州馬吉朗地區,始建于9世紀初年塞林多羅王朝的全盛時期。它是一座獨具特色的“窣堵波”(塔)。自下而上的十層可分爲塔底、塔身和頂部叁大部分。塔底呈方形,周長達120米。塔牆高4米,下面的基石亦高達1.5米,寬3米;塔身共五層平臺,愈往上愈小。第一層平臺離地面邊緣約7米,形成環繞佛塔四周的寬平臺。其余每層平臺依次收縮2米,四周裝欄杆變平臺爲走廓;頂部由叁個圓臺組成,每個圓臺都有一圈鍾形舍利塔丁繞,共計72座。在這同一圓心的叁圈舍利塔中央,是佛塔本身的半球形圓頂,離地面35米。這種宗教象征性建築融合概括了大乘佛理。漸次升高的十層,象征菩薩成佛前的十地。塔底代表欲界,此界中人們擺脫不了各種欲望;五層方臺代表色界,此界中人們已摒棄各種欲望,但仍有名有形;叁個圓臺和大圓頂代表無色界,此時人們不再有名有形,永遠擺脫了世間一切桎梏。此塔的另一精神意蘊是祖先崇拜。按照當時人的觀念,階梯式住菜建築,是祖先住所的象征。
婆羅浮屠的雕刻藝術附屬于整個建築設計之內,共有壁龛(佛龛)432個。各層平臺的壁龛、頂部的舍利塔中皆置一尊佛像,總計505尊,加深了佛教主題的表現。其淺浮雕尤具特色。塔底四面牆內有160幅浮雕,宣傳業報輪回、來世解脫。塔身牆上、欄杆上均飾有浮雕,在全長2500米的範圍裏,有1300幅敘事浮雕,1212幅裝飾浮雕。第一層走廓的正牆上,描繪了佛陀從降生到涅槃的全部過程。第二、叁、四層的浮雕描繪勝財到處參訪、尋求人生真谛的情節。佛陀、菩薩往往與動物飛鳥、舞女樂師、漁民獵人雜處,國王、武士和戰爭也都是經常表現的題材。藝術家技藝精湛,能在布滿小孔及微粒的火長石上較好地表現出人體肌膚的柔潤感。畫面布局完美,結構和諧。據傳造此塔曾組織農民和奴錄幾十萬人,用15年時間建成,用去石塊5500立方米,是當時世界上最大的佛教建築之一。
隨著15世紀當地居民改信伊斯蘭教,婆羅浮屠旺盛的香火日漸衰竭。後因火山爆發而遭堙沒,直到19世紀初才被重新發現。1985年2月正在修繕之際,又遭到破壞。(羅照輝)
The 9 ”successive extinctions”, are the 8 extinctions reached through the 8 absorptions (jha^na, q.v.) and the extinction of feeling and perception” (s. nirodha-sama^patti), as it is said in A. IX, 31 and D. 33:
"In him who has entered the 1st absorption, the sensuous perceptions (ka^ma-san~n~a^) are extinguished. Having entered the 2nd absorption, thought-conception and discursive thinking (vitakkavica^ra, q.v.) are extinguished. Having entered the 3rd absorption, rapture (pi^ti, q.v.) is extinguished. Having entered the 4th absorption, in-and-out breathing (assa^sa-passa^sa, q.v.) are extinguished. Having entered the sphere of boundless space (a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana), the corporeality perceptions (rúpa-san~n~a^) are extinguished. Having entered the sphere of boundless consciousness (vin~n~a^nan~ca^yatana), the perception of the sphere of boundless space is extinguished. Having entered the sphere of nothingness (a^kin~can~n~a^yatana), the perception of the sphere of boundless consciousness is extinguished. Having entered the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception (neva-san~n~a^-na^san~n~a^yatana) the perception of the sphere of nothingness is extinguished. Having entered the extinction of perception and feeling (san~n~a^vedayitanirodha) perception and feeling are extinguished." For further details, s. jha^na, nirodha-sama^patti.
the 9 ”successive abodes”, are identical with the 9 anupubba-nirodha (s. above). In A. IX, 33 they are called successive attainments (anupubba-sama^patti).
Avatamsaka Sutra == 華嚴經
One of the great sutras in Buddhism. It was sermoned in heaven by Buddha Shakyamuni soon after his attainment of Buddhahood. The sutra reveals different causes and ways of cultivation of many great Bodhisattvas, such as Ten Grades of Faith, Ten Stages of Wisdom, Ten Activities, Ten Transference of Merits, Ten Stages of Bodhisattva, Absolute Universal Enlightenment, Wonderful Enlightenment, etc. It also reveals how to enter Avatamsaka World (Buddha”s world) from Saha World (our world).
”contemplation of consciousness”, is one of the 4 foundations of mindfulness (satipattha^na, q.v.)
”painful progress”; s. patipada^.
Eight Sufferings == 八苦
(1) Suffering of Birth
(2) Suffering of Old Age
(3) Suffering of Sickness
(4) Suffering of Death
(5) Suffering of being apart from the loved ones
(6) Suffering being together with the despised ones
(7) Suffering of not getting what one wants
(8) Suffering of the flourishing of the Five Skandhas
s. ma^na.
saddha^-carita; s. carita.
Four Holy Realms == 四聖道
They are Sravaka, Praetyka-Buddha, Bodhisattva, and Buddha.
”contemplation of the body”, is one of the 4 foundations of mindfulness; s. satipattha^na.
”contemplation of dissolution”, is one of the 18 chief kinds of insight (s. vipassana^).
s. mada.
Sangha (q.v.); further s. pabbajja^, progress of the disciple.
pakati-si^la (q.v.).
”deliverance through wisdom” (or understanding”), signifies, according to Com. to A.V, 142, the wisdom associated with the fruition of holiness (arahatta-phala). In Pug. 31 and similarly in M. 70, it is said: "A monk may not have reached in his own person the 8 liberations (=jha^na, q.v.), but through his wisdom the cankers have come to extinction in him. Such a person is called wisdom-liberated" (pan~n~a^-vimutta). - Com. to Pug.: "He may be one of five persons: either a practiser of bare insight (sukkha-vipassako, q.v.), or one who has attained to Holiness after rising from one of the absorptions." See S. XII, 7().
The term is often linked with ceto-vimutti (q.v.), ”deliverance of mind”.