”Doctrine of the Elders”, is a name of the oldest form of the Buddha”s teachings, handed down to us in the Pa^li language. According to tradition, its name is derived from the fact of having been fixed by 500 holy Elders of the Order, soon after the death of the Master.
Therava^da is the only one of the old schools of Buddhism that has survived among those which Maha^ya^nists have called ”Hinaya^na”. It is sometimes called Southern Buddhism or Pa^li Buddhism. It is found today in Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Chittagong (East Bengal. ) - Cf. Guide, p. 60. - (App.). thi^na middha: ”sloth and torpor”, constitute the 3rd of the 5 hindrances (ni^varana, q.v.). They may or may not, be associated with greedy consciousness (s. Tab. 23. 25, 27, 29 and II).
This term was already used by the Buddha himself in speaking of the doctrine of a^la^ra-Ka^la^ma (s. M. 26). As a name for the Buddha”s doctrine it belongs to the commentarial literature.
Two Deaths == 二死
Two Deaths refer to
1.share-sectioned birth and death
2.changed birth and death
ka^ya- and vaci^-v., seem to occur for the first time in Dhs. (§§ 665,718) of the Abh. Canon.
(lit.”making known”) ”intimation”, is an Abhidhamma term for bodily expression (ka^ya-vin~n~atti) and verbal expression (vaci^-vin~n~atti), both belonging to the corporeality-group. They are produced by the co-nascent volition, and are therefore, as such, purely physical and not to be confounded with karma (q.v.), which as such is something mental. Cf. Kath. 80, 100, 101, 103, 194 (s. Guide V). - (App.).
"One speaks of ”bodily expression”, because it makes known an intention by means of bodily movement, and can itself be understood by the bodily movement which is said to be corporeal.
"”Verbal expression” is so called because it makes known an intention by means of a speech-produced noise" (Vis.M. XIV).
miccha^-magga (q.v.).
wuchang
佛教教义。三法印之一。指世界万有(一切事物和思维概念)都是生灭变化无常的。佛教认为,宇宙间一切现象,都是此生彼生、此灭彼灭的相互依存关系,没有永恒的实体的存在。所以任何现象都是无常的,表现为刹那刹那生灭的。佛典中常提到的有:1、刹那无常。谓一切有为法,刹那之间,有生、住、异、灭的变化;2、相续无常。谓一切有为法在一期相续之上有生、住、异、灭之四相。佛教不仅认为一切事物和现象的变化是普遍存在的,而且还认为有其发展的过程,可分为四个连续相承的阶段或呈现为四种相状,所谓“四相迁流”,即生、住、异、灭,一种现象的生起称生,事物或现象形成后有其相对的稳定性称住,在相对稳定中又无时不在变异称异,现象的消灭称灭。任何事物和现象在一刹那中都具有生、住、异、灭四相。但有时又将无常分为:1、众生无常。谓人生都是无常的,终归要变化以至于消灭的;2、世界无常。谓世界上一切现象都是无常的,无时无刻不在流动变迁中,最后归于消灭;3、诸念无常。谓人们的思维概念都是瞬息万变的,所谓“念念生灭”。佛教这种无常学说,主要是为反对当时婆罗门教主张宇宙的最高主宰---梵是永恒常住的理论而提出的。
the ”Immediacy”, ...
the ”Immediacy”, is a name for that concentration of mind which is associated with such insight (vipassana^, q.v.) as is present in any one of the 4 kinds of supermundane path consciousness (s. ariya-puggala), and which therefore is the cause of the immediately following consciousness as its result or ”fruition” (phala, q.v.).
According to the Abhidhamma, the path (of the Sota^panna, etc.) is generated by the insight into the impermanence, misery and impersonality of existence, flashing up at that very moment and transforming and ennobling one”s nature forever.
It is mentioned under the name of a^nantarika-sama^dhi in the Ratana Sutta (Sn.v.22) and in Pts.M.1, n~a^nakatha^.
”water-element”; s. dha^tu.
contemplation of: patinissagga^nupassana^, is one of the 18 chief kinds of insight; s. vipassana^, further a^na^pa^nasati (16).
the 3: virati (q.v.).
Determination ...
as a doctrinal term, occurs chiefly in two meanings:
1.”Foundation”: four ”foundations” of an Arahat”s mentality, mentioned and explained in M. 140: the foundation of wisdom (pan~n~a^), of truthfulness (sacca) of liberality (ca^ga) and of peace (upasama). See also D. 33 and Com.
2.”Determination”, resolution, in: adhittha^na-iddhi, ”magical power of determination” (s. iddhi); adhittha^na-pa^rami^, ”perfection of resolution” (s. pa^rami^).
anapanasati == 安那般那念, 安般念, 入出息念
”having only few wishes”, contentedness, is one of the indispensable virtues of the monk; cf. A. X. 181-190, and ariyavamsa (q.v.).
sampayutta-paccaya, is one of the 24 conditions (paccaya, q.v.). asubha: ”impurity”, loathsomeness, foulness. - In Vis.M. VI, it is the cemetery contemplations (si^vathika, q.v.) that are called ”meditation-subjects of impurity” (asubha-kammattha^na; s. bha^vana^). In the Girimananda Sutta (A. X., 50), however, the perception of impurity (asubha-san~n~a^) refers to the contemplation of the 32 parts of the body (s. ka^ya-gata^-sati). The contemplation of the body”s impurity is an antidote against the hindrance of sense-desire (s. ni^varana) and the mental perversion (vipalla^sa, q.v.) which sees what is truly impure as pure and beautiful. See S. XLVI, 51; A. V. 36, Dhp. 7, 8; Sn. 193ff. - The Five Mental Hindrances (WHEEL 26), pp. 5ff.
s. para^ma^sa.
”The 8 a.”; s. sama^patti.
Bodhisattva == 菩萨
A Future Buddha who is a being destined to Buddhahood. Bodhi means Enlightenment and Sattva means Sentient and Conscious. Therefore Bodhisattva refers to the sentient being of or for the great wisdom and enlightenment. Bodhisattva”s vow/aim is the pursuit of Buddhahood and the salvation of others and of all. He seeks enlightenment to enlighten others. He will sacrifice himself to save the others. He is devoid of egoism and devoted to help the others. The way and discipline of Bodhisattva is to benefit the self and the others, leading to Buddhahood.