”overcoming (of defilements) by tranquillization” (s. paha^na).
”bases of meritorious action”. In the suttas, 3 are mentioned consisting of giving (liberality; da^na-maya-p.), of morality (si^la-maya-p.) and of mental development (meditation; bha^vana^-maya-p.). See D. 33; It. 60; expl. in A. VIII, 36.
Commentaries have a list of ten (dasa p.) which is very popular in Buddhist countries: (1)-(3) as above, (4) reverence (apaciti), (5) service (veyya^vacca), (6) transference of merit (patta^nuppada^na), (7) rejoicing in others” merit (abbha^numodana), (8) expounding the Doctrine (desana^), (9) listening to the Doctrine (savana), (10) straightening one”s right views (rectification of views; ditthujukamma). - Expl. in Atthasa^lini Tr. 209ff.
See ”The Advantages of Merit”, by Bhikkhu Khantipalo (BODHI LEAVES B. 38).
Three Classifications == 叁科
Buddha shows that a person is nothing more than a combination of various elements which come together under suitable conditions. They are
1.the Five Skandhas五蘊
2.the Twelve Bases十二處
3.the Eighteen Fields十八界
the ”both-ways-liberated one”, is the name of one class of noble disciples (ariya-puggala, q.v.). He is liberated in 2 ways, namely, by way of all 8 absorptions (jha^na, q.v.) as well as by the supermundane path (sota^patti, etc.) based on insight (vipassana^, q.v.). In M. 70 it is said:
””Who, o monks, is a both-ways-liberated one”? If someone in his own person has reached the 8 liberations (absorptions), and through wise penetration the cankers (a^sava, q.v.) have become extinguished, such a one is called a both-ways-liberated one.”” Cf. D. 15.
In the widest sense, one is both-ways-liberated if one has reached one or the other of the absorptions, and one or the other of the supermundane paths (cf. A. IX, 44).
The first liberation is also called ”liberation of mind” (cetovimutti), the latter liberation through wisdom” (pan~n~a^-vimutti).
The first liberation, however, is merely temporary, being a liberation through repression (vikkhambhana-vimutti = vikkhambhana-paha^na: s. paha^na).
”sphere of boundless consciousn is a name for the 2nd meditiative absorption in the immateria sphere (s. jha^na, 6).
s. si^la.
Four Great Bodhisattva == 四大菩薩
They represent the four major characters of Bodhisattva:
1.Manjusri - Universal Great Wisdom Bodhisattva
2.Samantabhadra - Universal Worthy Great Conduct Bodhisattva
3.Ksitigarbha - Earth Treasury King Great Vow Bodhisattva
4.Avalokitesvara - Guan Shr Yin Great Compassion Bodhisattva
Sixteen Contemplations == 十六觀經
see Vipasyana Sukhavativyha Sutra.
upadhi (q.v.).
”knowledge of rebirth according to one”s actions”; s. abhin~n~a^ (4).
Lengqiejing
佛教經典。全名《楞伽阿跋多羅寶經》或《入楞伽經》。lanka 是斯裏蘭卡島的古名,Vatara 意爲“入”或“表露”。意爲釋迦佛在斯裏蘭卡地方所說的經。梵文原本系印度笈多王朝時期出現的中期大乘佛典之一,與《解深密經》同爲論述唯識思想的重要經典。此經一般認爲在無著以後所成立。它與偏重于信仰並具有濃重的文學色彩的初期大乘經典不同,偏重于理論的研究和哲學的說明。《楞迦經》出現後,很快就傳入了中國,最早的譯本是南朝宋元嘉二十年(443)求那跋陀羅的譯本(即《楞伽阿跋多羅寶經》4卷)。以後還有北魏菩提流支的譯本《入楞伽經》10卷,實叉難陀的譯本《大乘入楞伽經》7卷。此外,還有藏譯本和日本南條文雄校刊的梵本。藏譯本與梵本最接近。在漢譯各本中,實叉難陀的譯本與梵本比較接近。求那跋陀羅的譯本最能表現此經的原始形態,流行也最廣。
此經除序文說明其産生的原由,宣說離言自性的法門外,其主要內容有:①闡述“叁界唯心”的學說。認爲一切諸法都系“自心所見”,“自心所現”,是“自內證”;②說明真妄的因緣;③辨明邪正的因果,說明去妄歸真的旨意及五法(名、相、唐妄想、正智、如如)、叁性、八識、二無我(法無我、人無我)的道理。認爲八識是阿賴耶識大海生起的波浪,阿賴邪識是“原因”和“根本識”,它是無始以來的本體。阿賴耶識也就是“如來藏”;④明法身之常住,以示生死、涅槃之平等;⑤示藏心自性,以明真妄、生滅、平等之相;⑥廣說六度,指出自性之妙行;⑦廣決衆疑;⑧指出性戒,以彰生佛平等之理。全經以離名絕相的第一義心爲宗,以妄想無性爲旨趣,以五法、叁自性、八識、二無我爲教相,以自覺聖智爲體,以斥小辨邪爲用,爲大乘瑜伽行派的學說奠定理論基礎。經中還提到如來的異名有梵、毗濕努、自在天、因陀羅等,但給予不同內容的解釋,可見其受到印度教的影響。
《楞伽經》對中國佛教影響頗大。據說菩提達摩曾以此經授慧可,並雲:“我觀漢地,唯有此經,仁者依行,自得度世。”但慧可卻對此經“專附言理”,進行了自由闡發。慧可門徒更持此經,遊行村落,不入都邑,行頭陀行。他們主張“專唯念慧,不在話言”,實行以“忘言、忘念、無得正觀”爲宗旨的禅法,逐漸形成獨立的一種派別,被稱楞伽師,並成爲以後禅宗的先驅者。
注疏主要的有唐法藏《入楞伽經心玄義》1卷,智俨《楞伽經注》(僅存卷二卷五殘本);宋善月《楞伽經通義》6卷,正受《楞伽經集注》4卷,寶臣《大乘入楞伽經注》10卷,楊彥國《楞伽經纂》4卷;明德清《觀楞伽經記》8卷及《楞伽補遺》1卷,智旭《楞伽經玄義》1卷及《楞伽經義疏》9卷,通潤《楞伽經合轍》8卷,宗泐與如玘《楞伽經注解》8卷,廣莫《楞伽經參訂疏》8卷,曾鳳儀《楞伽經宗通》8卷,焦竑《楞伽經精解評林》1卷等。日本有光謙的《楞伽經講翼》和養存的《楞伽經論疏折衰》等。(高振農)
yuanqi
佛教教義。亦名緣生。“因緣生起”的略稱。緣,意爲關系或條件,所謂緣起即諸法由緣而起;宇宙間一切事物和現象的生起變化,都有相對的互存關系或條件。佛教常用“此有則彼有,此生則彼生,此無則彼無,此滅則彼滅”來說明緣起的理論。緣起說是原始佛教針對當時各種宗教哲學主張宇宙是從“大梵天造”、“大自在天造”,或從“自性生”、“宿因生”、“偶然因生”、“生類因說”等理論而提出,用以解釋世界、社會、人生和各種精神現象産生的根源。最早的緣起說是“業感緣起”即十二因緣說,主要用以解釋人生痛苦的原因,但後來各派對緣起的認識和解釋各有不同。中觀派和叁論宗主張“性空緣起”,認爲只有一切事物的本性體空,才能生起一切事物。《中論》稱:“因緣所生法,我說即是空。”瑜伽行派和法相宗主張“阿賴耶緣起”,以“叁界唯心”、“唯識無境”來說明世界的本原。《大乘起信論》作“真如緣起”,《勝鬘經》等作“如來藏緣起”,均以佛心、法淨心爲世界的根源。華嚴宗把各家關于緣起的學說,用判教形式概括爲四種:1、業感緣起。由煩惱惡業招苦果,因果相續,六道展轉,生死輪回,爲小乘之緣起觀;2、阿賴耶緣起。由阿賴耶識之種子起現行,現行又熏種子,以現行諸法爲緣,生煩惱惡業而招感苦果,叁世因果輾轉相續,爲大乘始教之緣起觀;3、如來藏緣起。又名真如緣起。如真或如來藏爲染淨之緣所驅,生種種事物,其染分現六道生死輪回,其淨分現四種聖人,爲大乘終教之緣起觀;4、法界緣起。法界通常指真如、實相等,即真如法性之本體爲一法界。又爲一切法緣一切法成一大緣起,以一法成一切法,一切法生一法,一與多、心與境等圓融無礙,爲圓教之緣起觀。(任傑)
”knowledge consisting in the awareness of terror”, is one of those kinds of insight-knowledge that form the ”purification by knowledge and vision of the path-progress” (s. visuddhi, VI.).
”analysis of the four elements”; s. dha^tu-vavattha^na.
”the ten powers (of a Perfect One); or, he who Possesses the 10 P.”, i.e. the Buddha. About him it is said (e.g., M. 12.; A. X, 21):
There, o monks, the Perfect One understands according to reality the possible as possible, and the impossible as impossible ... the result of past, present and future actions ... the path leading to the welfare of all ... the world with its many different elements ... the different inclinations in beings ... the lower and higher faculties in beings ... the defilement, purity and rising with regard to the absorptions, deliverances, concentration and attainments ... remembering many former rebirths ... perceiving with the divine eye how beings vanish and reappear again according to their actions (karma) ... gaining, through extinction of all taints, possession of ”deliverance of mind” and ”deliverance through wisdom”...."
Five Basic Afflications == 五根本煩惱
The five fundamental conditions of the passions and delusions:
1.wrong view, which are common to the Trailokya
2.clinging or attachment in the Desire Realm
3.clinging or attachment in the Form Realm
4.clinging or attachment in the Formless Realm
5.the state of unenlightenment or ignorance in Trailokya, which is the root-cause of all distressful delusion.
”knowledge consisting in the desire for deliverance”; s. visuddhi (VI. 6).
”contemplation on abandonment”, is one of the 18 kinds of insight (vipassana^ q.v.). Further cf. the 16th exercise of anapana-sati (q.v.).