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atta catu gati hate meat path sati agati amata ARHAT atta^ death great satta vatta water ANATTA Arahat atappa eating JATAKA MATTER matter sugati vatthu virati anatta^ created duggati matured patched patigha samatha sassata vipatti vivatta a^yatana anussati atima^na dogmatic fatalism KSATRIYA nibbatti PATIENCE patience sammatta sankhata tathata^ ujukata^ uposatha 谛(satya) 慧 (Mati) asankhata attention avya^kata breathing deviation dukkhata^ formation immediate mahaggata micchatta pariyatti patipada^ patipatti pativedha SENSATION SIX PATHS ti ratana aberration aggregates BODHISATTA Bodhisatta foundation generation intimation liberation MAHASATTVA MEDITATION meditation paramattha patisandhi pattida^na sama^patti si^labbata sota^patti ta^vatimsa tatha^gata TWO DEATHS vin~n~atti wrong path ANAPANASATI appicchata^ association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA foundations infatuation inoperative kamma patha kamma vatta mana^yatana MIDDLE PATH middle path origination patipannaka patti da^na penetration preparatory realization rúpa^yatana sala^yatana si^vathika^ temperature vavattha^na 無我(anatman) 真如(tathata) abhinibbatti accumulation dispensation dissociation hate natured heat element inclinations intoxicating kammattha^na pakati si^la patisandhika purification RENUNCIATION vatthu ka^ma 叁界(tridhatu) Abbreviations anatta^ va^da attentiveness atthi paccaya concentration CONTEMPLATION contemplation deathlessness determination dhamma^yatana ditthi ppatta hadaya vatthu investigating investigation kamman~n~ata^ kammattha^na^ loathsomeness material food nimma^na rati pa^gun~n~ata^ patisambhida^ patisankha^na satipattha^na tittha^yatana vivatta kappa water element abhibha^yatana asan~n~a satta atta kilamatha buddha^nussati citt’ekaggata^ devata^nussati dhamma^nussati EIGHTFOLD PATH eightfold path greedy natured katatta^ kamma marana^nussati natthi paccaya niyata puggala path condition relative truth samvatta kappa samvega vatthu sangaha vatthu stupid natured transformation ugghatitan~n~u upapatti bhava vigata paccaya 二谛(twi-satyas) 叁谛(tri-satyas) a^na^pa^na sati avigata paccaya cakkh’ a^yatana deluded natured EIGHT NEGATIONS FOUR GREAT VOWS gustatory organ indriya samatta natthika ditthi pathavi^ dha^tu pathavi^ kasina PRATYEKA-BUDDHA samatha ya^nika sappatigha rúpa SHATIKA SHASTRA sota^pattiyanga tatha^gata bala tranquilisation upasama^nussati 百論(Sata-sastra) 法界(dharmadhatu) 極樂世界(sukhavati) adhipati paccaya anatta^ san~n~a^ atthangika magga AVATAMSAKA SUTRA dukkha patipada^ faithful natured immaterial world ka^ya gata^ sati ka^ya vin~n~atti karma formations life infatuation mental formation natural morality nava satta^va^sa neyyattha dhamma ni^tattha dhamma THREE EVIL PATHS THREE GOOD PATHS vaci^ vin~n~atti 四谛(catur-satyas) 吳哥古迹(Angkor Vat) a^nupubbi^ katha^ anatta^nupassana^ cittass’ekaggata^ immaterial sphere kusala kammapatha na^natta san~n~a^ pakati upanissaya pan~n~atti si^la paticcasamuppa^da patta pindik’anga santa^na santati sati sambojjhanga sati sampajan~n~a satta^va^sa nava tatramajjhattata^ youth infatuation ahetu patisandhika atta va^dupa^da^na catu voka^ra bhava dha^tu vavattha^na health infatuation karma accumulation maturity knowledge nirodha sama^patti patibha^ga nimitta patikkúla san~n~a^ regenerative karma ruminating natured samatha vipassana^ self mortification tatra majjhattata^ tiraccha^na katha^ TWO FORMS OF DEATH 四大(caturmahabhuta) anabhirati san~n~a^ attha patisambhida^ death consciousness FOUR GREAT ELEMENTS intelligent natured majjhima^ patipada^ RIGHT CONCENTRATION sampaticchana citta sattakkhattu parama SATYASIDDHI SHASTRA sun~n~ata^ vimokkha TEN GREAT KING VOWS upatthambhaka kamma 阿底峽(Atisa 982~1054) 六足論(Satpada sastra) a^kin~can~n~a^yatana access concentration adaptation knowledge cemetery meditations dhamma patisambhida^ MANJUSRI BODHISATTVA niyata miccha^ditthi pubbeniva^sa^nussati regenerating process SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA sun~n~ata^nupassana^ ti hetu patisandhika vivattana^nupassana^ yatha^santhatik’anga 中道(madhyamapratipad) a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana bhojane mattan~n~uta^ death proximate karma dependent origination dvi hetuka patisandhi germinating once more ninefold dispensation nirutti patisambhida^ patipassaddhi paha^na pun~n~a kiriya vatthu THREE CLASSIFICATIONS ubhato bha^ga vimutta vin~n~a^nan~ca^yatana catu pa^risuddhi si^la FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS substrata of existence yatha^kammúpaga n~a^na 楞伽經(Lankavatara-sutra) 緣起(pratitya-samutpada) bhayatupattha^na n~a^na catu dha^tu vavattha^na dasa (tatha^gata ) bala FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS muccitu kamyata^ n~a^na patinissagga^nupassana^ sabbúpadhi patinissagga SIX STATES OF EXISTENCE VISVABHADRA BODHISATTVA 成實論(Satyasiddhi-sastra) 佛性(buddhata, buddhatva) attainment concentration patibha^na patisambhida^ reflecting contemplation hate rooted consciousness indriyesu gutta dva^rata^ SAMANTABHADRA BODHISATTVA TEN STAGES OF BODHISATTVA 佛教文學(Buddhist literature) a^ha^re patikkúla san~n~a^ dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu khalu paccha^ bhattik’anga paranimmita vasavatti deva TEN VEHICLES OF MEDITATION neighbourhood concentration origination of corporeality PURE LAND OF ULTIMATE BLISS yatha^ bhúta n~a^na dassana LAW OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION patisankha^nupassana^ n~a^na seven rebirths at the utmost 常樂我淨(nitya-sukha-atma-subha) 菩薩戒本(Bodhisattva-pratimoksa) THREE MEDITATIONS OF ONE MIND ascetic purification practices imperturbable karma formations sabba loke anabhirati san~n~a^ VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA lahuta^ muduta^, kamman~n~ata^ pariyatti patipatti, pativedha SIX DIRECTIONS OF REINCARNATION patipada^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi n’eva san~n~a^ n’a^san~n~a^yatana NIRVANA OF PURE, CLEAR SELF-NATURE 成唯識論(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-sastra) 達斯,S·C·(Sarat Chandra Das 1849~1917) a^rammana^dhipati a^rammanupanissaya FIVE CATEGORIES OF UNTRANSLATED TERMS TWELVE LINKS OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION TEN GREAT DISCIPLES OF SKAKYAMUNI BUDDHA 華嚴經(Bud dhavatamsaka-mahavai pul yasutra) 叁十七菩提分(saptatrimsadbodhi-paksika-dharmah) 中國佛教協會(The Buddhist Association of China) 大方等大集經(Mahavai pul ya-mahasanni-pata-sutra) 阿彌陀經(Sukhavati-v yuha-sutra,Amitayur-v yuha-sutra) 唯識二十論(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-vimsa-kakarika-sastra) 唯識叁十頌(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-trimsai-kakarika-sastra) 國際佛教研究協會(The International Association of Buddhist Studies) sura^meraya majja ppama^dattha^na^ veramani^ sikkha^padam sama^diya^mi ▲ 收起
南傳佛教英文辭典 【325】patipassaddhi paha^na

”overcoming  (of  defilements)  by  tranquillization”  (s.  paha^na).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【326】pun~n~a kiriya vatthu

”bases  of  meritorious  action”.  In  the  suttas,  3  are  mentioned  consisting  of  giving  (liberality;  da^na-maya-p.),  of  morality  (si^la-maya-p.)  and  of  mental  development  (meditation;  bha^vana^-maya-p.).  See  D.  33;  It.  60;  expl.  in  A.  VIII,  36.
Commentaries  have  a  list  of  ten  (dasa  p.)  which  is  very  popular  in  Buddhist  countries:  (1)-(3)  as  above,  (4)  reverence  (apaciti),  (5)  service  (veyya^vacca),  (6)  transference  of  merit  (patta^nuppada^na),  (7)  rejoicing  in  others”  merit  (abbha^numodana),  (8)  expounding  the  Doctrine  (desana^),  (9)  listening  to  the  Doctrine  (savana),  (10)  straightening  one”s  right  views  (rectification  of  views;  ditthujukamma).  -  Expl.  in  Atthasa^lini  Tr.  209ff.
See  ”The  Advantages  of  Merit”,  by  Bhikkhu  Khantipalo  (BODHI  LEAVES  B.  38).

英漢對照詞典 【327】THREE CLASSIFICATIONS

Three  Classifications  ==  叁科

Buddha  shows  that  a  person  is  nothing  more  than  a  combination  of  various  elements  which  come  together  under  suitable  conditions.  They  are  
1.the  Five  Skandhas五蘊  
2.the  Twelve  Bases十二處  
3.the  Eighteen  Fields十八界

南傳佛教英文辭典 【328】ubhato bha^ga vimutta

  the  ”both-ways-liberated  one”,  is  the  name  of  one  class  of  noble  disciples  (ariya-puggala,  q.v.).  He  is  liberated  in  2  ways,  namely,  by  way  of  all  8  absorptions  (jha^na,  q.v.)  as  well  as  by  the  supermundane  path  (sota^patti,  etc.)  based  on  insight  (vipassana^,  q.v.).  In  M.  70  it  is  said:
””Who,  o  monks,  is  a  both-ways-liberated  one”?  If  someone  in  his  own  person  has  reached  the  8  liberations  (absorptions),  and  through  wise  penetration  the  cankers  (a^sava,  q.v.)  have  become  extinguished,  such  a  one  is  called  a  both-ways-liberated  one.””  Cf.  D.  15.
In  the  widest  sense,  one  is  both-ways-liberated  if  one  has  reached  one  or  the  other  of  the  absorptions,  and  one  or  the  other  of  the  supermundane  paths  (cf.  A.  IX,  44).
The  first  liberation  is  also  called  ”liberation  of  mind”  (cetovimutti),  the  latter  liberation  through  wisdom”  (pan~n~a^-vimutti).
The  first  liberation,  however,  is  merely  temporary,  being  a  liberation  through  repression  (vikkhambhana-vimutti  =  vikkhambhana-paha^na:  s.  paha^na).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【329】vin~n~a^nan~ca^yatana

  ”sphere  of  boundless  consciousn  is  a  name  for  the  2nd  meditiative  absorption  in  the  immateria  sphere  (s.  jha^na,  6).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【330】catu pa^risuddhi si^la

  s.  si^la.

英漢對照詞典 【331】FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA

Four  Great  Bodhisattva  ==  四大菩薩

They  represent  the  four  major  characters  of  Bodhisattva:  
1.Manjusri  -  Universal  Great  Wisdom  Bodhisattva  
2.Samantabhadra  -  Universal  Worthy  Great  Conduct  Bodhisattva  
3.Ksitigarbha  -  Earth  Treasury  King  Great  Vow  Bodhisattva  
4.Avalokitesvara  -  Guan  Shr  Yin  Great  Compassion  Bodhisattva

英漢對照詞典 【332】SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS

Sixteen  Contemplations  ==  十六觀經

see  Vipasyana  Sukhavativyha  Sutra.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【333】substrata of existence

  upadhi  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【334】yatha^kammúpaga n~a^na

”knowledge  of  rebirth  according  to  one”s  actions”;  s.  abhin~n~a^  (4).

中國百科全書 【335】楞伽經(Lankavatara-sutra)

  Lengqiejing

  佛教經典。全名《楞伽阿跋多羅寶經》或《入楞伽經》。lanka  是斯裏蘭卡島的古名,Vatara  意爲“入”或“表露”。意爲釋迦佛在斯裏蘭卡地方所說的經。梵文原本系印度笈多王朝時期出現的中期大乘佛典之一,與《解深密經》同爲論述唯識思想的重要經典。此經一般認爲在無著以後所成立。它與偏重于信仰並具有濃重的文學色彩的初期大乘經典不同,偏重于理論的研究和哲學的說明。《楞迦經》出現後,很快就傳入了中國,最早的譯本是南朝宋元嘉二十年(443)求那跋陀羅的譯本(即《楞伽阿跋多羅寶經》4卷)。以後還有北魏菩提流支的譯本《入楞伽經》10卷,實叉難陀的譯本《大乘入楞伽經》7卷。此外,還有藏譯本和日本南條文雄校刊的梵本。藏譯本與梵本最接近。在漢譯各本中,實叉難陀的譯本與梵本比較接近。求那跋陀羅的譯本最能表現此經的原始形態,流行也最廣。

  此經除序文說明其産生的原由,宣說離言自性的法門外,其主要內容有:①闡述“叁界唯心”的學說。認爲一切諸法都系“自心所見”,“自心所現”,是“自內證”;②說明真妄的因緣;③辨明邪正的因果,說明去妄歸真的旨意及五法(名、相、唐妄想、正智、如如)、叁性、八識、二無我(法無我、人無我)的道理。認爲八識是阿賴耶識大海生起的波浪,阿賴邪識是“原因”和“根本識”,它是無始以來的本體。阿賴耶識也就是“如來藏”;④明法身之常住,以示生死、涅槃之平等;⑤示藏心自性,以明真妄、生滅、平等之相;⑥廣說六度,指出自性之妙行;⑦廣決衆疑;⑧指出性戒,以彰生佛平等之理。全經以離名絕相的第一義心爲宗,以妄想無性爲旨趣,以五法、叁自性、八識、二無我爲教相,以自覺聖智爲體,以斥小辨邪爲用,爲大乘瑜伽行派的學說奠定理論基礎。經中還提到如來的異名有梵、毗濕努、自在天、因陀羅等,但給予不同內容的解釋,可見其受到印度教的影響。

  《楞伽經》對中國佛教影響頗大。據說菩提達摩曾以此經授慧可,並雲:“我觀漢地,唯有此經,仁者依行,自得度世。”但慧可卻對此經“專附言理”,進行了自由闡發。慧可門徒更持此經,遊行村落,不入都邑,行頭陀行。他們主張“專唯念慧,不在話言”,實行以“忘言、忘念、無得正觀”爲宗旨的禅法,逐漸形成獨立的一種派別,被稱楞伽師,並成爲以後禅宗的先驅者。

  注疏主要的有唐法藏《入楞伽經心玄義》1卷,智俨《楞伽經注》(僅存卷二卷五殘本);宋善月《楞伽經通義》6卷,正受《楞伽經集注》4卷,寶臣《大乘入楞伽經注》10卷,楊彥國《楞伽經纂》4卷;明德清《觀楞伽經記》8卷及《楞伽補遺》1卷,智旭《楞伽經玄義》1卷及《楞伽經義疏》9卷,通潤《楞伽經合轍》8卷,宗泐與如玘《楞伽經注解》8卷,廣莫《楞伽經參訂疏》8卷,曾鳳儀《楞伽經宗通》8卷,焦竑《楞伽經精解評林》1卷等。日本有光謙的《楞伽經講翼》和養存的《楞伽經論疏折衰》等。(高振農)

中國百科全書 【336】緣起(pratitya-samutpada)

  yuanqi

  佛教教義。亦名緣生。“因緣生起”的略稱。緣,意爲關系或條件,所謂緣起即諸法由緣而起;宇宙間一切事物和現象的生起變化,都有相對的互存關系或條件。佛教常用“此有則彼有,此生則彼生,此無則彼無,此滅則彼滅”來說明緣起的理論。緣起說是原始佛教針對當時各種宗教哲學主張宇宙是從“大梵天造”、“大自在天造”,或從“自性生”、“宿因生”、“偶然因生”、“生類因說”等理論而提出,用以解釋世界、社會、人生和各種精神現象産生的根源。最早的緣起說是“業感緣起”即十二因緣說,主要用以解釋人生痛苦的原因,但後來各派對緣起的認識和解釋各有不同。中觀派和叁論宗主張“性空緣起”,認爲只有一切事物的本性體空,才能生起一切事物。《中論》稱:“因緣所生法,我說即是空。”瑜伽行派和法相宗主張“阿賴耶緣起”,以“叁界唯心”、“唯識無境”來說明世界的本原。《大乘起信論》作“真如緣起”,《勝鬘經》等作“如來藏緣起”,均以佛心、法淨心爲世界的根源。華嚴宗把各家關于緣起的學說,用判教形式概括爲四種:1、業感緣起。由煩惱惡業招苦果,因果相續,六道展轉,生死輪回,爲小乘之緣起觀;2、阿賴耶緣起。由阿賴耶識之種子起現行,現行又熏種子,以現行諸法爲緣,生煩惱惡業而招感苦果,叁世因果輾轉相續,爲大乘始教之緣起觀;3、如來藏緣起。又名真如緣起。如真或如來藏爲染淨之緣所驅,生種種事物,其染分現六道生死輪回,其淨分現四種聖人,爲大乘終教之緣起觀;4、法界緣起。法界通常指真如、實相等,即真如法性之本體爲一法界。又爲一切法緣一切法成一大緣起,以一法成一切法,一切法生一法,一與多、心與境等圓融無礙,爲圓教之緣起觀。(任傑)

南傳佛教英文辭典 【337】bhayatupattha^na n~a^na

”knowledge  consisting  in  the  awareness  of  terror”,  is  one  of  those  kinds  of  insight-knowledge  that  form  the  ”purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  the  path-progress”  (s.  visuddhi,  VI.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【338】catu dha^tu vavattha^na

”analysis  of  the  four  elements”;  s.  dha^tu-vavattha^na.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【339】dasa (tatha^gata ) bala

”the  ten  powers  (of  a  Perfect  One);  or,  he  who  Possesses  the  10  P.”,  i.e.  the  Buddha.  About  him  it  is  said  (e.g.,  M.  12.;  A.  X,  21):
There,  o  monks,  the  Perfect  One  understands  according  to  reality  the  possible  as  possible,  and  the  impossible  as  impossible  ...  the  result  of  past,  present  and  future  actions  ...  the  path  leading  to  the  welfare  of  all  ...  the  world  with  its  many  different  elements  ...  the  different  inclinations  in  beings  ...  the  lower  and  higher  faculties  in  beings  ...  the  defilement,  purity  and  rising  with  regard  to  the  absorptions,  deliverances,  concentration  and  attainments  ...  remembering  many  former  rebirths  ...  perceiving  with  the  divine  eye  how  beings  vanish  and  reappear  again  according  to  their  actions  (karma)  ...  gaining,  through  extinction  of  all  taints,  possession  of  ”deliverance  of  mind”  and  ”deliverance  through  wisdom”...."

英漢對照詞典 【340】FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS

Five  Basic  Afflications  ==  五根本煩惱

The  five  fundamental  conditions  of  the  passions  and  delusions:  
1.wrong  view,  which  are  common  to  the  Trailokya  
2.clinging  or  attachment  in  the  Desire  Realm  
3.clinging  or  attachment  in  the  Form  Realm  
4.clinging  or  attachment  in  the  Formless  Realm  
5.the  state  of  unenlightenment  or  ignorance  in  Trailokya,  which  is  the  root-cause  of  all  distressful  delusion.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【341】muccitu kamyata^ n~a^na

”knowledge  consisting  in  the  desire  for  deliverance”;  s.  visuddhi  (VI.  6).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【342】patinissagga^nupassana^

  ”contemplation  on  abandonment”,  is  one  of  the  18  kinds  of  insight  (vipassana^  q.v.).  Further  cf.  the  16th  exercise  of  anapana-sati  (q.v.).

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