s. upadhi.
Six States of Existence == 六道
see Six Directions of Reincarnation.
Visvabhadra Bodhisattva == 普賢菩薩
As one of the Four Great Bodhisattva, he is the one with the highest conduct. Visvabhadra, also known as Samantabhadra, means universal worthy. He is the lord of the fundamental law, the dhyana ( taking precepts) and the practice of all Buddhas. Visvabhadra, the guardian of law, is often placed on the right of Shakyamuni, while Manjusri, the guardian of wisdom, is the left. He always rides on a white elephant, is the patron of the Lotus Sutra, and its devotees, and has close connection with Hua-yen Sutra. He has Ten Great King Vows, which give an excellent guideline to all Buddhists to practice and cultivate the Buddha Way.
Chengshilun
佛教論書。古印度诃梨跋摩著。後秦鸠摩羅什譯。16卷(一作14卷或20卷)。成實即成就四谛之意。爲反對小乘說一切有部“諸法實有”理論,提倡“人法二空”,弘揚苦、集、滅、道四谛之理。相傳诃梨跋摩爲說一切有部著名論師鸠摩羅多(童受)弟子,初信其師學說,後來覺得這些沒有擺脫《大毗婆沙論》的束縛,拘泥于名相,煩瑣支離,乃自窮叁藏,以探教說之本源。後到華氏城,隨多聞部學習,接觸到大乘思想,又泛覽九經,評量五部(律),旁究異說,考核諸論,因而著作此論。
內容 此論譯出後,羅什弟子昙影見其結構松散,篇章不分,大段難明,于是按照文義,區分爲五聚(即五部分),二百零二品。“發聚”爲序說,主要泛論佛法僧叁寶、造論緣由、論門種類、四谛大要及對各家十種重要異說的批判等。其余四聚爲本論,詳說四谛之義。其中“苦谛聚”論說色論、識論、想論、受論、行論等五陰之事;“集谛聚”于業論中詳述善惡諸業,在煩惱論中,詳論斷惑之事;“滅谛聚”詳說斷滅假名心、實法心、空心等“叁心”;“道谛聚”以八正道爲道谛法,分別正定、正智等等。整個論的主要特點是針對說一切有部“我空法有”之說,提出“人法二空”的思想。認爲法無實體,只有假名。就連四大及其構成的色法也都是假名。因而主張不僅要破除人我,滅“假名心”,而且假法、實法,一律要破,這就是法無我,“滅法心”。最後連剩下的空心也要破,即“滅空心”。這已超出說一切有部之說,接近于大乘空亦複空的思想。但它僅將最後的滅空心分爲兩種,即證涅槃和入滅盡定,說明其學說尚未擺脫小乘的局限,與大乘所主張的地住涅槃說相差甚遠。《成實論》的“叁心說”是後來大乘瑜伽行派“叁性說”的淵源。
傳播 在印度,此論未見流傳。梵文原本早已佚失,現存梵本是從漢譯本還譯的。在中國,自後秦弘始十四年(412)鸠摩羅什譯出後,其門下就爭相研習,競作注疏。僧導既撰《成實義疏》,又聚衆霁述。後到壽春(今安徽壽縣)弘傳此論,門下逾千人。其後形成壽春系,流行于南方。僧嵩則至彭城(今江蘇徐州),既傳“叁論”(《中論》、《十二門論》、《百論》),也弘揚《成實論》,經其弟子僧淵等幾代的弘傳,形成彭城系,流行于北方。南齊永明年間,在齊武帝次子竟陵王蕭子良主持下,集名僧500余人,以僧柔、慧次爲上首,對此論要義進行討論,並將論文20卷刪爲9卷。時僧祐亦參與其事,作《略成實論記》,學士周顒撰《鈔成實論序》,說明刪節的用意。以後,此略本曾風行一時。到了梁代,對《成實論》的研究更盛。智藏、僧旻、法雲被稱爲梁代叁大家。由于他們常融會《成實論》宣講大乘思想,也稱爲“成論大乘師”。直至隋唐曆久不衰。
注疏 見于僧傳記載的,主要有南朝宋時僧導《成實義疏》、道亮《成實義疏》;北魏昙度《成實大義疏》;梁智藏《成實義疏》(或雲即《大義記》)、慧琰《成實玄義》;陳寶瓊《成實玄義》及《成實文疏》、洪偃《成實疏》;陳智脫《成實疏》、慧影《成實義章》、明彥《成實疏》;唐新羅元曉(一說元瑜)《成實疏》,百濟道藏《成實疏》,懷素《成實義章》。此外,著作時代不明的尚有宗法師《成實玄記》及《成實論義章》、聰法師《成實論章》、法法師和嵩法師的《成實論疏》等。由于唐以後此論無人研習,以上注疏均已佚失;但在安澄的《中觀論疏記》中,尚可見共引用僧導、智藏、聰法師、宗法師、法法師、嵩法師等人的疏記中的一些內容。(高振農)
Foxing
佛教術語。佛指覺悟,性,意爲不變。大乘佛教的一些經典認爲一切衆生皆有佛性,即衆生都有覺悟成佛的可能性。另外一些經典主張,並非一切有情都有佛性,有一部分人,由于他們的根器,即使勤修也不能成佛。佛性一詞在不同的情況下有不同的內涵。諸家依《涅槃經》一般說有叁因佛性:1、正因佛性,即中道實相、真如法性的理性;2、了因佛性,即照了二谛的般若智慧;3、緣因佛性,則是配合了因智慧開發正因的六度萬行的功德行願。佛性是因,成佛是果,要圓滿具備此叁因方能成佛。又有叁種佛性說:1、自性住佛性,真如之理,自性常住,無有改變,一切衆生皆具此理;2、引出佛性,依禅定智慧修行之力,本有佛性逐漸顯現而引出者;3、至得果佛性,修因圓滿,至成佛時,本有的理體佛性徹底顯現。
佛性一詞和法性、實相、如來藏等概念,義一而名異。《大乘玄論》卷叁稱:“經中有名佛性、法性、真如、實際等,並是佛性之異名。”《涅槃經》也說“佛性有種種名,于一佛性,亦名法性、涅槃,亦名般若、一乘,亦名首楞嚴叁昧、師子吼叁味”。(劉峰)
appana^-sama^dhi (q.v.); s. sama^dhi.
the ”analytical knowledge of ready wit”: s. patisambhida^.
patisankha^nupassana^ (s. vipassana^, 17).
s. Tab. I. (30, 31).
”guarding the sense-doors” is identical with sense-control (indriya-samvara; s. si^la).
Samantabhadra Bodhisattva == 普賢菩薩
Also called Visvabhadra Bodhisattva, Universally Worthy Bodhisattva. Being one of the Four Great Bodhisattvas, he is the Bodhisattva of Great Conduct, representing the Law. He has Ten Great King Vows, which are the guidelines in practising Buddhism, and cultivating the Buddhist Way.
Ten Stages of Bodhisattva == 十地菩薩
These are the ten stages of development of Bodhisattva depending on their merits and virtues:
1.Pramudita (joy) - job at having overcome the difficulties and sufferings, now entering on the path to Buddhahood
2.Vimala (purity) - freedom from all possible defilement
3.Prabhakari (enlightenment) - stage of further enlightenment
4.Arcismati (widsom) - stage of glowing wisdom
5.Sudurjaya (no difficulty) - stage of mastering the utmost difficulties
6.Abhimukhi (open way) - the open way of wisdom above definitions of impurity and purity
7.Duramgama (proceeding afar) - getting above ideas of self in order to save others
8.Acala (unperturbed) - attainment of being unperturbed
9.Sadhumati (discriminatory wisdom) - the finest discriminatory wisdom, knowing where and how to save, and possessing the Ten Powers
10.Dharma megha (law cloud) - attainment of the fertilizing powers of law cloud
Fojiao wenxue
文學 數千卷印度佛典,如《維摩經》、《妙法蓮華經》、《楞嚴經》等,本身就是瑰麗的文學作品,向爲文人所喜愛。《百喻經》已被譯爲多種文字,其中的譬喻故事被認爲是世界文學中的珍品。敘述佛陀前生的《本生經》(《本生譚》)是著名的傳記文學。馬鳴的《佛所行贊》是印度著名的長篇敘事詩之一。其他如佛教典籍中的偈頌、贊、散文、故事、俗講、變文、語錄、傳記、遊記、文集等,均爲優美的佛教文學作品。中國、日本、斯裏蘭卡的很多著名的文學作品,都是在佛教的影響下,汲取本國傳統文學的藝術形式,逐漸形成的一種獨具風格的文學作品。它帶來了新的意境、新的文體和新的命意遣詞方法。《維摩經》、《百喻經》等,鼓舞了中國晉、唐小說的創作;俗講、變文對後來的平話、小說、戲曲等中國通俗文學的形成,有一定的淵源關系;禅宗語錄不僅爲宋明理學家所仿效,也影響到後來的民間文學作品。
”reflection on the loathsomeness of food”, fully described in Vis.M. XI, l.
s. pun~n~a-kiriya-vatthu.
s. dhutanga.
”heavenly beings with power over the productions of others”, constitute a class of heavenly beings in the sensuous sphere (ka^ma-loka). Ma^ra (q.v.) is said to be their ruler. Cf. loka, deva I.
Ten Vehicles of Meditation == 十乘觀
Vehicles is the means to take living beings across from suffering to Nirvana. Though there are ten vehicles, there is only one teaching (Dharma), i.e., Inconceivable Virtues of the Self-mind, and the other nine are supplementary. According to Tien Tai Sect, the ten vehicles are:
1.Meditation of Inconceivable Virtue of the Self-mind * - * highest order for superior roots
2.Meditation of Real Bodhicitta
3.Meditation of Expedient Dwelling of Mind
4.Meditation of Breaking Universal Dharma
5.Meditation of Penetrating through Obstructed Consciousness
6.Meditation of Commissioning all Chapters of Paths
7.Meditation of Confronting Delusion and Advocating Enlightenment
8.Meditation of Understanding the Stages of Fruition
9.Meditation of Calmness and Endurance
10.Meditation of Non-attachment of Dharma