古印度佛教晚期大乘瑜伽行派的重要學者。據藏傳資料,他系東印度婆連陀羅王族班支達毗斯沙迦之子,曾從安慧、阿輸迦等人受學,精內外五明。曾在東印度跋盧舍王國寫了聲明、醫方、韻律、工巧等方面的著作多種。後被國王逐出,隨商人到今斯裏蘭卡,建獅子音神殿,講大乘法,並寫作工巧、醫方等著作。隨後到南印度,爲《波膩尼經》作注;又到那爛陀寺,以瑜伽行派學者的身份與中觀派學者月稱辯論。據說這場辯論持續了七年,旁聽者甚衆,最後的結論是“嗟嗟龍樹宗,有藥亦有毒,慈氏無著書,衆生之甘露”。意謂月稱所傳的龍樹之學,有可取的,也有不足取的;而月官所傳的瑜伽學則守全是可取的。月官在這場辯論中獲得好評,說明他對瑜伽行派學說有所發展。嗣又在檀那室利建立百余度母神廟。最後逝于南印度普陀山。
月官從瑜伽行派觀點出發講中道,學貫顯、密;弘通博識,著述甚豐。傳說他對世間的聲明、工巧,佛家的贊頌、義理等四個方面著作各有108部,共計432部。但今存甚少,梵文僅有《與弟子書》一封信,漢譯全無,藏譯有40余部;其中一半以上是關于密教的,大多保存在藏文大藏經中。主要著作有關于聲明的《記論旃陀羅經》、《記論旃陀羅字經解》、《字緣二十頌釋》、《忏悔贊》、《菩薩律儀二十論》(以二十頌概括菩薩戒的內容)等。他在西藏主要是作爲一個文法學者而名彰後世。此外,他對菩薩戒的說法,也與玄奘的譯本有出入,內容雖無變化,但也戒的說法,也與玄奘的譯本有出入,內容雖無變化,但也顯示出兩家傳承的不同。他的說法,完全爲藏傳佛教所傳承。(方文 )
s. jha^na (7).
s. sama^dhi.
cf. ceto-vimutti.
s. si^vathika^.
”Wisdom (or knowledge) based on thinking”, s. pan~n~a^.
upa^da^-rúpa (q.v.); further s. khandha (I. B.).
pan~ca-voka^ra-bhava (q.v.).
catu-voka^ra-bhava (q.v.).
s. Tab, I, III. (22-29).
an ”expression the meaning of which is to be inferred”: neyyattha-dhamma (q.v.). - Antonym: ”expression with an established meaning”: ni^tattha-dhamma (s. neyyattha-dhamma).
lit.”wrong or evil conduct with regard to sensual things”;”unlawful sexual intercourse” refers to adultery, and to intercourse with minors or other persons under guardianship. The abstaining from this unlawful act is one of the 5 moral rules (s. sikkha^pada) binding upon all Buddhists. Through any other sexual act one does not become guilty of the above transgression, which is considered a great crime. The monk, however, has to observe perfect chastity.
In many Suttas (e.g. A.X., 176) we find the following explanation: "He avoids unlawful sexual intercourse, abstains from it. He has no intercourse with girls who are still under the protection of father or mother, brother, sister or relatives, nor with married women, nor female convicts, nor, lastly, with betrothed girls."
”wrong views with fixed destiny”, are the views of uncausedness of existence (ahetuka-ditthi), of the inefficacy of action (akiriya-ditthi), and nihilism (natthika-ditthi). For details, s. ditthi; and M. 60, Com. (WHEEL 98/99). - (App.)
is apparently mentioned for the first time in Dhs. (e.g. § 1028) of the Abh. As a name for the 10th and last of the akusala-kammapathas, it plays a prominent role in the Com.
”retrospective knowledge”, refers to the recollected mental image obtained in concentration, or to any inner experience just passed, as for instance, any absorption (jha^na q.v.), or any supermundane path, or fruition of the path, etc. (s. ariya-puggala). As it is said: "At the end of fruitional consciousness, consciousness sinks into the subconscious stream of existence (bhavanga-sota, q.v.). Then, breaking off the stream of existence, mental advertence (manodva^ra^vajjana) arises at the mind-door, for the purpose of retrospecting the (just passed) path-moment. Now, as soon as this stage has passed, 7 moments of impulsive consciousness (javana-citta), one after the other, flash up while retrospecting the path. After they again have sunk into the subconscious stream, there arise, for the purpose of retrospecting the fruition of the path the moments of advertence and impulsion, during whose arising the monk is retrospecting the path, retrospecting the fruition, retrospecting the abandoned defilements, retrospecting the still remaining defilements, retrospecting Nibba^na as object ....”This blessing have I attained”....”This and that defilement still remains in me”....”This object have I beheld in my mind”, etc." (Vis.M. XXII).
”purity of reflection”, is a name for wise consideration in using the 4 requisites allowed to the monk, i.e. robes, food, dwelling, and medicine; s. si^la (4).
”post-nascence-condition”, is one of the 24 conditions (paccaya, q.v.).
”five-group existence”, is a name for existence in the sensuous sphere (ka^ma^vacara), or in the fine-material sphere (rúpa^vacara, s. avacara), since all the 5 groups of existence (khandha, q.v.) are found there. In the immaterial sphere (arúpa^vacara, s. avacara), however, only the 4 mental groups are found, and in the world of unconscious beings (asan~n~a^-satta, q.v.) only the one corporeality group. Cf eka-voka^ra-bhava and catu-pan~ca-voka^ra-bhava; further s. avacara. - (App.: voka^ra).