upapi^laka-kamma; s. karma.
”neighbourhood or access-concentrationn”, is the degree of concentration just before entering any of the absorptions, or jha^nas. It still belongs to the sensuous sphere (ka^ma^vacara; s. avacara).
”destructive karma”; s. karma.
”destructive karma”; s. karma.
”contemplation of feeling”, is one of the 4 foundations of mindfulness (satipattha^na q.v.).
s. mada.
古印度佛教遺址。傳爲釋迦牟尼的故鄉。亦譯劫比羅伐窣堵、迦毗羅婆蘇都、迦毗羅蟠窣都、迦毗羅、迦毗梨等。意譯妙德城、黃頭居處等。釋迦族聚居的迦毗羅衛國的國都。中國的法顯、玄奘都曾到過此城,但兩人對它的位置的記述有所不同。近代以來,雖經專家努力探索,但至今未能確定其原址。
有人認爲,今尼泊爾南部的提羅拉科特就是迦毗羅衛。它距相傳釋迦牟尼誕生地藍毗尼不遠。這是印度考古學家穆吉克根據玄奘的記載,以1895年在尼泊爾泰雷地區發現的阿育王拘那舍牟尼佛石柱及1896年在藍毗尼發現的阿育王釋迦牟尼佛誕生石柱爲線索,于1899年在提羅拉科特試掘後認定的。近年來,發掘工作已擴展到提羅拉科特周圍地區,並發現了一些城壘和佛教遺址、文物,但尚不能完全確證該地就是迦毗羅衛古城。
另有一些人認爲,迦毗羅衛的遺址應在今印度北方邦北部,距尼泊爾邊境1公裏處的庇浦拉瓦。它距藍毗尼和提羅拉科特都不遠。早在1898年,英人佩普曾在此地一佛塔中發現一個滑石製的舍利壺,上有婆羅迹字體的銘文:“這是釋迦族的佛世尊的遺骨容器,是有名譽的兄弟及姐妹、妻子們(奉祀)的。”不少學者認爲這可能就是在所謂“八分舍利”時釋迦族分得的那一份。1972年印度考古局在上述同一佛塔的下層,又發現兩個形態與質料同上述舍利壺完全一樣的舍利壺,但兩壺的大小不同,且無銘文。從出土情況判斷,安放這兩個壺的年代約在公元前5~前4世紀。不久,又在佛塔旁的僧院遺址中發現了四十多枚赤陶製的印章和缽蓋,其中一枚印章上有婆羅迷字體刻文:“奄!迦毗羅衛的提婆跋陀羅僧陀的比丘僧伽(所有)”。另一枚印章上爲“大迦毗羅衛的比丘僧伽(所有)”。在一個缽蓋上也刻有迦毗羅衛的字樣。另在附近發現有若幹用大磚砌成的建築物和其他一些文物。據研究,庇浦拉瓦的地下文化可發4期,最古老的一期約屬公元前8~前6世紀。因此,近來沙學者認爲這裏就是迦毗羅衛遺址,但仍不能確證。(方廣 )
Konghai
日本佛教真言宗創始人。俗姓佐伯,幼名真魚。贊岐國(今香川縣)人。15歲學《論語》、《孝經》等。後遊京都,入大學明經科,學習中國古典文學,尤好佛教。偶讀《虛空藏求聞持法》,信佛而作居士。795年于奈良東大寺受具足戒。804年與最澄等隨遣唐使入唐求法,到長安初住西是寺。遍訪各地高僧,從醴泉寺般若與牟尼室利學《華嚴經》等,又隨昙貞學悉昙梵語。翌年于青龍寺東塔院從惠果受胎藏界和金剛界昙荼羅法,並受傳法阿阇黎的灌頂,自號“遍照金剛”。惠果寂後,奉唐憲宗命撰寫碑文。806年攜帶佛典經疏、法物等回國,撰《請來目錄》。初住京都高雄山寺,從事傳法灌頂。816年于紀伊(今和歌山縣)開創高野山,號金剛峰寺。823年诏賜京都東寺爲密教永久根本道場。“東密”名稱即由此而來。曾兼任東大寺別當,統轄一寺僧職,補大僧正位。921年醍醐天皇賜谥弘未能大師。著有《說謊顯密二教論》、《秘藏寶鑰》、《十住心論》、《付法傳》、《即身成佛義》等。著名文學作品《文鏡秘府論》,近年在中國出版。全部著作近年輯爲《弘法大師全集》。
其故鄉四國香川縣等四縣政府近年與中國西安市政府協議,于青龍寺故址建立“空海大師紀念碑”,以紀念他的留學事迹。日本真言宗各派也重建了東塔院。(林子青)
古印度著名大佛塔。在今印度中央邦馬爾瓦地區波保爾附近。塔直徑36.6米,高約16.5米,雄渾古樸,莊嚴宏偉。塔中心半圓形的覆缽,最初是公元前250年左右由阿育王修建的。後在巽伽王朝時代由當地富商資助的一個僧團繼續擴建,在覆缽土墩外面壘砌磚石,頂上增修一個方形平臺和叁層傘蓋,底部構築了石砌的基壇和圍欄。公元前1世紀後半葉到公元1世紀初葉,安達羅王朝又在圍欄四方陸續依次建造南、北、東、西四座砂石的塔門牌坊。每座牌坊由叁道橫梁和兩根立柱構成,並飾以左右對稱的浮雕嵌板和圓雕構件。浮雕嵌板的內容多爲佛傳故事和本生故事。由于當時佛教雕刻尚禁忌出現佛陀本身的形象,故只有法輪、寶座、菩提樹等象征物表示釋迦牟尼的存在。圓雕人物的代表作是東門牌坊橫梁與立柱相交處的著名的樹神藥叉女像。她雙臂攀援芒果樹枝,縱身向外傾斜,淩空懸挂于整個建築結構之外,富有節奏感的S型體態,健壯豐滿,被譽爲印度標准女性美的雛形和始祖。印度把這種塔門牌坊稱作“陀蘭那”(Torana),故後代把這種雕刻藝術稱作“陀蘭那藝術”。(方廣 )
s. patisandhi.
”attachment to the ego-belief”, is one of the 4 kinds of clinging (upa^da^na, q.v.).
”four-group existence”, is the existence in the immaterial world (arúpa-loka; s. loka), since only the four mental groups (feeling, perception, mental formations, consciousness, s. khandha) are found there, the corporeality group being absent. Cf. pan~ca-voka^ra-bhava, eka-voka^ra-bhava. (App.: voka^ra).
rúpa-kkhandha: s. khandha.
This term is first used in Pts.M. while the subject in question is often treated in the old sutta texts (e.g. M. 28, 62, 140, etc.). Cf. sammasana.
”analysis (or determining) of the 4 elements”, is described in Vis.M. XI, 2, as the last of the 40 mental exercises (s. bha^vana^). In a condensed form this exercise is handed down in D. 22 and M. 10 (s. satipattha^na), but in detail explained in M. 28, 62, 140. The simile of the butcher in M. 10 ("Just, o monks, as a skilled butcher or butcher”s apprentice, after having slaughtered a cow and divided it into separate portions, should sit down at the junction of four highroads; just so does the disciple contemplate this body with regard to the elements") is thus explained in Vis.M. XI.: "To the butcher, who rears the cow, brings it to the slaughter-house, ties it, puts it there, slaughters it, or looks at the slaughtered and dead cow, the idea ”cow” does not disappear as long as he has not yet cut the body open and taken it to pieces. As soon, however, as he sits down, after having cut it open and taken it to pieces, the idea ”cow” disappears to him, and the idea ”meat” arises. And he does not think: ”A cow do I sell, or ”A cow do they buy.” Just so, when the monk formerly was still an ignorant worldling, layman or a homeless one, the ideas ”living being” or ”man” or ”individual” had not yet disappeared as long as he had not taken this body, whatever position or direction it had, to pieces and analysed it piece by piece. As soon, however, as he analysed this body into its elements, the idea ”living being” disappeared to him, and his mind became established in the contemplation of the elements." - (App.).
”indulging in grief”; s. manopavica^ra.
parin~n~a^ (q.v.).
This term is used in Abh. S. for the citta, Tab. I, 72. This type of consciousness (the Buddha”s smile) is often implied in the suttas.