ditthi, -sankappa, -va^ca etc.: s. foll.
magga, Atthangika: the ”eightfold wrong path”, i.e. (1) wrong view (miccha^-ditthi), (2) wrong thought (miccha^-sankappa), (3) wrong speech (miccha^-va^ca^), (4) wrong bodily action (miccha^-kammanta), (5) wrong livelihood (miccha^-a^ji^va), (6) wrong effort (miccha^-va^ya^ma), (7) wrong mindfulness (miccha^-sati), (8) wrong concentration (miccha^-sama^dhi). Just as the Eightfold Right Path (samma^-magga), so also here the 8 links are included in the group of mental formations (sankha^ra-kkhandha; s. khandha). The links 2, 6, 7, 8, are inseparably bound up with every karmically-unwholesome state of consciousness. Often are also present 3, 4, or 5, sometimes link 1.
s. pa^tiha^riya.
”altruistic (or sympathetic) joy”, is one of the 4 sublime abodes (brahma-viha^ra, q.v.).
(rúpa, ka^ya, citta): ”elasticity” (of corporeality, mental factors, consciousness); s. khandha (I) and Tab. II.
s. lahuta^.
lokiya (q.v.).
buddha (or satthu)- sa^sana: s. sa^sana.
karmically: avya^kata (q.v.); n. feelings, s. vedana^.
mark, sign; image; target, object; cause, condition. These meanings are used in, and adapted to, many contexts of which only the doctrinal ones are mentioned here.
1.”Mental (reflex-) image”, obtained in meditation. In full clarity, it will appear in the mind by successful practice of certain concentration-exercises and will then appear as vividly as if seen by the eye. The object perceived at the very beginning of concentration is called the preparatory image (parikamma-nimitta). The still unsteady and unclear image, which arises when the mind has reached a weak degree of concentration, is called the acquired image (uggaha-nimitta). An entirely clear and immovable image arising at a higher degree of concentration is the counter-image (patibha^ga-nimitta). As soon as this image arises, the stage of neighbourhood (or access) concentration (upaca^ra-sama^dhi) is reached. For further details, s. kasina, sama^dhi.
2.”Sign of (previous) kamma” (kamma-nimitta) and ”sign of (the future) destiny” (gati-nimitta); these arise as mental objects of the last karmic consciousness before death (marana^sanna-kamma; s. karma, III, 3).
Usages (1) and (2) are commentarial (s. App.). In sutta usage, the term occurs, e.g. as:
3.”Outward appearance”: of one who has sense-control it is said- that "he does not seize upon the general appearance” of an object (na nimittagga^hi^; M. 38, D. 2; expl. Vis I, 54f; see si^la).
4.”Object”: the six objects, i.e. visual, etc. (rúpa-nimitta; S. XXII, 3). Also, when in explanation of animitta-cetovimutti, signless deliverance of mind (s. cetovimutti, vimokkha), it is said, ”sabba-nimitta^nam amanasika^ra^”, it refers to the 6 sense-objects (Com. to M. 43), and has therefore to be rendered "by paying no attention to any object (or object-ideas)." - A pleasant or beautiful object (subha-nimitta, q.v.) is a condition to the arising of the hindrance of sense-desire; a ”repellent object” (patigha-nimitta) for the hindrance of ill-will; contemplation on the impurity of an object (asubha-nimitta; s. asubha) is an antidote to sense-desire.
5. In Pts.M. II, in a repetitive series of terms, nimitta appears together with uppa^do (origin of existence), pavattam (continuity of existence), and may then be rendered by ”condition of existence” (s. Path, 194f.).
As signifying the mental reflex-image occurring in meditation, this term, singly or in compounds (parikkamma-, uggaha-, patibha^ga-n.), is found only in the Com., Vis.M., etc. The same holds good for kamma-nimitta, gati-nimitta.
”extinction”; s. nirodha-sama^patti, anupubba-nirodha.
Nirvana == 涅槃
Nirvana is a Sanskrit word which is originally translated as "perfect stillness". It has many other meanings, such as liberation, eternal bliss, tranquil extinction, extinction of individual existence, unconditioned, no rebirth, calm joy, etc. It is usually described as transmigration to "extinction", but the meaning given to "extinction" varies.
There are four kinds of Nirvana:
1.Nirvana of pure, clear self-nature
2.Nirvana with residue
3.Nirvana without residue
4.Nirvana of no dwelling
(Sanskrit= ) Nibba^na (q.v.).
”foundation”. The 2 wrong foundations of morality are craving (tanha^-nissaya) and views (ditthi-nissaya). Hence there are two wrong bases of morality: morality based on craving (tanha^-nissita-si^la) and morality based on views (ditthi-nissita-si^la). (App.)
"”Based on craving” is that kind of morality which has come about by the desire for a happy existence, e.g.: ”O that by this morality I might become a godlike or heavenly being!” (A.IX, 172).”Based on views” is that morality which has been induced by the view that through the observation of certain moral rules purification may be attained" (Vis.M. I).
the ”fixedness of law” regarding all things; cf. tathata^. - Pan~ca-niya^ma is a commentarial term, signifying the ”fivefold lawfulness” or ”natural order” that governs: (1) temperature, seasons and other physical events (utu-niya^ma); (2) the plant life (bi^ja-n.); (3) karma (kamma-n.); (4) the mind (citta-n.), e.g. the lawful sequence of the functions of consciousness (s. vin~n~a^na-kicca) in the process of cognition; (5) certain events connected with the Dhamma (dhamma-n.), e.g. the typical events occurring in the lives of the Buddhas. (App.).
The compound words utu-, bi^ja-, kamma-, citta-, and dhamma-niya^ma, probably occur for the first time in the Com. Niya^mata^, however, occurs often in the old sutta texts, e.g.”thita^ va sa^ dha^tu dhammatthitata^ dhammaniya^mata...” (A. III. 134. etc.)
”effulgence of light”, aura, appearing at times during deep insight (vipassana^), may become a ”defilement of insight” (vipassanúpakkilesa); cf. visuddhi, V.