”remembrance of former births”, is one of the higher powers (abhin~n~a^, q.v.), and a factor of threefold knowledge (tevijja, q.v.).
”meritorious karma-formations” of the sensuous and fine-material sphere; s. sankha^ra I. 1.
sa-upadisesa-nibbana == 有余(依)涅槃
Sudden Enlightenment == 頓悟
Enlightened all of a sudden by hearing or studying Dharma, usually for those who practices Ch”an.
Sukhavativyuha Sutra == 無量壽經
It is one of the main Sutras for Pure Land Sect. It stipulates the Forty-eight Vows of Amitabha Buddha, which give rise to the characteristic of the Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss in the West.
”contemplation of emptiness” (s. prec.), is one of the 18 chief kinds of insight (vipassana^, q.v.). Cf. Vis.M. XXI.
Ten Titles of Buddha == 十佛名號
represent the characteristics of Buddha
1.Tathagata - the Thus Come Ones
2.Arhat - worthy of offerings
3.Samyak-sambuddha - of proper and universal knowledge
4.Vidyacarna-sampauna - perfect in understanding and conduct
5.Sugata - skilful in leaving the world through liberation
6.Lokavid - perfect and complete understanding of all worldly Dharma
7.Anuttara - unsurpassed knights
8.Purusa-damya-sarathi - taming heroes
9.Sasta deramanusyanam - teachers of gods and people
10.Buddha-lokanatha or Bhagaran - Buddha, the World Honored Ones
s. patisandhi.
Unconditioned dharma == 無爲法
Also known as Asamskrta dharma, which is anything not subject to the principle of cause and effect, nor law of dependent origination, i.e. conditions. It is the dharma beyond the worldly ones.
Vast and Long Tongue == 廣長舌相
one of the thirty-two monks of Buddha, big enough to cover his face; it is also one of the "marvels" in the Lotus Sutra.
is already mentioned in Pts.M., together with the remaining 17 kinds of vipassana^. In the old texts it is not found.
”contemplation of the turning away”, is one of the 18 chief kinds of insight (vipassana^, q.v.). - (App.).
Longshu
古印度佛教哲學家。大乘佛教中觀派的奠基者。關于他的生存,有各種不同的傳說。據傳他出生在南印度毗達婆國,屬婆羅讓種姓。幼年曾學“五明”,其後皈依佛教。初習小乘經典,系統地闡述並確立了大乘佛教中觀派的理論,深受南印度安達羅王朝的引正王的推崇,晚年住在黑峰山(今哥斯坦河上遊)。一說晚年住在阿摩羅縛底大塔西北50公裏的吉祥山,並傳其爲王子所殺。
龍樹進一步發揮了大乘佛教般若經的空性思想。所謂“空”即不是“零”也不是“空無”,而是指“不可描述的”實在。他認爲世界上一切事物以及人們的認識,包括惑覺、概念、意識和地、水、火、風等元素都是一種相對的、依存的關系,是假借的概念(假名),是不真實的,它們本身沒有獨立的實體性或自性(無自性)。宇宙萬物的真實相是“空”,亦是“中道”。所謂“中道”就是不能用言語分別,不能用概念親證的一種最高存在,也就是“非有、非無、非亦有亦無、非非有非無”。又認爲,有爲法空,無爲法亦空。我空,無我亦空。生死空,涅槃亦空。既然一切皆空,那麼,森林羅布的世間萬物又作何解釋?爲了解決這一矛盾,龍樹提出了二谛(真谛和俗谛)說。他說,佛陀爲那些被無明覆蓋的凡夫說法時,采用俗谛,承認世界和衆生的真實存在;爲那些已經消除無明、洞察真理的人說法時,采用真谛,否認世界和衆生的真實性。他認爲只有衆俗谛入手,才能達到真谛,“若不依俗谛,不得第一義”。
龍樹在論述世界的非真實性中,爲了破除名相,排隊因緣關系,還提出了不生不滅、不常不斷、不一不異、不來不出的“八不”概念。認爲這四對對立的範疇是一切存在的基本形式,也是人們認識事物的依據,在每一個範疇的前面加上否定的“不”字,說明了事物存在和認識的相對性,不真實性。可見龍樹的範疇論是爲他的本體論服務的。他的“八不”說,不生不滅是指實體而言,不常不斷是從時間方面考察,不一不異是從空間方面說,不來不出是從運動方面來說明的,這四對範疇包含了某些唯心主義辯證法的因素。
從“空”的根本立場出發,龍樹不但認爲世界是不真實的,而且認爲涅槃也是假象,他說:“涅槃與世間,無有少分別。世間與涅槃,亦無少分別。”又“涅槃之實際,及與世間際,如是二際者,無毫厘差別”。只要消除無明,就可以達到涅槃。“涅槃”在他看來是無得亦無至,不斷亦不常,不生亦不滅,排除了生死幹擾的寂滅境地。龍樹爲大乘佛教的宗教和社會實踐開辟了新的道路。它的宗教哲學思想對中國佛教很多宗派都有很大影響。
著作甚多,據西藏所傳爲122種,漢譯爲22種。有“千部論主”之稱。其主要著作有:《中論頌》、《十二門論》、《七十空性論》(藏譯)、《迥淨論》、《六十頌如理論》、《大智度論》、《十住毗婆沙論》、《大乘二十頌論》、《因緣心論頌》、《菩提資糧論頌》、《寶行王正論》、《龍樹菩薩勸誡王頌》等。(黃心川 宮靜)
Yuankong
日本佛教淨土宗創始人。俗姓漆間,幼名勢至丸,號法然。美作國(今岡山縣)人。歲投菩提寺觀覺出家,學沙彌法。13歲登比睿山師事源光,後從皇圓受戒,習天臺教義。1151年投黑谷慈眼房睿空之室,學圓頓戒和密宗教義,讀源信的《往生要集》,傳承佛立叁昧法門。1175年讀唐善導《觀經四帖疏》的《散善義》後,專志于念佛法門,開創“一向專修宗”。1186年,睿山座主顯真集各宗碩學名僧于大原(大今京都一帶)勝林院,與源空辯論淨土法義。此即有名的“大原問答”,記錄成書名《大原談義》。後于奈良東大寺講淨土叁部經(《無量壽經》、《觀無量壽經》、《阿彌陀經》),並爲天皇、皇後授戒。1198年應關白藤原兼實之請,口述《選擇本願念佛集》由安樂筆錄,以定淨土宗要。其時,他倡的稱名念佛淨土法門日益盛行,引起南都北嶺各宗的反對;又因受弟子安樂收容宮女出家一事所牽連,而被流配。獲赦後,于攝津(今兵庫、大孤一帶)勝尾寺,繼續弘布淨土宗。卒後,曆代天皇先後賜谥圓光大師、東漸大師、慧成大師、弘覺大師、慈教大師等。一般稱爲法然上人。主要著作有《選擇本願念佛集》、《無量壽經釋》、《觀無量壽經釋》、《往生要集诠要》、《往生要集料簡》、《類聚淨土五祖傳》等。1955年編有《昭和新修法然上人全集》1冊,1975年又出版《甯本法然上人全集》9卷。(林子青)
s. ceto-vimutti.
see Nibba^na, upa^di.
s. sankha^ra.
”knowing the measure in eating”.
"Now, o monks, the monk wisely reflecting partakes of his almsfood, neither for pastime, nor for indulgence, nor to become beautiful or handsome, but only to maintain and support this body, to avoid harm and to assist the holy life, knowing: ”In this way I shall dispel the former pain (of hunger, etc.) and no new pain shall I let arise, and long life, blamelessness and ease will be my share ” This, o monks, is knowing the measure in eating." (A. III. 16)."How o monks, would it be possible for Nanda to lead the absolutely pure life of holiness, if he did not watch over his senses and did not know the measure in eating?" (A. VII, 9).