s. a^yatana.
Dayuanman
藏传佛教宁玛派的最高法门。指当前离垢的明空晶莹的自证智阿底瑜伽乘。由于生死涅槃的一切法皆圆满具足于这一空智之中,故名圆满;又解脱生死的方便更无超胜此法者,故名为大。
大圆满法门分心部、界部和要门部三种,以要门部为最高。要门部又分外、内、秘密和无上四部。无上要门部又称自性大圆满心髓金刚藏乘,简称大圆宁提(心髓)。宁提的传承有两系:一系是由吉祥师子传莲花生,再传空行女智慧海王,名空行宁提;另一系是由吉祥师子传智经、无垢友,名上师宁提。两派理论大致相同,仅修法略有区别。宁提法中又分立断和顿超两部,后者以前者为依。只修前者即身也可化为微尘而成佛,但对外迷乱相地石山岩等不能净化,且修道时仍以粗脉风为依,不能成就光明身,现生不能达究竟极地。顿超法则现生能证光明身而得大迁转身,亦称童瓶身,成办广大利生事业,所得天眼、神足、寿命等自在通力,无量无边。故在宁提中又以顿超法为最究竟。
此法门的理论根据为《阿毗达磨大乘经》的“无始时来界,一切法等依,由此有诸趣,及涅槃证得”一颂。它建立本初元体自然智为一切法依,其本体空分如虚空即法身;本性显了分如日月即报身;大悲周遍分如日月光华即化身。故三身在本分上完全具足,而三界众生为业力所蔽,颠倒迷乱,对此所依实相不能了知,因而轮回六趣。本部法中对三脉四轮的建立与其余下部各金刚乘同,但不用为修法之依据。另有不共的四大殊胜脉为光明住处,即迦底大金脉、如白丝线脉、细旋脉和晶管脉。最后一脉连结心眼而在心脏中央又有光明脉放光照明一切细脉,即如来藏周遍之义,亦即《宝性论》所说的一切有情常具的佛性。本部的修法也和一般真言乘相同,分为能成熟的灌顶和能解脱的修持两部分。灌顶有四,即外有戏论宝瓶灌顶、内无戏论秘密灌顶、极无戏论慧智灌顶和最极无戏论辞句灌顶。四者依次能除身障、语障、意障和所知障。解脱道又分前行和不共正行,前行又分共和不共。正行为实修方法与一切生起次第、圆满次第皆不相同,摒弃一切以意识审察名言重习为性的修习,故名不共。其内容大致为初步指示身、语、心三要。身要有三种(或五种)姿势,即法身狮子奋迅势、报身大象眠卧势、化身仙人蹲踞势等。其次再指示根门要、缘境要、息风要、证智要等以看光明。依此修持,则法性现量光明、证受增长光明、证智充量光明和法性穷尽光明即可逐次显现。法性穷尽光明又有渐尽和顿尽的分别,此光明现前时,即证极果。此时五身五智刹那圆满,谓心一境性远离戏论即是法身,自显无执即报身,现种种境即化身,遣八聚识即菩提身,界无迁变即金刚身。又,远离缘虑戏论即法身智,显了无障即圆镜智,住平等味即平等性智,所显五光无杂即妙观察智,能所二取(根境)皆化光明即成所作智。此法证果的期限,据称如能在冢间、空谷、洲、渚等极寂静处如法观修,一般上根三年,中根五年,下根七年,即可使内外质碍之境皆化光明,即于自显色究竟处法身普贤法性土中现证佛位。此时可随行者意愿而有两种成就。一种为愿以现身成办广大利生事业,寿命无边尽三有际,可证取大迁转身,如水中月,虽有显色而无触色,如大阿阇黎莲花生及无垢友,能在一刹那中示现无量不思议神通;一种为光明道圆满时,即化光明身至法界本初地任运成就三身五智,以加持力于报身及化身刹土、三界六趣之中示现无边色身,广作饶益圣凡有情事业。
大圆满法门的传承,相传始于乌苌的极喜金刚,一传妙吉祥友,再传汉人吉禅师子,三传莲花生、无垢友等而传入西藏,以后历代相传至今。并形成几个流派。14世纪,隆钦饶绛巴进行系统的整理和总结,著书263部,最著名者为“七宝藏论”、“三休息论”、“三解脱论”,受到各派学者的重视。此法因未见在印度流传,藏传佛教后弘期开始后,也有一些译师、大德表示怀疑。但法贤、大悲精进、自然金刚、乌金巴、世尊剑、日幢、白莲、勇学鬘等各派大德都认为纯正。格鲁派创始人宗喀巴亦认为纯正佛法,至第五世达赖更学修此法,宣讲、造论,建立旧派寺院多处加以弘扬。(郭元兴)
Erdi
即真谛和俗谛。又称第一义谛、世俗谛,或名胜义谛与名言谛。真俗二谛,中观派的基本思想是缘起性空论,认为世间出世间万事万物,都是由众多因素相依相持而形成的,是有,称假有,这就是世俗谛,没有独立不变的自性,是空,称性空,这就是真谛,所以真俗二谛,就是空、有二谛。这是就外在的物境而言。若以主观认识而论,谓世俗谛是有,这是世间一般人的常识见解;言真谛为空是二乘圣者特有的超世见解。实际上,说有不住有,谈空不落空,空有无碍,才是真俗二谛的正观。又世俗谛的有,是世间万事万物的现象;真谛的空,是世间万事万物的本性。缘起才能性空,性空才能缘起,缘起与性空实际是一种事物的两个方面,相反相成,对立而统一。所以缘起就是性空,性空就是缘起。如《般若经》中说:色即是空,空即是色,不二而二,二而不二。大乘佛教各宗,因为传承或立论方法不同,对二谛的解释也各不相同。有的认为二谛是理,有的认为二谛是教。天台宗认为二谛或三谛是真实不虚的谛理,故云:“三谛者,天然之性德也。”三论宗认为真俗二谛是两种真实不虚的言教:“二谛者,盖是言教之通诠,相待之假称……唯是教门,不关境理。”
Sandi
即空谛、假谛、中道谛。佛教天台宗所立的谛理。认为一切事物都由因缘而生,没有永恒不变的实体,叫做空谛;一切事物其中虽无永恒不变的实体,却有如幻如化的相貌,叫做假谛;这些都不出法性,不待造作而有,叫做中道谛。一切事物,皆不出此空、假、中三谛的范畴,故称为三谛之理。《始终心要》说:“三谛者,天然之性德也,中谛者统一切法,真谛者泯一切法,假谛者立一切法。”又此三谛,圆融无碍,一即是三,三即是一。如观空时,无假无中无不空白;观假时,无空无中无不假;观中道时,无空无假无不中,名为圆融三谛。《中观论·四谛品》说:“因缘所生法,我说即是空,亦为是假名,亦是中道义”。此偈被认为是圆融三谛的出处。
”perception of light”....
The recurring canonical passage reads:
"Here the monk contemplates the perception of light. He fixes his-mind to the perception of the day; as at day-time so at night, and as at night, so in the day. In this way, with a mind clear and unclouded, he develops a stage of mind that is full of brightness."
It is one of the methods of overcoming drowsiness, recommended by the Buddha to Maha^-Moggalla^na (A.VII. 58). According to D. 33, it is conducive to the development of ”knowledge and vision” (s. visuddhi), and it is said to be helpful to the attainment of the ”divine eye” (s. abhin~n~a^).
”mindfulness on in-and-out-breathing”, i...
is one of the most important exercises for reaching mental concentration and the 4 absorptions (jha^na, q.v.).
In the Satipattha^na Sutta (M. 10, D. 22) and elsewhere, 4 methods of practice are given, which may also serve as basis for insight meditation. The ”Discourse on Mindfulness of Breathing” (a^na^pa^nasati Sutta, M. 118) and other texts have 16 methods of practice, which divide into 4 groups of four. The first three apply to both tranquillity (samatha, q.v.) and insight-meditation, while the fourth refers to pure insight practice only. The second and the third group require the attainment of the absorptions.
"With attentive mind he breathes in, with attentive mind he breathes out.
I. (1) "When making a long inhalation he knows: ”I make a long inhalation”; when making a long exhalation he knows: ”I make a long exhalation.”
(2) "When making a short inhalation he knows: ”I make a short inhalation”; when making a short exhalation he knows: ”I make a short exhalation.”
(3) "”Clearly perceiving the entire (breath-) body I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”clearly perceiving the entire (breath-) body I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(4) "”Calming this bodily function I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”calming this bodily function I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
II. (5) "”Feeling rapture (pi^ti) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”feeling rapture I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(6) "”Feeling joy I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”feeling joy I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(7) "”Feeling the mental formation (citta-sankha^ra) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself, ”feeling the mental formation I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(8) "”Calming the mental formation I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”calming the mental formation I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
III. (9) "”Clearly perceiving the mind (citta) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”clearly perceiving the mind I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(10) "”Gladdening the mind I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”gladdening the mind I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(11) "”Concentrating the mind I will breathe in, thus he trains himself;”concentrating the mind I will breathe out”, thus he trains himself.
(12) "”Freeing the mind I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”freeing the mind I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself
IV. (13) "”Reflecting on impermanence (anicca) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”reflecting on impermanence I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(14) "”Reflecting on detachment (vira^ga) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”reflecting on detachment I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(15) "”Reflecting on extinction (nirodha) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”reflecting on extinction I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(16) "”Reflecting on abandonment (patinissagga) I will breathe in, thus he trains himself;”reflecting on abandonment I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself."
In M. 118 it is further shown how these 16 exercises bring about the 4 foundations of mindfulness (satipattha^na, q.v.), namely:
1-4 contemplation of the body,
5-8 contemplation of feeling,
9-12 contemplation of mind (consciousness),
13-16 contemplation of mind-objects.
Then it is shown how these 4 foundations of mindfulness bring about the 7 factors of enlightenment (bojjhanga, q.v.); then these again deliverance of mind (ceto-vimutti, q.v.) and deliverance through wisdom (pan~n~a^-vimutti, q.v.).
Literature: a^na^pa^nasati Samyutta (S. LIV). -
Pts.M. a^na^pa^nakatha^ - Full explanation of practice in Vis.M. VIII, 145ff. -
For a comprehensive anthology of canonical and commentarial texts, see Mindfulness of Breathing, n~a^namoli Thera (Kandy: BPS, 1964).
”unwholesome thoughts”...
”unwholesome thoughts”
as defined under akusala (q.v.). In M. 20, five methods of overcoming them are given:
by changing the object,
thinking of the evil results,
paying no attention,
analysing,
suppressing.
Tr. in The Removal of Distracting Thoughts (WHEEL 21).
”perception of impermanence”, ...
”perception of impermanence”, is defined in the Girimananda Sutta (A.X. 60) as meditation on the impermanence of the five groups of existence.
"Though, with a faithful heart, one takes refuge in the Buddha, his Teaching and the Community of Monks; or with a faithful heart observes the rules of morality, or develops a mind full of loving-kindness, far more meritorious it is if one cultivates the perception of impermanence, be it only for a moment" (A.X. 20).
See A.VI. 102; A.VII. 48; Ud.IV. 1; S.22. 102.
a kind of heavenly being: s. deva (II).
of existence, the. 3: ti-lakkhana (q.v.).
s. sankha^ra.
the ”dhamma-devotee”, is one of the 7 noble disciples (ariya-puggala, q.v.).
”purification of view” is the 3rd of the 7 stages of purification (visuddhi III, q.v.).
Eight Negations == 八不
The eight negations of Nagarjuna, founder of Madhyamika, are actually four pairs of neither birth nor death, neither end nor permanence, neither identity nor difference, neither coming nor going. This is one of the important concepts of the Middle Way, the ultimate truth of Buddhism and the reality character of all Dharma.
Eighteen Fields == 十八界
The Six Consciousness and the Twelve Bases are together called the Eighteen Fields.
Five Messengers == 五使者
They are five messengers of Manjusri:
1. Kesini
2. Upakesini
3. Citra
4. Vasumati
5. Akarsani
Four Great Vows == 四弘誓愿
1.Vow to take across the numberless living beings.
2.Vow to cut off the endless afflictions.
3.Vow to study the countless Dharma doors.
4.Vow to realize the supreme Buddha Way.
s. a^yatana.