s. a^yatana.
Dayuanman
藏傳佛教甯瑪派的最高法門。指當前離垢的明空晶瑩的自證智阿底瑜伽乘。由于生死涅槃的一切法皆圓滿具足于這一空智之中,故名圓滿;又解脫生死的方便更無超勝此法者,故名爲大。
大圓滿法門分心部、界部和要門部叁種,以要門部爲最高。要門部又分外、內、秘密和無上四部。無上要門部又稱自性大圓滿心髓金剛藏乘,簡稱大圓甯提(心髓)。甯提的傳承有兩系:一系是由吉祥師子傳蓮花生,再傳空行女智慧海王,名空行甯提;另一系是由吉祥師子傳智經、無垢友,名上師甯提。兩派理論大致相同,僅修法略有區別。甯提法中又分立斷和頓超兩部,後者以前者爲依。只修前者即身也可化爲微塵而成佛,但對外迷亂相地石山岩等不能淨化,且修道時仍以粗脈風爲依,不能成就光明身,現生不能達究竟極地。頓超法則現生能證光明身而得大遷轉身,亦稱童瓶身,成辦廣大利生事業,所得天眼、神足、壽命等自在通力,無量無邊。故在甯提中又以頓超法爲最究竟。
此法門的理論根據爲《阿毗達磨大乘經》的“無始時來界,一切法等依,由此有諸趣,及涅槃證得”一頌。它建立本初元體自然智爲一切法依,其本體空分如虛空即法身;本性顯了分如日月即報身;大悲周遍分如日月光華即化身。故叁身在本分上完全具足,而叁界衆生爲業力所蔽,顛倒迷亂,對此所依實相不能了知,因而輪回六趣。本部法中對叁脈四輪的建立與其余下部各金剛乘同,但不用爲修法之依據。另有不共的四大殊勝脈爲光明住處,即迦底大金脈、如白絲線脈、細旋脈和晶管脈。最後一脈連結心眼而在心髒中央又有光明脈放光照明一切細脈,即如來藏周遍之義,亦即《寶性論》所說的一切有情常具的佛性。本部的修法也和一般真言乘相同,分爲能成熟的灌頂和能解脫的修持兩部分。灌頂有四,即外有戲論寶瓶灌頂、內無戲論秘密灌頂、極無戲論慧智灌頂和最極無戲論辭句灌頂。四者依次能除身障、語障、意障和所知障。解脫道又分前行和不共正行,前行又分共和不共。正行爲實修方法與一切生起次第、圓滿次第皆不相同,摒棄一切以意識審察名言重習爲性的修習,故名不共。其內容大致爲初步指示身、語、心叁要。身要有叁種(或五種)姿勢,即法身獅子奮迅勢、報身大象眠臥勢、化身仙人蹲踞勢等。其次再指示根門要、緣境要、息風要、證智要等以看光明。依此修持,則法性現量光明、證受增長光明、證智充量光明和法性窮盡光明即可逐次顯現。法性窮盡光明又有漸盡和頓盡的分別,此光明現前時,即證極果。此時五身五智刹那圓滿,謂心一境性遠離戲論即是法身,自顯無執即報身,現種種境即化身,遣八聚識即菩提身,界無遷變即金剛身。又,遠離緣慮戲論即法身智,顯了無障即圓鏡智,住平等味即平等性智,所顯五光無雜即妙觀察智,能所二取(根境)皆化光明即成所作智。此法證果的期限,據稱如能在冢間、空谷、洲、渚等極寂靜處如法觀修,一般上根叁年,中根五年,下根七年,即可使內外質礙之境皆化光明,即于自顯色究竟處法身普賢法性土中現證佛位。此時可隨行者意願而有兩種成就。一種爲願以現身成辦廣大利生事業,壽命無邊盡叁有際,可證取大遷轉身,如水中月,雖有顯色而無觸色,如大阿阇黎蓮花生及無垢友,能在一刹那中示現無量不思議神通;一種爲光明道圓滿時,即化光明身至法界本初地任運成就叁身五智,以加持力于報身及化身刹土、叁界六趣之中示現無邊色身,廣作饒益聖凡有情事業。
大圓滿法門的傳承,相傳始于烏苌的極喜金剛,一傳妙吉祥友,再傳漢人吉禅師子,叁傳蓮花生、無垢友等而傳入西藏,以後曆代相傳至今。並形成幾個流派。14世紀,隆欽饒绛巴進行系統的整理和總結,著書263部,最著名者爲“七寶藏論”、“叁休息論”、“叁解脫論”,受到各派學者的重視。此法因未見在印度流傳,藏傳佛教後弘期開始後,也有一些譯師、大德表示懷疑。但法賢、大悲精進、自然金剛、烏金巴、世尊劍、日幢、白蓮、勇學鬘等各派大德都認爲純正。格魯派創始人宗喀巴亦認爲純正佛法,至第五世達賴更學修此法,宣講、造論,建立舊派寺院多處加以弘揚。(郭元興)
Erdi
即真谛和俗谛。又稱第一義谛、世俗谛,或名勝義谛與名言谛。真俗二谛,中觀派的基本思想是緣起性空論,認爲世間出世間萬事萬物,都是由衆多因素相依相持而形成的,是有,稱假有,這就是世俗谛,沒有獨立不變的自性,是空,稱性空,這就是真谛,所以真俗二谛,就是空、有二谛。這是就外在的物境而言。若以主觀認識而論,謂世俗谛是有,這是世間一般人的常識見解;言真谛爲空是二乘聖者特有的超世見解。實際上,說有不住有,談空不落空,空有無礙,才是真俗二谛的正觀。又世俗谛的有,是世間萬事萬物的現象;真谛的空,是世間萬事萬物的本性。緣起才能性空,性空才能緣起,緣起與性空實際是一種事物的兩個方面,相反相成,對立而統一。所以緣起就是性空,性空就是緣起。如《般若經》中說:色即是空,空即是色,不二而二,二而不二。大乘佛教各宗,因爲傳承或立論方法不同,對二谛的解釋也各不相同。有的認爲二谛是理,有的認爲二谛是教。天臺宗認爲二谛或叁谛是真實不虛的谛理,故雲:“叁谛者,天然之性德也。”叁論宗認爲真俗二谛是兩種真實不虛的言教:“二谛者,蓋是言教之通诠,相待之假稱……唯是教門,不關境理。”
Sandi
即空谛、假谛、中道谛。佛教天臺宗所立的谛理。認爲一切事物都由因緣而生,沒有永恒不變的實體,叫做空谛;一切事物其中雖無永恒不變的實體,卻有如幻如化的相貌,叫做假谛;這些都不出法性,不待造作而有,叫做中道谛。一切事物,皆不出此空、假、中叁谛的範疇,故稱爲叁谛之理。《始終心要》說:“叁谛者,天然之性德也,中谛者統一切法,真谛者泯一切法,假谛者立一切法。”又此叁谛,圓融無礙,一即是叁,叁即是一。如觀空時,無假無中無不空白;觀假時,無空無中無不假;觀中道時,無空無假無不中,名爲圓融叁谛。《中觀論·四谛品》說:“因緣所生法,我說即是空,亦爲是假名,亦是中道義”。此偈被認爲是圓融叁谛的出處。
”perception of light”....
The recurring canonical passage reads:
"Here the monk contemplates the perception of light. He fixes his-mind to the perception of the day; as at day-time so at night, and as at night, so in the day. In this way, with a mind clear and unclouded, he develops a stage of mind that is full of brightness."
It is one of the methods of overcoming drowsiness, recommended by the Buddha to Maha^-Moggalla^na (A.VII. 58). According to D. 33, it is conducive to the development of ”knowledge and vision” (s. visuddhi), and it is said to be helpful to the attainment of the ”divine eye” (s. abhin~n~a^).
”mindfulness on in-and-out-breathing”, i...
is one of the most important exercises for reaching mental concentration and the 4 absorptions (jha^na, q.v.).
In the Satipattha^na Sutta (M. 10, D. 22) and elsewhere, 4 methods of practice are given, which may also serve as basis for insight meditation. The ”Discourse on Mindfulness of Breathing” (a^na^pa^nasati Sutta, M. 118) and other texts have 16 methods of practice, which divide into 4 groups of four. The first three apply to both tranquillity (samatha, q.v.) and insight-meditation, while the fourth refers to pure insight practice only. The second and the third group require the attainment of the absorptions.
"With attentive mind he breathes in, with attentive mind he breathes out.
I. (1) "When making a long inhalation he knows: ”I make a long inhalation”; when making a long exhalation he knows: ”I make a long exhalation.”
(2) "When making a short inhalation he knows: ”I make a short inhalation”; when making a short exhalation he knows: ”I make a short exhalation.”
(3) "”Clearly perceiving the entire (breath-) body I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”clearly perceiving the entire (breath-) body I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(4) "”Calming this bodily function I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”calming this bodily function I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
II. (5) "”Feeling rapture (pi^ti) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”feeling rapture I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(6) "”Feeling joy I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”feeling joy I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(7) "”Feeling the mental formation (citta-sankha^ra) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself, ”feeling the mental formation I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(8) "”Calming the mental formation I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”calming the mental formation I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
III. (9) "”Clearly perceiving the mind (citta) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”clearly perceiving the mind I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(10) "”Gladdening the mind I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”gladdening the mind I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(11) "”Concentrating the mind I will breathe in, thus he trains himself;”concentrating the mind I will breathe out”, thus he trains himself.
(12) "”Freeing the mind I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”freeing the mind I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself
IV. (13) "”Reflecting on impermanence (anicca) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”reflecting on impermanence I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(14) "”Reflecting on detachment (vira^ga) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”reflecting on detachment I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(15) "”Reflecting on extinction (nirodha) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”reflecting on extinction I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(16) "”Reflecting on abandonment (patinissagga) I will breathe in, thus he trains himself;”reflecting on abandonment I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself."
In M. 118 it is further shown how these 16 exercises bring about the 4 foundations of mindfulness (satipattha^na, q.v.), namely:
1-4 contemplation of the body,
5-8 contemplation of feeling,
9-12 contemplation of mind (consciousness),
13-16 contemplation of mind-objects.
Then it is shown how these 4 foundations of mindfulness bring about the 7 factors of enlightenment (bojjhanga, q.v.); then these again deliverance of mind (ceto-vimutti, q.v.) and deliverance through wisdom (pan~n~a^-vimutti, q.v.).
Literature: a^na^pa^nasati Samyutta (S. LIV). -
Pts.M. a^na^pa^nakatha^ - Full explanation of practice in Vis.M. VIII, 145ff. -
For a comprehensive anthology of canonical and commentarial texts, see Mindfulness of Breathing, n~a^namoli Thera (Kandy: BPS, 1964).
”unwholesome thoughts”...
”unwholesome thoughts”
as defined under akusala (q.v.). In M. 20, five methods of overcoming them are given:
by changing the object,
thinking of the evil results,
paying no attention,
analysing,
suppressing.
Tr. in The Removal of Distracting Thoughts (WHEEL 21).
”perception of impermanence”, ...
”perception of impermanence”, is defined in the Girimananda Sutta (A.X. 60) as meditation on the impermanence of the five groups of existence.
"Though, with a faithful heart, one takes refuge in the Buddha, his Teaching and the Community of Monks; or with a faithful heart observes the rules of morality, or develops a mind full of loving-kindness, far more meritorious it is if one cultivates the perception of impermanence, be it only for a moment" (A.X. 20).
See A.VI. 102; A.VII. 48; Ud.IV. 1; S.22. 102.
a kind of heavenly being: s. deva (II).
of existence, the. 3: ti-lakkhana (q.v.).
s. sankha^ra.
the ”dhamma-devotee”, is one of the 7 noble disciples (ariya-puggala, q.v.).
”purification of view” is the 3rd of the 7 stages of purification (visuddhi III, q.v.).
Eight Negations == 八不
The eight negations of Nagarjuna, founder of Madhyamika, are actually four pairs of neither birth nor death, neither end nor permanence, neither identity nor difference, neither coming nor going. This is one of the important concepts of the Middle Way, the ultimate truth of Buddhism and the reality character of all Dharma.
Eighteen Fields == 十八界
The Six Consciousness and the Twelve Bases are together called the Eighteen Fields.
Five Messengers == 五使者
They are five messengers of Manjusri:
1. Kesini
2. Upakesini
3. Citra
4. Vasumati
5. Akarsani
Four Great Vows == 四弘誓願
1.Vow to take across the numberless living beings.
2.Vow to cut off the endless afflictions.
3.Vow to study the countless Dharma doors.
4.Vow to realize the supreme Buddha Way.
s. a^yatana.