niraya (q.v.).
”cause”, condition, reason; (Abhidhamma) root-condition. In sutta usage it is almost synonymous with paccaya, ”condition”, and often occurs together with it (”What is the cause, what is the condition”, ko hetu ko paccayo).
In Abhidhamma, it denotes the wholesome and unwholesome roots (múla, q.v.). In that sense, as ”root-condition” (hetu-paccaya; s. paccaya), it is the first of the 24 conditions given in the introduction to the Pattha^na (s. Guide, p. 117). The Dhs (1052-1082) and Pattha^na (Duka-patth; Guide, p. 144) have sections on roots (hetu). - The term is also used (a) for the classification of consciousness, as sa-hetuka and a-hetuka, with and without concomitant root-conditions; (b) for a division of rebirth consciousness into ahetuka, dvihetuka and tihetuka, without, with 2, or with 3 root-conditions (s. patisandhi).
Ahetuka-ditthi, the false view of the uncausedness of existence; s. ditthi.
”world”, denotes the 3 spheres of existence comprising the whole universe, i.e. (1) the sensuous world (ka^ma-loka), or the world of the 5 senses; (2) the fine-material world (rúpa-loka), corresponding to the 4 fine-material absorptions (s. jha^na 1-4); (3) the immaterial world (arúpa-loka), corresponding to the 4 immaterial absorptions (s. jha^na, 5-8).
The sensuous world comprises the hells (niraya), the animal kingdom (tiraccha^na-yoni), the ghost-realm (peta-loka), the demon world (asura-nika^ya), the human world (manussa-loka) and the 6 lower celestial worlds (s. deva I). In the fine-material world (s. deva II) still exist the faculties of seeing and hearing, which, together with the other sense faculties, are temporarily suspended in the 4 absorptions. In the immaterial world (s. deva III) there is no corporeality whatsoever, only the four mental groups (s. khandha) exist there.
Though the term loka is not applied in the Suttas to those 3 worlds, but only the term bhava, ”existence” (e.g. M. 43), there is no doubt that the teaching about the 3 worlds belongs to the earliest, i.e. sutta-period, of the Buddhist scriptures, as many relevant passages show.
s. ra^ga.
”infatuation”."Infatuation is of 3 kinds: youth-infatuation, health-infatuation, life-infatuation" (D. 33)."Infatuated by youth-infatuation, by health-infatuation and by life-infatuation, the ignorant worldling pursues an evil course in bodily actions, speech and thought, and thereby, at the dissolution of the body, after death, passes to a lower world, to a woeful course of existence, to a state of suffering and hell" (A. III, 39).
”stains”, is a name for the 3 karmically unwholesome roots (akusala-múla); greed, hate and delusion (lobha, dosa, moha).
”mind”, is in the Abhidhamma used as synonym of vin~n~a^na (consciousness) and citta (state of consciousness, mind). According to the Com. to Vis.M., it sometimes means sub-consciousness (s. bhavanga-sota).
Mark == 相
Lakana in Sanskrit word. It is a notion of form. In Diamond Sutra, it says "All with marks is empty and false. If you can see all marks as no marks then you see the Tathagata."
eating. Just as the karmical, i.e. moral, quality of any action is determined by the quality of volition (cetana^) underlying it, and independently of this volition nothing whatever can be called karmically wholesome or unwholesome (kusala, akusala), just so it is with the merely external act of meat-eating, this being as such purely non-moral, i.e. karmically neutral (avya^kata).
”In 3 circumstances meat-eating is to be rejected: if one has seen, or heard, or suspects (that the animal has been slaughtered expressly for one”s own sake)" (M. 55). For if in such a case one should partake of the meat, one would as it were approve the murder of animals, and thus encourage the animal-murderer in his murderous deeds. Besides, that the Buddha never objected, in ordinary circumstances, to meat-eating may be clearly understood from many passages of the Suttas (e.g. A. V. 44; VIII, 12; M. 55, etc.), as also from the Vinaya, where it is related that the Buddha firmly rejected Devadatta”s proposal to forbid meat-eating to the monks; further from the fact that 10 kinds of meat were (for merely external reasons) forbidden to the monks, namely from elephants, tigers, serpents, etc.
See Amagandha Sutta (Sn.). Early Buddhism and the Taking of Life, by I. B. Horner (WHEEL 104).
mano (q.v.); cf. na^ma.
training, ”higher”: adhicitta-sikkha^, s. sikkha^.
carita the ”deluded-natured”; s. carita.
”delusion”, is one of the 3 unwholesome roots (múla, q.v.). The best known synonym is avijja^ (q.v.).
”roots”, also called hetu (q.v.; s. paccaya, 1), are those conditions which through their presence determine the actual moral quality of a volitional state (cetana^), and the consciousness and mental factors associated therewith, in other words, the quality of karma (q.v.). There are 6 such roots, 3 karmically wholesome and 3 unwholesome roots, viz.,: greed, hate, delusion (lobha, dosa, moha), and greedlessness, hatelessness, undeludedness (alobha, adosa, amoha).
In A. III, 68 it is said that greed arises through unwise reflection on an attractive object, hate through unwise reflection on a repulsive object. Thus, greed (lobha or ra^ga) comprises all degrees of ”attractedness” towards an object from the faintest trace of a longing thought up to grossest egoism, whilst hatred (dosa) comprises all degrees of ”repulsion” from the faintest trace of ill-humor up to the highest pitch of hate and wrath.
The 3 wholesome (kusala) roots, greedlessness, etc., though expressed in negative terms, nevertheless possess a distinctly positive character, just as is also often the case with negative terms in other languages, for example, the negative term ”immorality”, which has a decidedly positive character.
Thus, greedlessness (alobha) is a name for unselfishness, liberality, etc., hatelessness (adosa) for kindness or goodwill (metta^), undeludedness (amoha) for wisdom (pan~n~a^).
"The perception of impurity is to be developed in order to overcome greed (lust); loving-kindness in order to overcome hate; wisdom in order to overcome delusion" (A. VI, 107).
"Killing, stealing, unlawful sexual intercourse, lying, tale-bearing, harsh language, frivolous talk, covetousness, ill-will and wrong views (s. kammapatha), these things are due either to greed, or hate, or delusion" (A. X, 174).
"Enraptured with lust (greed), enraged with hate, blinded by delusion, overwhelmed, with mind ensnared, man aims at his own ruin, at others” ruin, at the ruin of both, and he experiences mental pain and grief. And he follows evil ways in deeds, words and thought... And he really knows neither his own welfare, nor the welfare of others, nor the welfare of both. These things make him blind and ignorant, hinder his knowledge, are painful, and do not lead him to peace."
The presence or absence of the 3 unwholesome roots forms part of the mind contemplation in the Satipattha^na Sutta (M. 10). They are also used for the classification of unwholesome consciousness (s. Tab. I).
See The Roots of Good and Evil, by Nyanaponika Thera (WHEEL 251/253).
”floods”, is a name for the 4 cankers (a^sava, q.v.).
”nutriment” (synonym of a^ha^ra, q.v.), is one of those 8 minimal constituent parts, or qualities, of all corporeality, to wit: the solid, liquid, heat, motion; colour, odour, taste and nutriment. This is the ”octad with nutriment as the eighth (factor)” (ojatthamaka-kala^pa), also called the ”pure eightfold unit” (suddhatthaka-kala^pa), being the most primitive material combination. For further details, s. rúpa-kala^pa.
eater, the practice of the: s. dhutanga.
air, practice of living in the: s. dhutanga.