Table II - Mental-States (sankha^ra kkhandha)
Mental states are of 50 kinds (cetasika), namely:(*1)
11 Common (an~n~asama^na)(*2)
(a) 5 universals (sabbacitta) (in every consciousness):
Consciousness-impression (phassa)
Volition (cetana^)
(mental) vitality (jívita)
One-pointedness (sama^dhi)
Attention (manasika^ra)
(b) 6 particulars (pakinnaka^) (not in every consciousness)
thought-conception (vitakka)
discursive thinking (vica^ra)
determination (adhimokkha)
effort (viriya)
enthusiasm (joy) (píti)
intention (chanda)
25 Lofty, pure (sobhana)
(a) primary (in every lofty consciousness)
Confidence (saddha^)
Mindfulness (sati)
Moral shame (hiri)
Moral dread (ottappa)
Generous (alobha)
Hatelessness (adosa)
Equanimity (tatramajjhattata^)
Tranquility of mental factors (ka^ya-passaddhi)
Tranquility of consciousness (citta-passaddhi)
Agility or lightness of mental factors (ka^ya-lahuta^)
Agility or lightness of consciousness (citta-lahuta^)
Elasticity of mental factors (ka^ya-muduta^)
Elasticity of consciousness (citta-muduta^)
Adaptability of mental factors (ka^ya-kamman~n~ata^)
Adaptability of consciousness (citta-kamman~n~ata^)
Proficiency of mental factors (ka^ya-pa^gun~n~ata^)
Proficiency of consciousnesss (citta-pa^gun~n~ata^)
Uprightness of mental factors (ka^ya”ujukata^)
Uprightness of consciousness (citta”ujukata^)
(b) 6 secondary
3 Abstinences (viratiyo):(*3)
Right bodily action (samma^kammanto)
Right speech (samma^va^ca^)
Right livelihood (samma-a^jívo)
2 Boundless states (appaman~n~a^):
Compassion (karuna^)
Altruistic joy (mudita^)
1 Faculty of wisdom (pan~n~indriya):
Non-delusion (amoha)
= wisdom (pan~n~a^)
14 Unwholesome (akusala)
(a) 4 primary (in every unwholesome consciousness)
Delusion (moha)
Lack of moral shame (ahirika)
Lack of moral dread (anottappa)
Restlessness (uddhacca)
(b) 10 secondary (not in every unwholesome consciousness)
4 Hate rooted:
Hatred (dosa)
Envy (issa^)
Stinginess (macchariya)
Worry (kukkucca)
Furthermore:
Greed (lobha)
View, insight (wrong) (ditthi)
Conceit, pride (ma^na)
Sloth (thína)
Torpor (middha)
Skepticism (vicikiccha^)
This term, with the meaning in question, occurs perhaps only once in the Canon, namely in Kath. (s. Guide 83). Whether it is found also somewhere in the Com. , I am unable to say.
”Suchness”, designates the firmly fixed nature (bha^va) of all things whatever. The only passage in the Canon where the word occurs in this sense, is found in Kath. 186 (s. Guide, p. 83). On the Maha^yana term tathata^, s. Suzuki, Awakening of Faith, p. 53f. (App.).
”one endowed with the threefold (higher) knowledge”. In Brahmanism means ”knower of the 3 Vedas” ( tri-vidya^), in Buddhism means one who has realised 3 kinds of knowledge, to wit: remembrance of former rebirths, the divine eye, extinction of all cankers. For details, s. abhin~n~a^, 4-6. Cf. Tevijja^ Sutta, D. 13 (WHEEL 57/58).
wisdom based on: cinta^mayapan~n~a^: s. pan~n~a^.
the 3-fold: sikkha^ (q.v.). - The steps of: sikkha^pada, (q.v.).
”restlessness”, belongs to the 10 fetters (samyojana, q.v.), and to the 5 hindrances (ni^varana, q.v.). It is one of those 4 mental factors inseparably associated with all unwholesome consciousness (akusala-sa^dha^rana, q.v.). Cf. Tab. II.
s. lahuta^.
(ka^ya-, citta- ): ”uprightness” (of mental factors and of consciousness), is associated with all pure consciousness. Cf. Tab. II.
lit.”sitting close by”, i.e. a ”lay adherent”, is any lay follower who is filled with faith and has taken refuge in the Buddha, his doctrine and his community of noble disciples (A. VIII, 25). His virtue is regarded as pure if he observes the 5 Precepts (pan~ca-si^la; s. sikkha^pada). He should avoid the following wrong ways of livelihood: trading in arms, in living beings, meat, alcohol and poison (A. V, 177). See also A. VIII, 75.
”moment of access”; s. javana.
n~a^na = sankha^rupekkha^-n~a^na (q.v.).
”equanimity”, also called tatra-majjhattata^ (q.v.), is an ethical quality belonging to the sankha^ra-group (s. khandha) and should therefore not be confounded with indifferent feeling (adukkha-m-asukha^ vedana^) which sometimes also is called upekkha^ (s. vedana^).
upekkha^ is one of the 4 sublime abodes (brahma-viha^ra, q.v.), and of the factors of enlightenment (bojjhanga, q.v.). See Vis.M. IV, 156ff.
lit.”fasting”, i.e.”fasting day”, is the full-moon day, the new-moon day, and the two days of the first and last moonquarters. On full-moon and new-moon days, the Disciplinary Code, the Pa^timokkha, is read before the assembled community of monks (bhikkhu), while on the mentioned 4 moon-days many of the faithful lay devotees go to visit the monasteries, and there take upon themselves the observance of the 8 rules (attha-si^la; sikkha^pada). See A. VIII, 41ff.
to the highest gods, passing: s. ana^ga^mi^.
”investigation, inquiry, pondering”, is one of the 4 roads to power (iddhi-pa^da, q.v.) and one of the 4 factors of predominance (s. paccaya, 3).
”liberation” (deliverance). I. the 3; II. the 8.
I. The 3 liberations are: 1. the conditionless (or signless) liberation (animitta-v.), 2. the desireless liberation (apanihita-v.), 3. the emptiness (or void) liberation (sun~n~ata^-v. ). They are also called ”the triple gateway to liberation” (vimokkha-mukha; Vis.M. XXI, 66ff), as they are three different approaches to the paths of holiness. - See visuddhi VI, 8. Cf. Vis XXI, 6ff, 121ff; Pts.M. II. Vimokkha-Katha^.
1."Whosoever being filled with determination (adhimokkha, q.v.), considers all formations as impermanent (anicca), such a one attains the conditionless liberation. 2. Whosoever being filled with tranquillity, considers all formations as painful (dukkha), such a one attains the desireless liberation. 3. Whosoever being filled with wisdom, considers all formations as without a self (anatta^), such a one attains the emptiness liberation" (Vis.M. XXI, 70 = Pts.M. II, p. 58).
(1) and (2) are mentioned and explained in M. 43, under the name of deliverances of mind (ceto-vimutti, q.v.). - (2) and (3) appear in Dhs. (344ff, 353ff) in the section on supermundane consciousness (see Atthasa^lini Tr., p. 299ff).
II. The 8 liberations (attha vimokkha) occur frequently in the texts (A. VIII, 66; D. 16, etc.) and are described as follows:
"There are 8 liberations, o monks. Which are these?
(1) ””Whilst remaining in the fine-material sphere (rúpi^), one perceives corporeal forms: this is the first liberation.
(2) "Not perceiving corporcal forms on one”s own person, one perceives corporcal forms externally: this is the 2nd liberation.
(3) ””By thinking of the beautiful, one is filled with confidence: this is the 3rd liberation.
(4) "Through the total ovcrcoming of the corporeality-perceptions, the vanishing of the reflex-perceptions, and the non-attention to the multiformity-perceptions, with the idea ”Unbounded is space”, one reaches the sphere of unbounded space (a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana) and abides therein: this is the 4th liberation.
(5) "Through the total ovcrcoming of the sphere of unbounded space, and with the idea ”Unbounded is consciousness”, one reaches the sphere of unbounded consciousness (vin~n~a^nan~ca^yatana) and abides therein: this is the 5th liberation.
(6) "Through the total overcoming of the sphere of unbounded consciousness, and with the idea ”Nothing is there”, one reaches the sphere of nothingness (a^kin~ean~n~a^yatana) and abides therein: this is the 6th liberation.
(7) "Through the total overcoming of the sphere of nothingness, one reaches the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception (n”eva-san~n~a^-na^san~n~a^yatana) and abides therein: this is the 7th liberation .
(8) "Through the total overcoming of the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception, one reaches the extinction of perception and feeling (s. nirodha-sama^patti): this is the 8th liberation.
These, o monks, are the 8 kinds of liberation."
For (1-3), s. abhibha^yatana; for (4-7), s. jha^na; for (8), s. nirodha-sama^patti.
By (3) is meant the attainment of the fine-material absorptions (jha^na, q.v.) by means of concentrating the mind on perfectly pure and bright colours as objects of the kasina (q.v.). According to Pts.M. this mental state is produced also by concentrating the mind on the 4 sublime states, i.e. all-embracing kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy and equanimity, in consequence of which allbeings appear perfectly pure and glorified, and thus the mind turns to the beautiful.
See Pts.M. II, Vimokkha-katha^; Atthasa^lini Tr., p. 255; App.
The 3, i.e. sun~n~ata^-, animitta-, appanihita-: are for the first time described and enumerated in Pts.M. II, 351. As sun~n~ata^sama^dhi, etc., however, they are already given at D. 33.