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in age eye ill joy LAW law one sel sex utu ZEN aeon alms atta BALA bala body both catu chie deva dosa ends envy fine food gati gems grie hate hell hetu loka lust mada mala mano MARK meat mind moha múla ogha oja^ once open pain path peta rise RUPA rúpa sati talk ties tree unit view void will yoga yoni ZEAL adosa agati ALAYA amata amoha anger ARANA ARHAN ARHAT ASURA asura atta^ aviha bases being belie bhava bodhi bonds cause chaos citta death doors doubt dread faith great greed iddhi image issa^ ja^ti jara^ ji^va ka^ma kalpa kamma KARMA karma kicca kriya kuppa light lobha lower ma^na Ma^ra MAGGA magga merit METTA mirth moral na^ma neyya nicca noble phala pi^ti ra^ga RAKSA right rules sacca sagga sakka satta sekha sense shame si^la sloth space STUPA subha SUDRA sukha SUTRA va^yo vasi^ vatta VIGOR water world wrong YAKSA yokes " a^sava abodes access action alobha ANATTA ANICCA anicca Arahat asekha atappa Avi^ci beauty beings bha^va BHIKSU biases bodily BUDDHA Buddha cakkhu carana carita change course dha^tu dhamma DHARMA ditthi divine dukkha eating EFFORT effort elders ENERGY energy escape favour fixity floods forest friend gantha ghosts GIVING giving gnosis groups growth grudge hearer iriya^ JATAKA javana jewels KARUNA kasina khanti kilesa kiriya kusala lokiya MANTRA marana marvel MATTER matter method metta^ middha misery MUDITA niraya object oma^na phassa picked planes powers PRAJNA purity RAHULA refuge samma^ sangha SANJNA sarana sexual stains suddha sugati sukkha SUMERU taints tanha^ terror torpor trance truths tusita upa^di upadhi usages va^ca^ VAISYA vatthu VEDANA vijja^ virati viriya virtue viveka WISDOM wisdom woeful a^ha^ra a^ji^va a^ka^sa a^ruppa absence agility ahimsa^ AKALIKA AKALIKO AKUSALA akusala ANAGAMI anatta^ anusaya arising avacara avijja^ bhikkhu BRAHMIN cankers cetana^ CHARITY conceit control counter craving created decline desana^ destiny devotee disease duggati emotion factors feeling fetters freedom HSU YUN HUA TOU INDRIYA indriya insight ji^vita kala^pa karuna^ killing KUSHALA lahuta^ mangala mastery matured meaning message miccha^ miracle mudita^ muduta^ mundane navanga neutral nimitta nirodha NIRVANA nirvana nissaya niya^ma obha^sa okkanti old age ottappa patched patigha perfect Preface puggala pun~n~a rapture reality rebirth remorse sa^sana sa^vaka saddha^ SAMADHI samatha sammuti SAMSARA samseva sassata sikkha^ sitting skilful sobhana spheres SRAVAKA sublime sun~n~a thought turning upacaya UPEKKHA vedana^ vibhava vica^ra viha^ra vimutti vipa^ka vipatti vira^ga vitakka vivatta voda^na voka^ra worldly 戒(sila) a^nen~ja a^yatana acquired adherent AKUSHALA AMITABHA ANAGAMIN anussati Appendix atima^na aversion bhavanga BHIKSUNI bondages ca^ritta cemetery cetasika clinging deciding delusion departed DEVOTION dhutanga dogmatic drinking elements eternity exertion extremes fatalism fivefold fruition gladness gotrabhú grasping HINAYANA HUI NENG ill will impurity influxes interest kammanta kin~cana KSATRIYA kukkucca lakkhana learning MAHAMAYA MAHAYANA maintain MAITREYA monkhood MORALITY morality Nibba^na nibba^na nibbatti nibbedha not self opposite PARAMITA PATIENCE patience postures practice progress reaction sakka^ya sama^dhi sambodhi sammatta sampada^ samsa^ra SAMSKARA san~n~a^ sankappa sankhata santa^na scruples sensuous serenity signless sucarita suchness Table II tathata^ te vijja thinking training uddhacca ujukata^ upa^saka upaca^ra upekkha^ uposatha upstream vimamsa^ vimokkha virility visuddhi vitality VOLITION volition 谛(satya) 慧 (Mati) 空(sunya) 业(karma) 瑜伽(yoga) a^rammana a^vajjana abhijjha^ acinteyya adherence adhicitta akanittha anottappa appama^da asankhata attention avihimsa^ avikkhepa avya^kata beautiful behaviour bha^vana^ BOJJHANGA bojjhanga boundless breathing cetokhila character CONDITION cosmogony cowardice deva dúta deviation dhuta^nga domanassa duccarita dukkhata^ dwellings EMPTINESS emptiness ENDURANCE existence eye organ faculties FIVE EYES formation happiness IGNORANCE ignorance immediacy immediate impulsion indulging intention knowledge kolankola lightness lokuttara mahaggata micchatta mind base NAGARJUNA nekkhamma ni^varana nutriment obstacles palibodha parikamma pariyatti patipada^ patipatti pativedha pondering proximity PURE LAND ready wit rúpa loka SAHA LAND sammasana samphassa samyojana sankha^ra SARIPUTRA sena^sana SENSATION SIX DUSTS SIX GUNAS SIX PATHS SIX ROOTS somanassa something suffering ti pitaka ti ratana ti sarana TRAILOKYA treasures TRIPITAKA upa^da^na upa^sika^ vanishing vinipa^ta vya^pa^da worldling YASODHARA 阿含(agama) 法(dharma) a^bhassara aberration abhin~n~a^ abhisamaya absorption adhimokkha ADHITTHANA advertence aggregates ALMSGIVING Ana^ga^mi^ analytical antinomies appendants asmi ma^na avya^pa^da awakenment bhava^sava BODHISATTA Bodhisatta compassion conception conditions confidence contiguity continuity cuti citta detachment DHAMMAPADA dibba loka dibba sota DIVINE EYE ego belief ego entity eka bi^ji^ elasticity enthusiasm equanimity expression EXTINCTION extinction femininity few wishes foundation FOUR PHALA FOUR SEALS functional generation hindrances impression impurities individual inducement intimation ka^ma guna ka^ma loka ka^ma^sava liberality liberation low speech macchariya MAHASATTVA mano kamma MEDITATION meditation messengers MIDDLE WAY mutability obduracies opapa^tika overcoming para^ma^sa paramattha parin~n~a^ patisandhi pattida^na permanency productive punabbhava puthujjana reflection repetition repression repugnance RIGHT VIEW rúpa ka^ya sa^man~n~a sama^patti sensuality SEVEN GEMS SHAKYAMUNI si^labbata SIX PLACES sota^panna sota^patti standstill stinginess successive SUDDHODANA ta^vatimsa tatha^gata TEN POWERS tendencies therava^da TWO DEATHS unprepared unshakable upakkilesa upavica^ra vehapphala vesa^rajja vin~n~a^na vin~n~atti vipalla^sa vipassana^ wrong path ya^ma deva yuganaddha 不害(ahimsa) 识(Vijnana) 无常(anitya) a^nantariya a^po dha^tu abandonment abstentions adhittha^na ahosi kamma alms giving anabhijjha^ ANAPANASATI anupassana^ appicchata^ ariya iddhi ariya magga ariya sacca ariya vamsa arúpa bhava association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA brahma loka chaste life co nascence contentment corruptions cutúpapa^ta defilements deliverance destruction determining development dissolution dosa carita earnestness egolessness EIGHT WINDS enlightened fading away forbearance foundations human world iddhi pa^da immortality indifferent infatuation inoperative inseparable intoxicants itthindriya ka^ma bhava ka^ma ra^ga ka^ya kamma kamma bhava kamma patha kamma vatta karma round khi^na^sava kusala múla loka dhamma LOTUS SUTRA maha^ bhúta mana^yatana manasika^ra mano dha^tu MIDDLE PATH middle path mind object mindfulness na^ma ka^ya NINE REALMS nippapan~ca noble power origination pa^timokkha pada parama PARINIRVANA paritta^bha patipannaka patti da^na penetration perfections performance personality perversions preparatory proficiency pure abodes realization RECOGNITION remembrance rúpa^vacara rúpa^yatana sala^yatana sama si^si^ samuttha^na san~cetana^ san~n~ojana si^vathika^ sikkha^pada supernormal tejo dha^tu tejo kasina temperature THREE ROOTS THREE SEALS ti lakkhana unthinkable unwholesome uprightness vaci^ kamma vavattha^na vicikiccha^ wrongnesses 定 (samadhi) 结集(samgiti) 轮回(samsara) 涅槃(Nirvana) 无我(anatman) 真如(tathata) a^savakkhaya abhinibbatti accumulation adaptability an~n~indriya appaman~n~a^ arúpa^vacara bahula kamma bhava ditthi bhava tanha^ body witness ceto vimutti citta kkhana citta vi^thi conventional corporeality covetousness dhamma cakka DHARMA-WHEEL dibba cakkhu dispensation dissociation divine abode dry visioned fire element FIVE WISDOMS FOUR VIRTUES garuka kamma harmlessness hate natured heat element HEAVENLY EYE hiri ottappa homelessness impermanence inclinations intoxicating janaka kamma ka^ma tanha^ ka^ma^vacara ka^ya sakkhi kamma^yúhana kammaja rúpa kammattha^na karma result kilesa ka^ma light kasina lobha carita mental image mind element momentaneity nesajjikanga ni^la kasina noble abodes non violence pa^tiha^riya pakati si^la pan~ca si^la parinibba^na pasa^da rúpa patisandhika petti visaya pi^ta kasina pleasantness predominance proclivities purification purisindriya ra^ga carita radiant gods recollectons RENUNCIATION restlessness RIGHT ACTION RIGHT EFFORT RIGHT SPEECH rúpa jjha^na rúpa kala^pa rúpa^rammana sacca n~a^na SAKRADAGAMIN sambojjhanga samma^ magga sampajan~n~a santutthita^ SIX INDRIYAS SIX PARAMITA SROTA-APANNA stream entry ▲ 收起
南传佛教英文辞典 【541】virility

  s.  bha^va.

南传佛教英文辞典 【542】visuddhi

  ”purification”,  purity.  The  ”7  stages  of  purification”  (satta-visuddhi)  form  the  substructure  of  Upatissa”s  Vimutti-Magga  (The  Path  To  Freedom),  preserved  only  in  Chinese,  as  well  as  of  Buddhaghosa”s  monumental  work,  Visuddhi-Magga  (The  Path  of  Purification),  based  on  the  former  work.
The  only  place  in  the  Canon  where  these  7  kinds  of  purification  are  mentioned  is  M.  24,  "The  Simile  of  the  Stage-coach"  (s.”Path”,  §64),  wherein  their  purpose  and  goal  are  illustrated.  There  it  is  said  that  the  real  and  ultimate  goal  does  not  consist  in  purification  of  morality,  or  of  mind,  or  of  view,  etc.,  but  in  total  deliverance  and  extinction.  Now,  just  as  one  mounts  the  first  coach  and  travels  to  the  second  coach,  then  mounts  the  second  coach  and  travels  with  it  to  the  third  coach,  etc.,  in  exactly  the  same  way  the  goal  of  (I)  the  purification  of  morality  (sila-visuddhi)  is  (II)  the  purification  of  mind  (citta-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (III)  the  purification  of  view  (ditthi-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (IV)  the  purification  by  overcoming  doubt  (kankha^vitarana-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (V)  the  purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  what  is  path  and  not-path  (magga^magga-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (VI)  the  purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  the  path-progress  (patipada^-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (VII)  the  purification  of  knowledge  and  vision  (n~a^nadassana-visuddhi);  but  the  goal  of  this  purification  is  deliverance  freed  from  all  clinging.
(I)  "Purification  of  morality  (si^la-visuddhi)  consists  of  the  4-fold  purity  of  morality  (catu-pa^risuddhi-si^la),  namely:  restraint  with  regard  to  the  Disciplinary  Code  (pa^timokkhasamvara-si^la),  sense-restraint  (indriysamvara-si^la),  purity  of  livelihood  (a^ji^vapa^risuddhi-si^la),  morality  with  regard  to  the  4  requisites  (paccaya-sannissita-si^la)"  (Vis.M.  XVIII).  On  these  4  terms,  s.  si^la.  -  In  the  case  of  a  layman,  it  entails  the  observance  of  whatever  moral  rules  (5  or  more)  he  has  taken  upon  himself.
(II)  "Purification  of  mind  (citta-visuddhi)  is  a  name  for  the  8  attainments  (=  absorptions:  jha^na,  q.v.),  as  well  as  for  neighbourhood-concentration  (upaca^ra-sama^dhi;  s.  sama^dhi)."  (ib.).
(III)  "By  purification  of  view  (ditthi-visuddhi)  is  meant  the  understanding,  according  to  reality,  of  mind  and  corporeality  (na^marúpa,  q.v.)...  which  is  founded  on  undeludedness  (wisdom)  as  base,  and  which  in  manifold  ways  determines  mind  and  corporeality  after  overcoming  all  belief  in  a  persollality  (atta^:  self,  ego.)."  (ib.).
(IV)  "By  purification  by  overcoming  doubt  (kankha^-vitarana-visuddhi)  is  meant  the  understanding  which,  by  grasping  the  conditions  of  this  mind  and  corporeality,  has  escaped  from  all  doubt  with  regard  to  the  3  times  (past,  present,  future)."  (ib.  XIX)
(V)  "By  purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  what  is  path  and  not-path  (magga^magga-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi)  is  meant  that  understanding  which  knows  the  right  path  from  the  wrong  path:  ”This  is  the  right  path,  that  the  wrong  path.”"  (ib.  XX)
In  order  to  attain  this  5th  stage  of  purification,  one  at  first  should  develop  methodical  insight  (naya-vipassana^),  i.e.  through  contemplation  of  the  5  groups  of  existence  (khandha,  q.v.).  For  whosoever  does  not  yet  possess  a  perfectly  developed  insight,  to  him  such  phenomena  as  effulgence  of  light,  etc.  (see  below),  arising  during  insight,  may  become  impediments  in  the  3  kinds  of  full  understanding  here  considered  (s.  parin~n~a^).
”As  soon  as  the  manifold  ways  and  characteristics  of  the  4  Truths  (sacca)  and  the  dependent  origination  (paticcasamuppa^da)  have  become  clear  to  the  meditating  disciple,  he  says  to  himself:  Thus  do  these  things  never  before  arisen  arise,  and  having  arisen  they  disappear  again.  Thus  do  the  formations  of  existence  ever  and  again  arise  as  something  quite  new.  But  not  only  are  they  something  new,  they  are  moreover  also  of  limited  duration,  like  a  dew-drop  at  sunrise,  like  a  bubble,  like  a  line  drawn  with  a  stick  in  the  water,  like  a  mustard  seed  placed  on  the  point  of  an  arrow,  or  like  a  flash  of  lightning.  Also  as  something  unsubstantial  and  empty  do  they  appear,  as  jugglery,  as  a  mirage  ....  Merely  something  subject  to  vanishing  arises,  and  having  arisen  disappears  again.”"
During  such  insight  practice,  however,  may  arise  the  10  imperfections  (or  defilements)  of  insight  (vipassanúpakkilesa):  effulgence  of  light  (obha^sa),  knowledge  (n~a^na),  rapture  (pi^ti),  tranquillity  (passaddhi),  happiness  (sukha),  determination  (adhimokkha),  energy  (paggaha),  awareness  (upattha^na),  delight  (nikanti).  -  See  Vis.M.  XX,  105f.  (App.).
Excepting  the  last  one,  ”delight”,  they  are  not  imperfections  or  defilements  in  themselves,  but  may  become  a  basis  for  them  through  the  arising  of  pride  or  delight  or  by  a  wrong  conclusion  that  one  of  the  holy  paths  has  been  attained.  He,  however,  who  is  watchful  and  experienced  in  insight  practice,  will  know  that  these  states  of  mind  do  not  indicate  attainment  of  the  true  path,  but  are  only  symptoms  or  concomitants  of  insight  meditation.
"Thus  far  the  meditating  disciple  has  determined  3  of  the  truths,  namely  while  determining  the  corporeal  and  mental  phenomena  he  has,  through  purification  of  view  (ditthi-visuddhi),  determined  the  ”truth  of  suffering”.  While  grasping  the  conditions  he  has,  through  purification  by  overcoming  doubt  (kankha^-vitarana-visuddhi),  determined  the  ”truth  of  the  origin  of  suffering”.  While  determining  the  right  path,  he  has,  through  purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  what  is  path  and  not-path  (magga^magga-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi),  determined  the  ”truth  of  the  path”  (leading  to  the  extinction  of  suffering)."
(VI)  Purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  the  path-progress  (patipada^-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi)  is  the  insight  perfected  in  8  kinds  of  knowledge,  together  with  the  9th  knowledge,  the  ”knowledge  adapting  itself  to  truth”.
By  the  8  kinds  of  knowledge  are  here  meant  the  following,  which  are  freed  from  defilements,  follow  the  right  process,  and  are  considered  as  insight,  namely:

1.  knowledge  consisting  in  contemplation  of  rise  and  fall  (udayabbaya^nupassana^-n~a^na),
2.  in  contemplation  of  dissolution  (bhanga^nupassana^-n~a^na),
3.  in  awareness  of  terror  (or  the  fearful)  (bhayatúpattha^na^-n~a^na),
4.  in  contemplation  of  misery  (a^di^nava^nupassana^-n~a^na),
5.  in  contemplation  of  aversion  (nibbida^nupassana^-n~a^na),
6.  in  the  desire  for  deliverance  (muccitu-kamyata^-n~a^na),
7.  in  reflecting  contemplation  (patisankha^nupassana^-n~a^na),
8.  in  equanimity  regarding  all  formations  of  existence  (sankha^rupekkha^-n~a^na)  -  which  is  followed  by
9.  in  adaptation  to  truth  (sacca^nulomika-n~a^na).

(1)  consists  in  the  meditative  observation  of  the  3  characteristics  of  existence  (impermanence,  suffering,  no  self)  in  one”s  own  bodily  and  mental  processes.  As  long  as  the  mind  is  still  disturbed  by  the  10  imperfections  (s.  V),  the  3  characteristics  will  not  become  fully  clear  in  their  true  nature.  Only  when  the  mind  is  free  from  these  imperfections  can  the  characteristics  be  observed  clearly.
(2)  When  through  such  repeated  practice,  knowledge  and  mindfulness  have  grown  keen  and  the  bodily  and  mental  formations  become  apparent  quickly,  at  that  stage  the  phase  of  dissolution  of  these  formations  will  become  prominent.
"Consciousness  with  (e.g.)  materiality  as  its  object  arises  and  dissolves.  Having  reflected  on  that  object,  he  contemplates  the  dissolution  of  (reflecting)  consciousness."  (Pts.M.  I,  57,  quoted  in  Vis.M.  XXI,  11).
The  8  blessings  of  this  knowledge  are:  abandoning  the  belief  in  eternal  existence  (bhava-ditthi),  giving  up  attachment  to  life,  constant  right  application  (of  mind  to  meditative  endeavour),  a  purified  livelihood,  overcoming  of  anxiety,  absence  of  fear,  acquisition  of  forbearance  and  gentleness,  conquest  of  discontent  and  sensual  delight  (Vis.M.  XXI,  28).
(3)  Knowledge  consisting  in  awareness  of  terror  (or  fearfulness)  is  the  seeing  of  terror  in  the  conditions  as  well  as  the  continuity  of  existence.  For  whoso  considers  the  formations  as  impermanent,  to  him  the  conditions  of  existence  (i.e.  the  karma-formations  producing  ever  new  existence)  appear  as  terror,  as  driving  towards  death.  Whoso  considers  the  formations  as  misery,  to  him  the  continuity  of  existence  appears  as  terror,  as  something  oppressive.  Whoso  considers  the  formations  as  impersonal,  to  him  the  karmaformations,  as  well  as  the  continuity  of  existence,  appear  as  terror,  as  an  empty  village,  as  a  mirage,  etc.
(4)  Contemplation  of  misery  (or  danger)  is  another  aspect  of  the  awareness  of  terror:  "The  origin  (of  existence)  is  terror  ...  continuance  of  existence  is  terror  ...  arising  is  suffering”,  such  understanding  in  the  awareness  of  terror  is  the  knowledge  of  misery.”Non-arising  is  bliss”,  this  is  knowledge  of  the  peaceful  state  (Pts.M.  I,  59);  that  is,  the  no-more-arising  is  safety,  is  happiness,  is  Nibba^na.
(5)  Contemplation  of  aversion  means:  aversion  for  all  formations  as  terror,  therefore  its  name  ”awareness  of  terror”  has  come  into  use.  Because  it  has  made  known  the  misery  of  all  these  formations,  therefore  it  has  received  the  name  of  ”contemplation  of  misery”  (a^di^nava^nupassana^).  Because  it  has  arisen  through  aversion  for  those  formations,  therefore  it  is  known  as  ”contemplation  of  aversion”  (nibbida^nupassana^).
(6)  Knowledge  consisting  in  the  desire  for  deliverance  means:  the  desire  for  freedom  and  escape  from  all  formations  of  existence..  For  feeling  aversion  for  all  formations,  becoming  weary  of  them,  finding  no  more  delight  in  them,  the  mind  does  not  cling  to  a  single  one  of  all  these  formations.
(7)  Reflecting  contemplation  is  the  repeated  meditative  discernment  of  the  formations  of  existence,  attributing  to  them  the  3  characteristics  of  existence,  with  the  desire  to  find  deliverance  from  all  forms  of  existence.
(8)  Equanimity  regarding  all  formations:  "When  the  meditator  (through  reflecting  contemplation)  has  discerned  the  formations  by  applying  the  3  characteristics  to  them  and  sees  them  as  void,  he  abandons  both  terror  and  delight,  and  becomes  indifferent  and  equanimous  with  regard  to  all  formations;  he  neither  takes  them  as  I  nor  as  ”mine”;  he  is  like  a  man  who  has  divorced  his  wife"  (Vis.M.  XXI,  61).
Now,  while  continuing  to  contemplate  the  3  characteristics  of  existence  and  perceiving  the  tranquil  lot  of  Nibba^na  as  the  peace,  this  equanimity-knowledge  becomes  the  triple  gateway  to  liberation.  As  it  is  said  (Pts.M.  II,  p.  48):
"Three  gateways  to  liberation  (vimokkha-mukha;  s.  vimokkha  I)  lead  to  escape  from  the  world,  namely:  that  the  mind  is  contemplating  all  formations  as  limited,  and  is  rushing  forward  to  the  conditionless  element  (animitta-dha^tu);  that  the  mind  is  stirred  with  regard  to  all  formations  of  existence,  and  is  rushing  forward  to  the  desireless  element  (appanihita-dha^tu);  that  the  mind  sees  all  things  as  something  foreign,  and  is  rushing  forward  to  the  void  element  (sun~n~ata^-dha^tu)."
At  this  stage,  and  through  the  triple  gateway,  the  diversification  of  path  attainment  takes  place,  according  to  the  7  kinds  of  noble  persons  (ariya-puggala,  q.v.);  on  this  see  Vis.M.  XXI,  74ff.
The  6th,  7th  and  8th  knowledges,  according  to  Vis.M.  XXI,  form  really  only  one  single  knowledge  in  its  first,  middle  and  final  stages  of  development.  This  knowledge  is  also  known  as  the  ”insight  leading  to  path  ascent”  (vuttha^na-ga^mini^-vipassana^,  q.v.).
(9)  Adaptation  to  truth  (or  conformity  with  truth)  is  called  that  knowledge  which,  while  contemplating  impermanency,  etc.  adapts  itself  to  the  preceding  8  kinds  of  insight-knowledge,  as  well  as  to  the  immediately  following  supermundane  path  and  to  the  37  elements  pertaining  to  enlightenment  (bodhipakkhiya-dhamma,  q.v.).  It  is  identical  with  adaptation-knowledge  (anuloman~a^na).
"Whosoever  has  cultivated,  developed,  and  frequently  practised  ”equanimity  regarding  all  formations”  in  him  arises  very  strong  faith  known  as  determination  (adhimokkha-saddha^)  and  his  energy  is  better  exerted,  his  mindfulness  better  established,  his  mind  better  concentrated,  and  a  still  stronger  ”equanimity  regarding  the  formations”  arises.”Now  the  path  will  reveal  itself”,  thus  thinking,  the  meditator  contemplates  with  his  equanimity-knowledge  all  formations  as  impermanent,  etc.,  and  thereafter  that  knowledge  sinks  into  the  subconscious  stream  of  existence  (s.  bhavanga-sota^).  Immediately  afterwards  there  arises  advertence  at  the  mind-door  (s.  vin~n~a^na-kicca).  And  just  like  equanimity-knowledge,  the  adaptation-knowledge,  too,  takes  as  its  object  the  formations,  regarding  them  as  something  impermanent,  miserable  and  impersonal.  Thereupon,  while  continuing  the  uninterrupted  continuity  of  consciousness  (citta-santati),  there  arises  the  1st  impulsive  moment  (javana,  q.v.),  called  ”preparation”  (parikamma),  taking  the  same  formations  as  object.  Immediately  thereafter,  with  the  same  formations  as  object,  there  arises  the  2nd  impulsive  moment,  known  as  ”access”  (upaca^ra).  And  again  immediately  after  that,  there  arises  the  impulsive  moment  called  ”adaptation”  (anuloma)."
(VII)  Purification  of  knowledge  and  vision  (n~a^nadassana-visuddhi)  is  the  knowledge  associated  with  any  of  the  4  kinds  of  supermundane  path-consciousness  (s.  ariyapuggala).
"Immediately  upon  this  adaptation-knowledge  there  arises  the  ”maturity-knowlege”  (gotrabhú-n~a^na;  s.  gotrabhú)  taking  as  object  the  Unconditioned,  the  standstill  of  existence,  the  absence  of  becoming,  cessation,  Nibba^na,  while  at  the  same  time  transcending  the  rank  (gotta  =  gotra:  lineage),  designation  and  plane  of  the  worldling  (puthujjana,  q.v.),  and  entering  the  rank,  designation  and  plane  of  the  Noble  Ones  (ariya),  being  the  first  turning  towards  Nibba^na  as  object,  the  first  thinking  of  it,  the  first  concentration  on  it,  and  the  condition  for  the  path  ...  forming  the  culmination  of  insight,  and  never  as  such  coming  back  again.
””As  the  immediate  continuation  following  upon  that  maturity  knowledge  (gotrabhú-n~a^na),  there  arises  the  first  path-consciousness  (Stream-entrance)  forever  destroying  the  first  3  of  the  10  fetters  of  existence  (samyojana,  q.v.),  and  closing  the  entrance  to  the  lower  worlds.  Immediately  after  this  path-knowledge,  there  arise,  as  its  result,  2  or  3  path-produced  states  of  consciousness,  the  fruitional  consciousness  (phala-citta).  Immediately  after  the  sinking  of  this  consciousness  into  the  subconscious  stream  of  existence,  the  retrospective  knowledge  (paccavekkhana-n~a^na,  q.v.)  arises,  having  the  path-consciousness  as  its  object"  (Vis.M.  XXI).  For  the  3  higher  paths,  s.  ariya-puggala.
Each  of  the  4  kinds  of  path-consciousness  performs  at  the  one  and  the  same  time  4  functions,  namely:  the  function  of  full  understanding  (parin~n~a^,  q.v.)  of  suffering,  the  function  of  overcoming  (paha^na,  q.v.)  the  origin  of  suffering,  the  function  of  realizing  (sacchikiriya^)  the  extinction  of  suffering,  the  function  of  developing  (bha^vana^,  q.v.)  the  supermundane  Noble  Eightfold  Path  (magga,  q.v.).
See  Path  of  Purification,  by  Buddhaghosa,  tr.  by  n~yanamoli  (BPS);  Path  of  Freedom,  by  Upatissa  (BPS).

南传佛教英文辞典 【543】vitality

  ji^vitindriya;  s.  indriya,  khandha  (corporeality,  mental  formations),  Tab.  II.

英汉对照词典 【544】VOLITION

Volition  ==  行

or  mental  formation,  or  action,  or  conduct,  or  deed,  usually  done  through  the  body,  mouth  or  mind.  The  Sanskrit  word  is  Samskara.

南传佛教英文辞典 【545】volition

  cetana^  (q.v.).

中国百科全书 【546】谛(satya)

  Di

  佛教教义。意谓真理或实在。主要有四谛、二谛、三谛等不同说法。

  四谛  1、苦谛。苦是受逼迫苦恼之意,主要指三界生死轮回的苦恼。有三苦、八苦的不同。三苦,一为苦苦,指正在受痛苦时的苦恼;二为坏苦,是享受快乐结束时的苦恼;三为行苦,谓不苦不乐时,为无常变化的自然规律所支配的苦恼,包括生、老、病、死在内。八苦即生苦、老苦、病苦、死苦、求不得苦、怨憎会苦、爱别离苦、五阴盛苦。佛教认为,三苦、八苦有的是社会原因造成的,有的是自然原因造成的。

  2、集谛。亦名习谛。集是积聚感招之意。说一切众生,常时以来,由于贪瞋愚痴的行动,造成的善恶行为的业因,能感招将来的生死苦果。

  3、灭谛。亦名尽谛,为息灭、灭尽之意,灭尽三界内之烦恼业因以及生死果报,称为灭,也称了脱生死,从此不再受三界内的生死苦恼,达到涅槃寂灭境界,即为解脱。

  4、道谛。道为通达之意,也是道路的意思。这种道路是达到寂灭解脱的方法和手段;原始佛教认为道谛是指八正道。以后大、小乘又各有发展。佛教认为依道谛去修行,就能达到寂灭解脱的灭谛。由此途径确实可以达到解脱生死的目的。

  二谛  即真谛和俗谛。又称第一义谛、世俗谛,或名胜义谛与名言谛。真俗二谛,中观派的基本思想是缘起性空论,认为世间出世间万事万物,都是由众多因素相依相持而形成的,是有,称假有,这就是世俗谛,没有独立不变的自性,是空,称性空,这就是真谛,所以真俗二谛,就是空、有二谛。这是就外在的物境而言。若以主观认识而论,谓世俗谛是有,这是世间一般人的常识见解;言真谛为空是二乘圣者特有的超世见解。实际上,说有不住有,谈空不落空,空有无碍,才是真俗二谛的正观。又世俗谛的有,是世间万事万物的现象;真谛的空,是世间万事万物的本性。缘起才能性空,性空才能缘起,缘起与性空实际是一种事物的两个方面,相反相成,对立而统一。所以缘起就是性空,性空就是缘起。如《般若经》中说:色即是空,空即是色,不二而二,二而不二。大乘佛教各宗,因为传承或立论方法不同,对二谛的解释也各不相同。有的认为二谛是理,有的认为二谛是教。天台宗认为二谛或三谛是真实不虚的谛理,故云:“三谛者,天然之性德也。”三论宗认为真俗二谛是两种真实不虚的言教:“二谛者,盖是言教之通诠,相待之假称……唯是教门,不关境理。”

  三谛  即空谛、假谛、中道谛。佛教天台宗所立的谛理。认为一切事物都由因缘而生,没有永恒不变的实体,叫做空谛;一切事物其中虽无永恒不变的实体,却有如幻如化的相貌,叫做假谛;这些都不出法性,不待造作而有,叫做中道谛。一切事物,皆不出此空、假、中三谛的范畴,故称为三谛之理。《始终心要》说:“三谛者,天然之性德也,中谛者统一切法,真谛者泯一切法,假谛者立一切法。”又此三谛,圆融无碍,一即是三,三即是一。如观空时,无假无中无不空;观假时,无空无中无不假;观中道时,无空无假无不中,名为圆融三谛。《中观论·四谛品》说:“因缘所生法,我说即是空,亦为是假名,亦是中道义”。此偈被认为是圆融三谛的出处。(刘峰)

中国百科全书 【547】慧 (Mati)


  Hui

  又称增上慧学,亦即智慧。慧就是有厌、无欲、见真。摈除一切欲望和烦恼,专思四谛、十二因缘,以窥见法,获得智慧解脱。

中国百科全书 【548】空(sunya)

  Kong

  佛教教义。音译舜若。佛教用来表述“非有”、“非存在”的一个基本概念。佛教各时期、各派别对空的解释不一。在原始佛教中,空只是整个佛教理论体系中的一个普通概念。部派佛教时期,这一概念成为当时争论的重点之一。大乘佛教时期,尤其是般若经系统的大乘思想则进而以空为其理论基础。从所否定的对象来说,空可分“我空”、“法空”两种。我空,即认为一切有情都是由各个组成元素聚合而成,不断流转生灭,因此不存在常一主宰的主体——我,这是小乘佛教的观点;法空,则认为一切事物都依赖于一定的因缘或条件才能存在,本身没有任何质的规定性,但法空并非虚无,它是一种不可描述的实在,称为“妙有”,这主要是大乘中观派阐明的观点。从论证的方式来说,空可分“分析空”、“当体空”两种。分析空即从统一之可分解为若干部分或因素上,从事物的生灭变化上,说明事物的不实在和不自在,这主要是小乘所采用的方法;当体空则认为一切事物无须分解,只要用空的理法去观察,就可以明白它本身就是空的,这主要是大乘所采用的方法。从是否终极真理来说,大乘又把空分成“但空”、“不但空”两种。把空当作绝对的虚无,认识不到它实际是有的一种存在形式,即一种妙有,就是但空,也叫“恶趣空”;反之,如能认识到事物不但有空的一面,还有不空的一面,认识到空不遣有,有不离空,空中摄有,有内存空,这就是不但空,也叫中道。从上述几种对空的基本解释出发,佛教各派还推衍出三空、四空、六空、七空、十空、十一空、十二空、十四空、十六空、十八空、十九空、二十空等。其中以《大品般若》、《大智度论》所说的十八空影响较大。(方广錩)

中国百科全书 【549】业(karma)

  ye

  佛教术语。音译“羯磨”。最早见于印度的古奥义书,是婆罗门教、耆那教、生活派(邪命外道)等都袭用的术语。佛教中一般解释为造作。人的身、口、意造作善法与不善法,名为身业、口(语)业、意业。业生灭相续,必感苦乐等果,果是业果,结果的因谓之业因。业虽由人的身口意所造,但受烦恼的支配。《大智度论》卷九十四称:“烦恼因缘,故起诸业。”这样就构成惑(烦恼)、业、苦(果)之间的因果关系。《大毗婆沙论》卷一百二十三说:业有作用(语业)、行动(身业)、造作(意业)三义。唯识论者认为,身语二业是假业,意业是感果的主体。唐窥基在《义林章》中说,二业(身、语)三业(身、语、意)皆是假立,然有差别,身语二业,假表业体,实是表色,非是业性;其发身语现行之思,实是业性招异熟果。

  业的分类甚多,所招业果,为业因的果报,报有总别,其引发总报的业称引业,成满别报的业称满业。身语意三业,由于身的行动和语的音声都有对外表示能使人知的意义,所以谓之表业,此通三乘。大乘更加意表,认为意业于自内心有其表示,所以也是表业。《瑜伽师地论》谓“唯自起心,内意思择,……但发善、染污、无记法现行意表业”。现行与身表、语表、意表共于身中各自产生业体(善恶功能),这种业体不为人知,名为身无表业、语无表业、意无表业。声闻乘不立意表和意无表业。《俱舍论》立无表有三:1、律仪。有防非止恶的功能;2、不律仪。有作恶止善的功能;3、非律仪非不律仪。介乎二者之间。根据善恶报应和尽业说还建立四业:1、黑黑业。恶业名黑,恶业招感苦果(恶报),因果皆黑;2、白白业。善业名白,善业招感乐果(善报),因果都白;3、黑白业。指善恶交织之业;4、不黑不白业。为解脱善恶诸业的无漏业。此外,尚有思业(意业)、思已业(身语二业)等之别。(王新)

中国百科全书 【550】瑜伽(yoga)


  yujia

  佛教修行方法之一。yoga一词源于动词字根yuj,意为给牛上轭,引申而有连接、接合等含义。中国旧译“相应”。佛教早就用以表示总摄修心。修慧的法门。

  修习方法  由于各宗、各派、各乘、各部的要求和形式不同,名目繁多。其中共同的有严持戒律,调息炼气,凝神观想等。《瑜伽经》(梵文本)提出瑜伽有八支,即禁戒、持戒、会势、制感、调息、持摄、静虑、三摩地(三昧,等持)。佛教中既有各种禅法的专著,如《修行道地经》等;又有各种以三昧为名的经典,如《首楞严三昧经》、《月灯三昧经》、《般舟三昧经》等,均属于瑜伽修法。隋唐以后,各宗提倡观法,如天台宗的“一心三观”,华严宗的“法界观”,法相宗的“唯识观”,净土宗的“十六观”的禅宗的各种参禅方法等等,其有关著述也属于瑜伽。在秘密部中,事部以持诵真言、结坛、供养等事相为主,不名瑜伽;行部因为事相、观想并重,藏传佛教宁玛派又名之为两俱乘,故可附属瑜伽部;瑜伽部以五相成身观法为主;无上瑜伽部以修中脉、风息、明点为特点。其中父部重修风息,名曰命瑜伽;母部重修明点,名曰勤瑜伽;无二部重修双运。三者只就偏重而言,并非截然有别。无上部的理论认为中脉(近似道教的督脉)中有21个结,利用修风息、明点之力可以打开这些结。每打开二结好上升一地,逐渐引发无量神通、智慧,最后打开顶上一结即圆证三身五智而成佛果。

  果位  《瑜伽经·威力》中列举了瑜伽行者得三摩地后所得各种超人能力(神通),佛教也认为修瑜伽最后能证三乘之果,即阿罗汉、缘觉和佛三种果位。在证最后果位之前也可先得超人威力,即六种神通(天眼通、天耳通、神足通、他心通、宿命通、漏尽通)。其中前五通与婆罗门教瑜伽派等相似,漏尽通为佛教所独有。此中神足通(神境通)又分能变通、能化通两种。能变通有十八变,即振动、炽然、流布等;能化通有三化,即化为身,化为境,化为语。龙树所作《方便心论》,列举“瑜伽外道”有能小、为大、轻举、远到、随所欲、分身、尊胜、隐没等“八自在”。又在《大智度论》中列举佛教有能小、能大、能轻、能自在、能自主、能无至(此又有飞行远至、此没彼出、移远为近不往而到、于一念中遍到十方等4种)、能动(6种或18种震动)、随意等“八神变”。

  功能  在怛多罗经典中称之为悉地(成就),得悉地的人名为悉陀(成就者)或须陀补噜沙(成就人)。悉地种类繁多,在外宗的典籍中有18、24或34种,但一般认为有8种,即能小、轻举、能大、能远到、为主、尊胜、自在、随所欲。在佛教中,汉地密宗与西藏前弘、后弘各派对悉地的说法略有不同。汉地密宗与西藏前弘、后弘各派对悉地的说法略有不同。汉地密宗分有相悉地、无相悉地两种。有相悉地主要有悉灾、增益、降伏、敬爱、诛灭、钩召等;无相悉地即大乘各地圣果,能证得五地至十一地菩萨之身或本尊身,最后证得大毗卢遮那如来法界普现色身。有相悉地用事部的法门,修增益法即可成就;无相悉地则需修金、胎两部大法。密教虽也和显教一样,认为诸菩萨地及佛地之果超胜一切,但显教说成佛要经无数大劫,密宗的理论则认为可以“即身成佛”。藏传佛教的真言乘或金刚乘,也主张“即身成佛”。他们一般分悉地为共同悉地及殊胜悉地两类。共同悉地和汉传有相悉地相似,主要有:宝剑、眼药(安缮那药)、捷足、隐形、摄取精华、虚空行、大地行、地下行等八种;殊胜悉地,即修习瑜伽部或无上瑜伽部的方法证得佛果。瑜伽部和汉传相同,即修五相成身观:1`、通达菩提心。即证法界体性智;2、修菩提心。即证大圆镜智。上二者为种子位,即法身;3、成金刚心。即证平等性智;4、证金刚身。即证妙观察智。此为尊形位,即化身。修此五相成身观,于一座法中即可圆证三身五智。藏传佛教因此法属瑜伽部,认为需十六生才能成佛,故不甚重视,而偏重于无上瑜伽部各种修脉、风、明点的方法,最后证得金刚身或虹身(帝弓身)。一般分为即生成佛、死有成佛、中有成佛、转生成佛四类。得此果位,现生或转生都是“化身”,俗称“活佛”。这是藏传佛教产生活佛制度的理论根据。宁玛派的理论认为修顿断和超越两种瑜伽都可以即生成佛。修顿断法最后身化极微而成佛。修超越法最后四种光影现前,当“法性尽光”现前时,其身化为光明而成佛。

  源流  早在巴利语系大藏经中,有《瑜伽抉择》一书。古印度僧伽罗叉编著的《修行道地经》(先由安世高译出略本,后有竺法护译出全本7卷),原名瑜伽遮复弥与后来唐玄奘所译《瑜伽师地论》同名。可见汉晋佛教初传时,曾将瑜伽译为“道”字。其后佛陀跋陀罗又将瑜伽译为“禅”字。由僧伽罗叉的《修行道地经》以至弥勒、无著的《瑜伽师地论》,其内容都包括了佛说的三乘(声闻、缘觉、菩萨)法门,即全部大小二乘的教法。最胜子的《瑜伽师地论释》中说:“谓一切乘、境、行、果等所有诸法皆名瑜伽,一切并有方便善巧相应义故。”他随后广引各种经教证成此义,认为瑜伽一名包括全部佛法,一切三乘行者及诸佛如来,都可名为瑜伽师。

  印度大乘佛教自清辨起,分为空、有二宗,形成中观派和瑜伽行派。但龙树的弟子提婆所作《百论》,颂本题名为《菩萨瑜伽行四百论颂》,说明中观派最初也认为自己的观法属于瑜伽行。

  上述《瑜伽经》是印度六派哲学之一的瑜伽派的根本典籍,为钵颠阇梨所作。其中专门术语大部分与佛教所用名词相同,基本理论也有很多类似之处,故二者是互相影响的。《瑜伽经》分为三摩地、修习、威力、独存四篇。经文开始说“瑜伽者,心转相灭”。全经主要阐述如何消灭心的转起,最后达到解脱的境界。这和佛教提出的消灭转识,证得转依,显发无垢识,证得无住涅槃,生起三身四智之大菩提果等说法,基本精神并无不同。经文最后提到证得“法云三摩地”,才能进一步达到最高的独存境界,而佛教也认为菩萨要证得第十法云地才能成佛。经中的修法从调息入手,并以之为主要方法,也和佛教早期的《修行道地经》相同。而《威力》篇所讲的各种神通则和《修行道地经》所说大同小异,但《瑜伽经》与佛教学说有两点不同。一是此经以数论的学说作为理论基础。数论的世界观和佛教不同,中观、瑜伽两派的著作都对之采取批判态度。其次,《瑜伽经》承认一个具有人格的“自在(天)”作为修行者发愿成就的对象。这个自在(天)是不为烦恼、业、异熟(报)、意乐所染污的殊胜神我,具有无限的一切智性种子,用语言“唵”来表出。修行者应念诵此字并观想其意义。而佛教在理论上则不承认自在天有创世的能力和作用,虽不否认其存在,但不以之为崇拜的最早对象。可是大乘佛教认为证入法云地的十地菩萨可以为大自在天。在密教的理论中也建立一个无始无终无生灭的法身普贤如来为诸佛之祖,名之为本初佛(阿提佛、元始佛、第一佛)。而且密教也以“  唵”为三身种子真言,代表诸佛的法、报、化三身。密宗的修法也以念诵、观想种子真言的形、音、义为主。可见《瑜伽经》的内容基本上是和佛教互相贯通的。

  经典  随着大乘佛教的兴盛,5世纪以后秘密经典也在印度大量出现。和过去流行的大小乘经典取名苏怛罗(sutra,原意为纺织的经线)不同,这些秘密经典都取名为怛多罗(tantra,原意为纺织的纬线)。唐代不空译为“教王经”,元代以来从西藏译名rgyud(相续)译为“本续”或“续”字。同一时期,印度各教派也有大量名为怛多罗的著作出现,近人名之为怛多罗文学。这一类怛多罗作品基本上包含世界的创生、世界的毁灭、诸神的崇拜、超人能力(即神通)的获得、通过禅定观想等与最高神合一的方法等五方面内容,它与1~2世纪出现于中国的“纬书”,在内容上颇有相同之点,但后者远早于前者。自唐不空三藏系统传译这类经典以后,传统认为这些密法都是受婆罗门教或印度教的影响而发展起来的。但近代有些学者则认为印度教中同类的密法均是从佛教中汲取移植过去的。

  佛教的怛多罗典籍数量极其庞大,全部被称为瑜伽法门或瑜伽部。唐龙朔三年(663)玄奘译出《般若经理趣分》编入600卷的《大般若经》中。此经亦为《大乐金刚不空真实三昧耶经》的一分,属于密典瑜伽部。开元七年(719)来华的金刚智首次传译了金刚顶瑜伽部法门。其弟子不空至师子国(今斯里兰卡)学习密法,取回《金刚顶经》十八会十万颂,虽然只翻译了其中一小部分,但却写有《金刚顶瑜伽十八会指归》一书,对各会内容作了介绍。不空对瑜伽部的经典没有进行再分类。但藏传佛教前弘期传下的宁玛派以及后弘期各派曾对瑜伽部经典作了详细的分类。宁玛派把整个佛教典籍分为九乘。其中密部名为金刚乘,计有六乘,即事乘、行乘、瑜伽乘、大瑜伽乘、随瑜伽乘(当为无上瑜伽乘)、无极瑜伽乘。后弘期各家分部大同小异,通行的为四部之说,即事部、行部、瑜伽部、无上瑜伽部。无上瑜伽部又分三部,即父部、母部、无二部。四部中前三部与六乘中之前三乘同,父、母、无二三部则与后三乘相当。各部经典、各种陀罗尼、真言及一尊一咒的法门属于事部(乘),《大日经》属于行部,《真实摄经》及《大乐金刚经》等属于瑜伽部,《密集》(即金刚顶瑜伽十八会中之《秘密集会瑜伽》,宋施护译为《一切如来金刚三业最上秘密大教王经》7卷),属于父部,《喜金刚》(宋法护译为《大悲空智金刚大教王经》5卷)属于母部。至于无二瑜伽部的经典,汉地未有传译。西藏后弘期以时轮金刚的经典属无二瑜伽部。前弘期的宁玛派以无极瑜伽的经典最为丰富,几乎全部都是在印度未曾公开流传的。(郭元兴)

南传佛教英文辞典 【551】a^rammana

  s.  paccaya,  2.

南传佛教英文辞典 【552】a^rammana

  ”object”.  There  are  six:  visible  object,  sound,  odor,  taste,  body-impression,  mind-object.  The  mind-object  (dhamma^rammana)  may  be  physical  or  mental,  past,  present  or  future,  real  or  imaginary.  The  5  sense-objects  belong  to  the  corporeality-group  (rúpa-kkhandha,  s.  khandha).  They  form  the  external  foundations  for  the  sense-perceptions,  and  without  them  no  sense-perception  or  sense-consciousness  (seeing,  hearing,  etc.)  can  arise.  Cf.  a^yatana,  paccaya.  (App:  paccaya  2.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【553】a^vajjana

  s.  citta-vi^thi.

南传佛教英文辞典 【554】a^vajjana

  ”advertence”  of  the  mind  towards  the  object,  forms  the  first  stage  in  the  process  of  consciousness  (s.  vin~n~a^na-kicca).  If  an  object  of  the  5  physical  senses  is  concerned,  it  is  called  ”five-door  advertence”  (pan~ca  dva^ra^vajjana);  in  the  case  of  a  mental  object,  ”mind-door  advertence”  (mano-dva^ra^vajjana).

南传佛教英文辞典 【555】abhijjha^

  ”covetousness”  is  a  synonym  of  lobha  (s.  múla)  and  tanha^  (q.v.)  and  is  the  8th  link  of  the  unwholesome  courses  of  action  (s.  kamma-patha,  I).

南传佛教英文辞典 【556】acinteyya

  lit.”That  which  cannot  or  should  not  be  thought,  the  unthinkable,  ...
lit.”That  which  cannot  or  should  not  be  thought,  the  unthinkable,  incomprehensible,  impenetrable,  that  which  transcends  the  limits  of  thinking  and  over  which  therefore  one  should  not  ponder.
These  4  unthinkables  are:  
the  sphere  of  a  Buddha  (buddha-visaya),  
of  the  meditative  absorptions  (jha^na-visaya),  
of  karma-result  (kamma-vipa^ka),  and  
brooding  over  the  world  (loka-cinta^),  especially  over  an  absolute  first  beginning  of  it  
(s.  A.IV.77).
"Therefore,  o  monks,  do  not  brood  over  the  world  as  to  whether  it  is  eternal  or  temporal,  limited  or  endless  ....  Such  brooding,  O  monks,  is  senseless,  has  nothing  to  do  with  genuine  pure  conduct  (s.  a^dibrahmacariyaka-si^la),  does  not  lead  to  aversion,  detachment,  extinction,  nor  to  peace,  to  full  comprehension,  enlightenment  and  Nibba^na,  etc."  (S.56.41).

南传佛教英文辞典 【557】adherence

  para^ma^sa  (q.v.)

南传佛教英文辞典 【558】adhicitta

  sikkha^  ”training  in  higher  mentality”;  s.  sikkha^.

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