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in age eye ill joy LAW law one sel sex utu ZEN aeon alms atta BALA bala body both catu chie deva dosa ends envy fine food gati gems grie hate hell hetu loka lust mada mala mano MARK meat mind moha múla ogha oja^ once open pain path peta rise RUPA rúpa sati talk ties tree unit view void will yoga yoni ZEAL adosa agati ALAYA amata amoha anger ARANA ARHAN ARHAT ASURA asura atta^ aviha bases being belie bhava bodhi bonds cause chaos citta death doors doubt dread faith great greed iddhi image issa^ ja^ti jara^ ji^va ka^ma kalpa kamma KARMA karma kicca kriya kuppa light lobha lower ma^na Ma^ra MAGGA magga merit METTA mirth moral na^ma neyya nicca noble phala pi^ti ra^ga RAKSA right rules sacca sagga sakka satta sekha sense shame si^la sloth space STUPA subha SUDRA sukha SUTRA va^yo vasi^ vatta VIGOR water world wrong YAKSA yokes " a^sava abodes access action alobha ANATTA ANICCA anicca Arahat asekha atappa Avi^ci beauty beings bha^va BHIKSU biases bodily BUDDHA Buddha cakkhu carana carita change course dha^tu dhamma DHARMA ditthi divine dukkha eating EFFORT effort elders ENERGY energy escape favour fixity floods forest friend gantha ghosts GIVING giving gnosis groups growth grudge hearer iriya^ JATAKA javana jewels KARUNA kasina khanti kilesa kiriya kusala lokiya MANTRA marana marvel MATTER matter method metta^ middha misery MUDITA niraya object oma^na phassa picked planes powers PRAJNA purity RAHULA refuge samma^ sangha SANJNA sarana sexual stains suddha sugati sukkha SUMERU taints tanha^ terror torpor trance truths tusita upa^di upadhi usages va^ca^ VAISYA vatthu VEDANA vijja^ virati viriya virtue viveka WISDOM wisdom woeful a^ha^ra a^ji^va a^ka^sa a^ruppa absence agility ahimsa^ AKALIKA AKALIKO AKUSALA akusala ANAGAMI anatta^ anusaya arising avacara avijja^ bhikkhu BRAHMIN cankers cetana^ CHARITY conceit control counter craving created decline desana^ destiny devotee disease duggati emotion factors feeling fetters freedom HSU YUN HUA TOU INDRIYA indriya insight ji^vita kala^pa karuna^ killing KUSHALA lahuta^ mangala mastery matured meaning message miccha^ miracle mudita^ muduta^ mundane navanga neutral nimitta nirodha NIRVANA nirvana nissaya niya^ma obha^sa okkanti old age ottappa patched patigha perfect Preface puggala pun~n~a rapture reality rebirth remorse sa^sana sa^vaka saddha^ SAMADHI samatha sammuti SAMSARA samseva sassata sikkha^ sitting skilful sobhana spheres SRAVAKA sublime sun~n~a thought turning upacaya UPEKKHA vedana^ vibhava vica^ra viha^ra vimutti vipa^ka vipatti vira^ga vitakka vivatta voda^na voka^ra worldly 戒(sila) a^nen~ja a^yatana acquired adherent AKUSHALA AMITABHA ANAGAMIN anussati Appendix atima^na aversion bhavanga BHIKSUNI bondages ca^ritta cemetery cetasika clinging deciding delusion departed DEVOTION dhutanga dogmatic drinking elements eternity exertion extremes fatalism fivefold fruition gladness gotrabhú grasping HINAYANA HUI NENG ill will impurity influxes interest kammanta kin~cana KSATRIYA kukkucca lakkhana learning MAHAMAYA MAHAYANA maintain MAITREYA monkhood MORALITY morality Nibba^na nibba^na nibbatti nibbedha not self opposite PARAMITA PATIENCE patience postures practice progress reaction sakka^ya sama^dhi sambodhi sammatta sampada^ samsa^ra SAMSKARA san~n~a^ sankappa sankhata santa^na scruples sensuous serenity signless sucarita suchness Table II tathata^ te vijja thinking training uddhacca ujukata^ upa^saka upaca^ra upekkha^ uposatha upstream vimamsa^ vimokkha virility visuddhi vitality VOLITION volition 谛(satya) 慧 (Mati) 空(sunya) 業(karma) 瑜伽(yoga) a^rammana a^vajjana abhijjha^ acinteyya adherence adhicitta akanittha anottappa appama^da asankhata attention avihimsa^ avikkhepa avya^kata beautiful behaviour bha^vana^ BOJJHANGA bojjhanga boundless breathing cetokhila character CONDITION cosmogony cowardice deva dúta deviation dhuta^nga domanassa duccarita dukkhata^ dwellings EMPTINESS emptiness ENDURANCE existence eye organ faculties FIVE EYES formation happiness IGNORANCE ignorance immediacy immediate impulsion indulging intention knowledge kolankola lightness lokuttara mahaggata micchatta mind base NAGARJUNA nekkhamma ni^varana nutriment obstacles palibodha parikamma pariyatti patipada^ patipatti pativedha pondering proximity PURE LAND ready wit rúpa loka SAHA LAND sammasana samphassa samyojana sankha^ra SARIPUTRA sena^sana SENSATION SIX DUSTS SIX GUNAS SIX PATHS SIX ROOTS somanassa something suffering ti pitaka ti ratana ti sarana TRAILOKYA treasures TRIPITAKA upa^da^na upa^sika^ vanishing vinipa^ta vya^pa^da worldling YASODHARA 阿含(agama) 法(dharma) a^bhassara aberration abhin~n~a^ abhisamaya absorption adhimokkha ADHITTHANA advertence aggregates ALMSGIVING Ana^ga^mi^ analytical antinomies appendants asmi ma^na avya^pa^da awakenment bhava^sava BODHISATTA Bodhisatta compassion conception conditions confidence contiguity continuity cuti citta detachment DHAMMAPADA dibba loka dibba sota DIVINE EYE ego belief ego entity eka bi^ji^ elasticity enthusiasm equanimity expression EXTINCTION extinction femininity few wishes foundation FOUR PHALA FOUR SEALS functional generation hindrances impression impurities individual inducement intimation ka^ma guna ka^ma loka ka^ma^sava liberality liberation low speech macchariya MAHASATTVA mano kamma MEDITATION meditation messengers MIDDLE WAY mutability obduracies opapa^tika overcoming para^ma^sa paramattha parin~n~a^ patisandhi pattida^na permanency productive punabbhava puthujjana reflection repetition repression repugnance RIGHT VIEW rúpa ka^ya sa^man~n~a sama^patti sensuality SEVEN GEMS SHAKYAMUNI si^labbata SIX PLACES sota^panna sota^patti standstill stinginess successive SUDDHODANA ta^vatimsa tatha^gata TEN POWERS tendencies therava^da TWO DEATHS unprepared unshakable upakkilesa upavica^ra vehapphala vesa^rajja vin~n~a^na vin~n~atti vipalla^sa vipassana^ wrong path ya^ma deva yuganaddha 不害(ahimsa) 識(Vijnana) 無常(anitya) a^nantariya a^po dha^tu abandonment abstentions adhittha^na ahosi kamma alms giving anabhijjha^ ANAPANASATI anupassana^ appicchata^ ariya iddhi ariya magga ariya sacca ariya vamsa arúpa bhava association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA brahma loka chaste life co nascence contentment corruptions cutúpapa^ta defilements deliverance destruction determining development dissolution dosa carita earnestness egolessness EIGHT WINDS enlightened fading away forbearance foundations human world iddhi pa^da immortality indifferent infatuation inoperative inseparable intoxicants itthindriya ka^ma bhava ka^ma ra^ga ka^ya kamma kamma bhava kamma patha kamma vatta karma round khi^na^sava kusala múla loka dhamma LOTUS SUTRA maha^ bhúta mana^yatana manasika^ra mano dha^tu MIDDLE PATH middle path mind object mindfulness na^ma ka^ya NINE REALMS nippapan~ca noble power origination pa^timokkha pada parama PARINIRVANA paritta^bha patipannaka patti da^na penetration perfections performance personality perversions preparatory proficiency pure abodes realization RECOGNITION remembrance rúpa^vacara rúpa^yatana sala^yatana sama si^si^ samuttha^na san~cetana^ san~n~ojana si^vathika^ sikkha^pada supernormal tejo dha^tu tejo kasina temperature THREE ROOTS THREE SEALS ti lakkhana unthinkable unwholesome uprightness vaci^ kamma vavattha^na vicikiccha^ wrongnesses 定 (samadhi) 結集(samgiti) 輪回(samsara) 涅槃(Nirvana) 無我(anatman) 真如(tathata) a^savakkhaya abhinibbatti accumulation adaptability an~n~indriya appaman~n~a^ arúpa^vacara bahula kamma bhava ditthi bhava tanha^ body witness ceto vimutti citta kkhana citta vi^thi conventional corporeality covetousness dhamma cakka DHARMA-WHEEL dibba cakkhu dispensation dissociation divine abode dry visioned fire element FIVE WISDOMS FOUR VIRTUES garuka kamma harmlessness hate natured heat element HEAVENLY EYE hiri ottappa homelessness impermanence inclinations intoxicating janaka kamma ka^ma tanha^ ka^ma^vacara ka^ya sakkhi kamma^yúhana kammaja rúpa kammattha^na karma result kilesa ka^ma light kasina lobha carita mental image mind element momentaneity nesajjikanga ni^la kasina noble abodes non violence pa^tiha^riya pakati si^la pan~ca si^la parinibba^na pasa^da rúpa patisandhika petti visaya pi^ta kasina pleasantness predominance proclivities purification purisindriya ra^ga carita radiant gods recollectons RENUNCIATION restlessness RIGHT ACTION RIGHT EFFORT RIGHT SPEECH rúpa jjha^na rúpa kala^pa rúpa^rammana sacca n~a^na SAKRADAGAMIN sambojjhanga samma^ magga sampajan~n~a santutthita^ SIX INDRIYAS SIX PARAMITA SROTA-APANNA stream entry ▲ 收起
南傳佛教英文辭典 【541】virility

  s.  bha^va.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【542】visuddhi

  ”purification”,  purity.  The  ”7  stages  of  purification”  (satta-visuddhi)  form  the  substructure  of  Upatissa”s  Vimutti-Magga  (The  Path  To  Freedom),  preserved  only  in  Chinese,  as  well  as  of  Buddhaghosa”s  monumental  work,  Visuddhi-Magga  (The  Path  of  Purification),  based  on  the  former  work.
The  only  place  in  the  Canon  where  these  7  kinds  of  purification  are  mentioned  is  M.  24,  "The  Simile  of  the  Stage-coach"  (s.”Path”,  §64),  wherein  their  purpose  and  goal  are  illustrated.  There  it  is  said  that  the  real  and  ultimate  goal  does  not  consist  in  purification  of  morality,  or  of  mind,  or  of  view,  etc.,  but  in  total  deliverance  and  extinction.  Now,  just  as  one  mounts  the  first  coach  and  travels  to  the  second  coach,  then  mounts  the  second  coach  and  travels  with  it  to  the  third  coach,  etc.,  in  exactly  the  same  way  the  goal  of  (I)  the  purification  of  morality  (sila-visuddhi)  is  (II)  the  purification  of  mind  (citta-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (III)  the  purification  of  view  (ditthi-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (IV)  the  purification  by  overcoming  doubt  (kankha^vitarana-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (V)  the  purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  what  is  path  and  not-path  (magga^magga-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (VI)  the  purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  the  path-progress  (patipada^-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (VII)  the  purification  of  knowledge  and  vision  (n~a^nadassana-visuddhi);  but  the  goal  of  this  purification  is  deliverance  freed  from  all  clinging.
(I)  "Purification  of  morality  (si^la-visuddhi)  consists  of  the  4-fold  purity  of  morality  (catu-pa^risuddhi-si^la),  namely:  restraint  with  regard  to  the  Disciplinary  Code  (pa^timokkhasamvara-si^la),  sense-restraint  (indriysamvara-si^la),  purity  of  livelihood  (a^ji^vapa^risuddhi-si^la),  morality  with  regard  to  the  4  requisites  (paccaya-sannissita-si^la)"  (Vis.M.  XVIII).  On  these  4  terms,  s.  si^la.  -  In  the  case  of  a  layman,  it  entails  the  observance  of  whatever  moral  rules  (5  or  more)  he  has  taken  upon  himself.
(II)  "Purification  of  mind  (citta-visuddhi)  is  a  name  for  the  8  attainments  (=  absorptions:  jha^na,  q.v.),  as  well  as  for  neighbourhood-concentration  (upaca^ra-sama^dhi;  s.  sama^dhi)."  (ib.).
(III)  "By  purification  of  view  (ditthi-visuddhi)  is  meant  the  understanding,  according  to  reality,  of  mind  and  corporeality  (na^marúpa,  q.v.)...  which  is  founded  on  undeludedness  (wisdom)  as  base,  and  which  in  manifold  ways  determines  mind  and  corporeality  after  overcoming  all  belief  in  a  persollality  (atta^:  self,  ego.)."  (ib.).
(IV)  "By  purification  by  overcoming  doubt  (kankha^-vitarana-visuddhi)  is  meant  the  understanding  which,  by  grasping  the  conditions  of  this  mind  and  corporeality,  has  escaped  from  all  doubt  with  regard  to  the  3  times  (past,  present,  future)."  (ib.  XIX)
(V)  "By  purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  what  is  path  and  not-path  (magga^magga-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi)  is  meant  that  understanding  which  knows  the  right  path  from  the  wrong  path:  ”This  is  the  right  path,  that  the  wrong  path.”"  (ib.  XX)
In  order  to  attain  this  5th  stage  of  purification,  one  at  first  should  develop  methodical  insight  (naya-vipassana^),  i.e.  through  contemplation  of  the  5  groups  of  existence  (khandha,  q.v.).  For  whosoever  does  not  yet  possess  a  perfectly  developed  insight,  to  him  such  phenomena  as  effulgence  of  light,  etc.  (see  below),  arising  during  insight,  may  become  impediments  in  the  3  kinds  of  full  understanding  here  considered  (s.  parin~n~a^).
”As  soon  as  the  manifold  ways  and  characteristics  of  the  4  Truths  (sacca)  and  the  dependent  origination  (paticcasamuppa^da)  have  become  clear  to  the  meditating  disciple,  he  says  to  himself:  Thus  do  these  things  never  before  arisen  arise,  and  having  arisen  they  disappear  again.  Thus  do  the  formations  of  existence  ever  and  again  arise  as  something  quite  new.  But  not  only  are  they  something  new,  they  are  moreover  also  of  limited  duration,  like  a  dew-drop  at  sunrise,  like  a  bubble,  like  a  line  drawn  with  a  stick  in  the  water,  like  a  mustard  seed  placed  on  the  point  of  an  arrow,  or  like  a  flash  of  lightning.  Also  as  something  unsubstantial  and  empty  do  they  appear,  as  jugglery,  as  a  mirage  ....  Merely  something  subject  to  vanishing  arises,  and  having  arisen  disappears  again.”"
During  such  insight  practice,  however,  may  arise  the  10  imperfections  (or  defilements)  of  insight  (vipassanúpakkilesa):  effulgence  of  light  (obha^sa),  knowledge  (n~a^na),  rapture  (pi^ti),  tranquillity  (passaddhi),  happiness  (sukha),  determination  (adhimokkha),  energy  (paggaha),  awareness  (upattha^na),  delight  (nikanti).  -  See  Vis.M.  XX,  105f.  (App.).
Excepting  the  last  one,  ”delight”,  they  are  not  imperfections  or  defilements  in  themselves,  but  may  become  a  basis  for  them  through  the  arising  of  pride  or  delight  or  by  a  wrong  conclusion  that  one  of  the  holy  paths  has  been  attained.  He,  however,  who  is  watchful  and  experienced  in  insight  practice,  will  know  that  these  states  of  mind  do  not  indicate  attainment  of  the  true  path,  but  are  only  symptoms  or  concomitants  of  insight  meditation.
"Thus  far  the  meditating  disciple  has  determined  3  of  the  truths,  namely  while  determining  the  corporeal  and  mental  phenomena  he  has,  through  purification  of  view  (ditthi-visuddhi),  determined  the  ”truth  of  suffering”.  While  grasping  the  conditions  he  has,  through  purification  by  overcoming  doubt  (kankha^-vitarana-visuddhi),  determined  the  ”truth  of  the  origin  of  suffering”.  While  determining  the  right  path,  he  has,  through  purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  what  is  path  and  not-path  (magga^magga-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi),  determined  the  ”truth  of  the  path”  (leading  to  the  extinction  of  suffering)."
(VI)  Purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  the  path-progress  (patipada^-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi)  is  the  insight  perfected  in  8  kinds  of  knowledge,  together  with  the  9th  knowledge,  the  ”knowledge  adapting  itself  to  truth”.
By  the  8  kinds  of  knowledge  are  here  meant  the  following,  which  are  freed  from  defilements,  follow  the  right  process,  and  are  considered  as  insight,  namely:

1.  knowledge  consisting  in  contemplation  of  rise  and  fall  (udayabbaya^nupassana^-n~a^na),
2.  in  contemplation  of  dissolution  (bhanga^nupassana^-n~a^na),
3.  in  awareness  of  terror  (or  the  fearful)  (bhayatúpattha^na^-n~a^na),
4.  in  contemplation  of  misery  (a^di^nava^nupassana^-n~a^na),
5.  in  contemplation  of  aversion  (nibbida^nupassana^-n~a^na),
6.  in  the  desire  for  deliverance  (muccitu-kamyata^-n~a^na),
7.  in  reflecting  contemplation  (patisankha^nupassana^-n~a^na),
8.  in  equanimity  regarding  all  formations  of  existence  (sankha^rupekkha^-n~a^na)  -  which  is  followed  by
9.  in  adaptation  to  truth  (sacca^nulomika-n~a^na).

(1)  consists  in  the  meditative  observation  of  the  3  characteristics  of  existence  (impermanence,  suffering,  no  self)  in  one”s  own  bodily  and  mental  processes.  As  long  as  the  mind  is  still  disturbed  by  the  10  imperfections  (s.  V),  the  3  characteristics  will  not  become  fully  clear  in  their  true  nature.  Only  when  the  mind  is  free  from  these  imperfections  can  the  characteristics  be  observed  clearly.
(2)  When  through  such  repeated  practice,  knowledge  and  mindfulness  have  grown  keen  and  the  bodily  and  mental  formations  become  apparent  quickly,  at  that  stage  the  phase  of  dissolution  of  these  formations  will  become  prominent.
"Consciousness  with  (e.g.)  materiality  as  its  object  arises  and  dissolves.  Having  reflected  on  that  object,  he  contemplates  the  dissolution  of  (reflecting)  consciousness."  (Pts.M.  I,  57,  quoted  in  Vis.M.  XXI,  11).
The  8  blessings  of  this  knowledge  are:  abandoning  the  belief  in  eternal  existence  (bhava-ditthi),  giving  up  attachment  to  life,  constant  right  application  (of  mind  to  meditative  endeavour),  a  purified  livelihood,  overcoming  of  anxiety,  absence  of  fear,  acquisition  of  forbearance  and  gentleness,  conquest  of  discontent  and  sensual  delight  (Vis.M.  XXI,  28).
(3)  Knowledge  consisting  in  awareness  of  terror  (or  fearfulness)  is  the  seeing  of  terror  in  the  conditions  as  well  as  the  continuity  of  existence.  For  whoso  considers  the  formations  as  impermanent,  to  him  the  conditions  of  existence  (i.e.  the  karma-formations  producing  ever  new  existence)  appear  as  terror,  as  driving  towards  death.  Whoso  considers  the  formations  as  misery,  to  him  the  continuity  of  existence  appears  as  terror,  as  something  oppressive.  Whoso  considers  the  formations  as  impersonal,  to  him  the  karmaformations,  as  well  as  the  continuity  of  existence,  appear  as  terror,  as  an  empty  village,  as  a  mirage,  etc.
(4)  Contemplation  of  misery  (or  danger)  is  another  aspect  of  the  awareness  of  terror:  "The  origin  (of  existence)  is  terror  ...  continuance  of  existence  is  terror  ...  arising  is  suffering”,  such  understanding  in  the  awareness  of  terror  is  the  knowledge  of  misery.”Non-arising  is  bliss”,  this  is  knowledge  of  the  peaceful  state  (Pts.M.  I,  59);  that  is,  the  no-more-arising  is  safety,  is  happiness,  is  Nibba^na.
(5)  Contemplation  of  aversion  means:  aversion  for  all  formations  as  terror,  therefore  its  name  ”awareness  of  terror”  has  come  into  use.  Because  it  has  made  known  the  misery  of  all  these  formations,  therefore  it  has  received  the  name  of  ”contemplation  of  misery”  (a^di^nava^nupassana^).  Because  it  has  arisen  through  aversion  for  those  formations,  therefore  it  is  known  as  ”contemplation  of  aversion”  (nibbida^nupassana^).
(6)  Knowledge  consisting  in  the  desire  for  deliverance  means:  the  desire  for  freedom  and  escape  from  all  formations  of  existence..  For  feeling  aversion  for  all  formations,  becoming  weary  of  them,  finding  no  more  delight  in  them,  the  mind  does  not  cling  to  a  single  one  of  all  these  formations.
(7)  Reflecting  contemplation  is  the  repeated  meditative  discernment  of  the  formations  of  existence,  attributing  to  them  the  3  characteristics  of  existence,  with  the  desire  to  find  deliverance  from  all  forms  of  existence.
(8)  Equanimity  regarding  all  formations:  "When  the  meditator  (through  reflecting  contemplation)  has  discerned  the  formations  by  applying  the  3  characteristics  to  them  and  sees  them  as  void,  he  abandons  both  terror  and  delight,  and  becomes  indifferent  and  equanimous  with  regard  to  all  formations;  he  neither  takes  them  as  I  nor  as  ”mine”;  he  is  like  a  man  who  has  divorced  his  wife"  (Vis.M.  XXI,  61).
Now,  while  continuing  to  contemplate  the  3  characteristics  of  existence  and  perceiving  the  tranquil  lot  of  Nibba^na  as  the  peace,  this  equanimity-knowledge  becomes  the  triple  gateway  to  liberation.  As  it  is  said  (Pts.M.  II,  p.  48):
"Three  gateways  to  liberation  (vimokkha-mukha;  s.  vimokkha  I)  lead  to  escape  from  the  world,  namely:  that  the  mind  is  contemplating  all  formations  as  limited,  and  is  rushing  forward  to  the  conditionless  element  (animitta-dha^tu);  that  the  mind  is  stirred  with  regard  to  all  formations  of  existence,  and  is  rushing  forward  to  the  desireless  element  (appanihita-dha^tu);  that  the  mind  sees  all  things  as  something  foreign,  and  is  rushing  forward  to  the  void  element  (sun~n~ata^-dha^tu)."
At  this  stage,  and  through  the  triple  gateway,  the  diversification  of  path  attainment  takes  place,  according  to  the  7  kinds  of  noble  persons  (ariya-puggala,  q.v.);  on  this  see  Vis.M.  XXI,  74ff.
The  6th,  7th  and  8th  knowledges,  according  to  Vis.M.  XXI,  form  really  only  one  single  knowledge  in  its  first,  middle  and  final  stages  of  development.  This  knowledge  is  also  known  as  the  ”insight  leading  to  path  ascent”  (vuttha^na-ga^mini^-vipassana^,  q.v.).
(9)  Adaptation  to  truth  (or  conformity  with  truth)  is  called  that  knowledge  which,  while  contemplating  impermanency,  etc.  adapts  itself  to  the  preceding  8  kinds  of  insight-knowledge,  as  well  as  to  the  immediately  following  supermundane  path  and  to  the  37  elements  pertaining  to  enlightenment  (bodhipakkhiya-dhamma,  q.v.).  It  is  identical  with  adaptation-knowledge  (anuloman~a^na).
"Whosoever  has  cultivated,  developed,  and  frequently  practised  ”equanimity  regarding  all  formations”  in  him  arises  very  strong  faith  known  as  determination  (adhimokkha-saddha^)  and  his  energy  is  better  exerted,  his  mindfulness  better  established,  his  mind  better  concentrated,  and  a  still  stronger  ”equanimity  regarding  the  formations”  arises.”Now  the  path  will  reveal  itself”,  thus  thinking,  the  meditator  contemplates  with  his  equanimity-knowledge  all  formations  as  impermanent,  etc.,  and  thereafter  that  knowledge  sinks  into  the  subconscious  stream  of  existence  (s.  bhavanga-sota^).  Immediately  afterwards  there  arises  advertence  at  the  mind-door  (s.  vin~n~a^na-kicca).  And  just  like  equanimity-knowledge,  the  adaptation-knowledge,  too,  takes  as  its  object  the  formations,  regarding  them  as  something  impermanent,  miserable  and  impersonal.  Thereupon,  while  continuing  the  uninterrupted  continuity  of  consciousness  (citta-santati),  there  arises  the  1st  impulsive  moment  (javana,  q.v.),  called  ”preparation”  (parikamma),  taking  the  same  formations  as  object.  Immediately  thereafter,  with  the  same  formations  as  object,  there  arises  the  2nd  impulsive  moment,  known  as  ”access”  (upaca^ra).  And  again  immediately  after  that,  there  arises  the  impulsive  moment  called  ”adaptation”  (anuloma)."
(VII)  Purification  of  knowledge  and  vision  (n~a^nadassana-visuddhi)  is  the  knowledge  associated  with  any  of  the  4  kinds  of  supermundane  path-consciousness  (s.  ariyapuggala).
"Immediately  upon  this  adaptation-knowledge  there  arises  the  ”maturity-knowlege”  (gotrabhú-n~a^na;  s.  gotrabhú)  taking  as  object  the  Unconditioned,  the  standstill  of  existence,  the  absence  of  becoming,  cessation,  Nibba^na,  while  at  the  same  time  transcending  the  rank  (gotta  =  gotra:  lineage),  designation  and  plane  of  the  worldling  (puthujjana,  q.v.),  and  entering  the  rank,  designation  and  plane  of  the  Noble  Ones  (ariya),  being  the  first  turning  towards  Nibba^na  as  object,  the  first  thinking  of  it,  the  first  concentration  on  it,  and  the  condition  for  the  path  ...  forming  the  culmination  of  insight,  and  never  as  such  coming  back  again.
””As  the  immediate  continuation  following  upon  that  maturity  knowledge  (gotrabhú-n~a^na),  there  arises  the  first  path-consciousness  (Stream-entrance)  forever  destroying  the  first  3  of  the  10  fetters  of  existence  (samyojana,  q.v.),  and  closing  the  entrance  to  the  lower  worlds.  Immediately  after  this  path-knowledge,  there  arise,  as  its  result,  2  or  3  path-produced  states  of  consciousness,  the  fruitional  consciousness  (phala-citta).  Immediately  after  the  sinking  of  this  consciousness  into  the  subconscious  stream  of  existence,  the  retrospective  knowledge  (paccavekkhana-n~a^na,  q.v.)  arises,  having  the  path-consciousness  as  its  object"  (Vis.M.  XXI).  For  the  3  higher  paths,  s.  ariya-puggala.
Each  of  the  4  kinds  of  path-consciousness  performs  at  the  one  and  the  same  time  4  functions,  namely:  the  function  of  full  understanding  (parin~n~a^,  q.v.)  of  suffering,  the  function  of  overcoming  (paha^na,  q.v.)  the  origin  of  suffering,  the  function  of  realizing  (sacchikiriya^)  the  extinction  of  suffering,  the  function  of  developing  (bha^vana^,  q.v.)  the  supermundane  Noble  Eightfold  Path  (magga,  q.v.).
See  Path  of  Purification,  by  Buddhaghosa,  tr.  by  n~yanamoli  (BPS);  Path  of  Freedom,  by  Upatissa  (BPS).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【543】vitality

  ji^vitindriya;  s.  indriya,  khandha  (corporeality,  mental  formations),  Tab.  II.

英漢對照詞典 【544】VOLITION

Volition  ==  行

or  mental  formation,  or  action,  or  conduct,  or  deed,  usually  done  through  the  body,  mouth  or  mind.  The  Sanskrit  word  is  Samskara.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【545】volition

  cetana^  (q.v.).

中國百科全書 【546】谛(satya)

  Di

  佛教教義。意謂真理或實在。主要有四谛、二谛、叁谛等不同說法。

  四谛  1、苦谛。苦是受逼迫苦惱之意,主要指叁界生死輪回的苦惱。有叁苦、八苦的不同。叁苦,一爲苦苦,指正在受痛苦時的苦惱;二爲壞苦,是享受快樂結束時的苦惱;叁爲行苦,謂不苦不樂時,爲無常變化的自然規律所支配的苦惱,包括生、老、病、死在內。八苦即生苦、老苦、病苦、死苦、求不得苦、怨憎會苦、愛別離苦、五陰盛苦。佛教認爲,叁苦、八苦有的是社會原因造成的,有的是自然原因造成的。

  2、集谛。亦名習谛。集是積聚感招之意。說一切衆生,常時以來,由于貪瞋愚癡的行動,造成的善惡行爲的業因,能感招將來的生死苦果。

  3、滅谛。亦名盡谛,爲息滅、滅盡之意,滅盡叁界內之煩惱業因以及生死果報,稱爲滅,也稱了脫生死,從此不再受叁界內的生死苦惱,達到涅槃寂滅境界,即爲解脫。

  4、道谛。道爲通達之意,也是道路的意思。這種道路是達到寂滅解脫的方法和手段;原始佛教認爲道谛是指八正道。以後大、小乘又各有發展。佛教認爲依道谛去修行,就能達到寂滅解脫的滅谛。由此途徑確實可以達到解脫生死的目的。

  二谛  即真谛和俗谛。又稱第一義谛、世俗谛,或名勝義谛與名言谛。真俗二谛,中觀派的基本思想是緣起性空論,認爲世間出世間萬事萬物,都是由衆多因素相依相持而形成的,是有,稱假有,這就是世俗谛,沒有獨立不變的自性,是空,稱性空,這就是真谛,所以真俗二谛,就是空、有二谛。這是就外在的物境而言。若以主觀認識而論,謂世俗谛是有,這是世間一般人的常識見解;言真谛爲空是二乘聖者特有的超世見解。實際上,說有不住有,談空不落空,空有無礙,才是真俗二谛的正觀。又世俗谛的有,是世間萬事萬物的現象;真谛的空,是世間萬事萬物的本性。緣起才能性空,性空才能緣起,緣起與性空實際是一種事物的兩個方面,相反相成,對立而統一。所以緣起就是性空,性空就是緣起。如《般若經》中說:色即是空,空即是色,不二而二,二而不二。大乘佛教各宗,因爲傳承或立論方法不同,對二谛的解釋也各不相同。有的認爲二谛是理,有的認爲二谛是教。天臺宗認爲二谛或叁谛是真實不虛的谛理,故雲:“叁谛者,天然之性德也。”叁論宗認爲真俗二谛是兩種真實不虛的言教:“二谛者,蓋是言教之通诠,相待之假稱……唯是教門,不關境理。”

  叁谛  即空谛、假谛、中道谛。佛教天臺宗所立的谛理。認爲一切事物都由因緣而生,沒有永恒不變的實體,叫做空谛;一切事物其中雖無永恒不變的實體,卻有如幻如化的相貌,叫做假谛;這些都不出法性,不待造作而有,叫做中道谛。一切事物,皆不出此空、假、中叁谛的範疇,故稱爲叁谛之理。《始終心要》說:“叁谛者,天然之性德也,中谛者統一切法,真谛者泯一切法,假谛者立一切法。”又此叁谛,圓融無礙,一即是叁,叁即是一。如觀空時,無假無中無不空;觀假時,無空無中無不假;觀中道時,無空無假無不中,名爲圓融叁谛。《中觀論·四谛品》說:“因緣所生法,我說即是空,亦爲是假名,亦是中道義”。此偈被認爲是圓融叁谛的出處。(劉峰)

中國百科全書 【547】慧 (Mati)


  Hui

  又稱增上慧學,亦即智慧。慧就是有厭、無欲、見真。擯除一切欲望和煩惱,專思四谛、十二因緣,以窺見法,獲得智慧解脫。

中國百科全書 【548】空(sunya)

  Kong

  佛教教義。音譯舜若。佛教用來表述“非有”、“非存在”的一個基本概念。佛教各時期、各派別對空的解釋不一。在原始佛教中,空只是整個佛教理論體系中的一個普通概念。部派佛教時期,這一概念成爲當時爭論的重點之一。大乘佛教時期,尤其是般若經系統的大乘思想則進而以空爲其理論基礎。從所否定的對象來說,空可分“我空”、“法空”兩種。我空,即認爲一切有情都是由各個組成元素聚合而成,不斷流轉生滅,因此不存在常一主宰的主體——我,這是小乘佛教的觀點;法空,則認爲一切事物都依賴于一定的因緣或條件才能存在,本身沒有任何質的規定性,但法空並非虛無,它是一種不可描述的實在,稱爲“妙有”,這主要是大乘中觀派闡明的觀點。從論證的方式來說,空可分“分析空”、“當體空”兩種。分析空即從統一之可分解爲若幹部分或因素上,從事物的生滅變化上,說明事物的不實在和不自在,這主要是小乘所采用的方法;當體空則認爲一切事物無須分解,只要用空的理法去觀察,就可以明白它本身就是空的,這主要是大乘所采用的方法。從是否終極真理來說,大乘又把空分成“但空”、“不但空”兩種。把空當作絕對的虛無,認識不到它實際是有的一種存在形式,即一種妙有,就是但空,也叫“惡趣空”;反之,如能認識到事物不但有空的一面,還有不空的一面,認識到空不遣有,有不離空,空中攝有,有內存空,這就是不但空,也叫中道。從上述幾種對空的基本解釋出發,佛教各派還推衍出叁空、四空、六空、七空、十空、十一空、十二空、十四空、十六空、十八空、十九空、二十空等。其中以《大品般若》、《大智度論》所說的十八空影響較大。(方廣錩)

中國百科全書 【549】業(karma)

  ye

  佛教術語。音譯“羯磨”。最早見于印度的古奧義書,是婆羅門教、耆那教、生活派(邪命外道)等都襲用的術語。佛教中一般解釋爲造作。人的身、口、意造作善法與不善法,名爲身業、口(語)業、意業。業生滅相續,必感苦樂等果,果是業果,結果的因謂之業因。業雖由人的身口意所造,但受煩惱的支配。《大智度論》卷九十四稱:“煩惱因緣,故起諸業。”這樣就構成惑(煩惱)、業、苦(果)之間的因果關系。《大毗婆沙論》卷一百二十叁說:業有作用(語業)、行動(身業)、造作(意業)叁義。唯識論者認爲,身語二業是假業,意業是感果的主體。唐窺基在《義林章》中說,二業(身、語)叁業(身、語、意)皆是假立,然有差別,身語二業,假表業體,實是表色,非是業性;其發身語現行之思,實是業性招異熟果。

  業的分類甚多,所招業果,爲業因的果報,報有總別,其引發總報的業稱引業,成滿別報的業稱滿業。身語意叁業,由于身的行動和語的音聲都有對外表示能使人知的意義,所以謂之表業,此通叁乘。大乘更加意表,認爲意業于自內心有其表示,所以也是表業。《瑜伽師地論》謂“唯自起心,內意思擇,……但發善、染汙、無記法現行意表業”。現行與身表、語表、意表共于身中各自産生業體(善惡功能),這種業體不爲人知,名爲身無表業、語無表業、意無表業。聲聞乘不立意表和意無表業。《俱舍論》立無表有叁:1、律儀。有防非止惡的功能;2、不律儀。有作惡止善的功能;3、非律儀非不律儀。介乎二者之間。根據善惡報應和盡業說還建立四業:1、黑黑業。惡業名黑,惡業招感苦果(惡報),因果皆黑;2、白白業。善業名白,善業招感樂果(善報),因果都白;3、黑白業。指善惡交織之業;4、不黑不白業。爲解脫善惡諸業的無漏業。此外,尚有思業(意業)、思已業(身語二業)等之別。(王新)

中國百科全書 【550】瑜伽(yoga)


  yujia

  佛教修行方法之一。yoga一詞源于動詞字根yuj,意爲給牛上轭,引申而有連接、接合等含義。中國舊譯“相應”。佛教早就用以表示總攝修心。修慧的法門。

  修習方法  由于各宗、各派、各乘、各部的要求和形式不同,名目繁多。其中共同的有嚴持戒律,調息煉氣,凝神觀想等。《瑜伽經》(梵文本)提出瑜伽有八支,即禁戒、持戒、會勢、製感、調息、持攝、靜慮、叁摩地(叁昧,等持)。佛教中既有各種禅法的專著,如《修行道地經》等;又有各種以叁昧爲名的經典,如《首楞嚴叁昧經》、《月燈叁昧經》、《般舟叁昧經》等,均屬于瑜伽修法。隋唐以後,各宗提倡觀法,如天臺宗的“一心叁觀”,華嚴宗的“法界觀”,法相宗的“唯識觀”,淨土宗的“十六觀”的禅宗的各種參禅方法等等,其有關著述也屬于瑜伽。在秘密部中,事部以持誦真言、結壇、供養等事相爲主,不名瑜伽;行部因爲事相、觀想並重,藏傳佛教甯瑪派又名之爲兩俱乘,故可附屬瑜伽部;瑜伽部以五相成身觀法爲主;無上瑜伽部以修中脈、風息、明點爲特點。其中父部重修風息,名曰命瑜伽;母部重修明點,名曰勤瑜伽;無二部重修雙運。叁者只就偏重而言,並非截然有別。無上部的理論認爲中脈(近似道教的督脈)中有21個結,利用修風息、明點之力可以打開這些結。每打開二結好上升一地,逐漸引發無量神通、智慧,最後打開頂上一結即圓證叁身五智而成佛果。

  果位  《瑜伽經·威力》中列舉了瑜伽行者得叁摩地後所得各種超人能力(神通),佛教也認爲修瑜伽最後能證叁乘之果,即阿羅漢、緣覺和佛叁種果位。在證最後果位之前也可先得超人威力,即六種神通(天眼通、天耳通、神足通、他心通、宿命通、漏盡通)。其中前五通與婆羅門教瑜伽派等相似,漏盡通爲佛教所獨有。此中神足通(神境通)又分能變通、能化通兩種。能變通有十八變,即振動、熾然、流布等;能化通有叁化,即化爲身,化爲境,化爲語。龍樹所作《方便心論》,列舉“瑜伽外道”有能小、爲大、輕舉、遠到、隨所欲、分身、尊勝、隱沒等“八自在”。又在《大智度論》中列舉佛教有能小、能大、能輕、能自在、能自主、能無至(此又有飛行遠至、此沒彼出、移遠爲近不往而到、于一念中遍到十方等4種)、能動(6種或18種震動)、隨意等“八神變”。

  功能  在怛多羅經典中稱之爲悉地(成就),得悉地的人名爲悉陀(成就者)或須陀補噜沙(成就人)。悉地種類繁多,在外宗的典籍中有18、24或34種,但一般認爲有8種,即能小、輕舉、能大、能遠到、爲主、尊勝、自在、隨所欲。在佛教中,漢地密宗與西藏前弘、後弘各派對悉地的說法略有不同。漢地密宗與西藏前弘、後弘各派對悉地的說法略有不同。漢地密宗分有相悉地、無相悉地兩種。有相悉地主要有悉災、增益、降伏、敬愛、誅滅、鈎召等;無相悉地即大乘各地聖果,能證得五地至十一地菩薩之身或本尊身,最後證得大毗盧遮那如來法界普現色身。有相悉地用事部的法門,修增益法即可成就;無相悉地則需修金、胎兩部大法。密教雖也和顯教一樣,認爲諸菩薩地及佛地之果超勝一切,但顯教說成佛要經無數大劫,密宗的理論則認爲可以“即身成佛”。藏傳佛教的真言乘或金剛乘,也主張“即身成佛”。他們一般分悉地爲共同悉地及殊勝悉地兩類。共同悉地和漢傳有相悉地相似,主要有:寶劍、眼藥(安繕那藥)、捷足、隱形、攝取精華、虛空行、大地行、地下行等八種;殊勝悉地,即修習瑜伽部或無上瑜伽部的方法證得佛果。瑜伽部和漢傳相同,即修五相成身觀:1`、通達菩提心。即證法界體性智;2、修菩提心。即證大圓鏡智。上二者爲種子位,即法身;3、成金剛心。即證平等性智;4、證金剛身。即證妙觀察智。此爲尊形位,即化身。修此五相成身觀,于一座法中即可圓證叁身五智。藏傳佛教因此法屬瑜伽部,認爲需十六生才能成佛,故不甚重視,而偏重于無上瑜伽部各種修脈、風、明點的方法,最後證得金剛身或虹身(帝弓身)。一般分爲即生成佛、死有成佛、中有成佛、轉生成佛四類。得此果位,現生或轉生都是“化身”,俗稱“活佛”。這是藏傳佛教産生活佛製度的理論根據。甯瑪派的理論認爲修頓斷和超越兩種瑜伽都可以即生成佛。修頓斷法最後身化極微而成佛。修超越法最後四種光影現前,當“法性盡光”現前時,其身化爲光明而成佛。

  源流  早在巴利語系大藏經中,有《瑜伽抉擇》一書。古印度僧伽羅叉編著的《修行道地經》(先由安世高譯出略本,後有竺法護譯出全本7卷),原名瑜伽遮複彌與後來唐玄奘所譯《瑜伽師地論》同名。可見漢晉佛教初傳時,曾將瑜伽譯爲“道”字。其後佛陀跋陀羅又將瑜伽譯爲“禅”字。由僧伽羅叉的《修行道地經》以至彌勒、無著的《瑜伽師地論》,其內容都包括了佛說的叁乘(聲聞、緣覺、菩薩)法門,即全部大小二乘的教法。最勝子的《瑜伽師地論釋》中說:“謂一切乘、境、行、果等所有諸法皆名瑜伽,一切並有方便善巧相應義故。”他隨後廣引各種經教證成此義,認爲瑜伽一名包括全部佛法,一切叁乘行者及諸佛如來,都可名爲瑜伽師。

  印度大乘佛教自清辨起,分爲空、有二宗,形成中觀派和瑜伽行派。但龍樹的弟子提婆所作《百論》,頌本題名爲《菩薩瑜伽行四百論頌》,說明中觀派最初也認爲自己的觀法屬于瑜伽行。

  上述《瑜伽經》是印度六派哲學之一的瑜伽派的根本典籍,爲缽顛阇梨所作。其中專門術語大部分與佛教所用名詞相同,基本理論也有很多類似之處,故二者是互相影響的。《瑜伽經》分爲叁摩地、修習、威力、獨存四篇。經文開始說“瑜伽者,心轉相滅”。全經主要闡述如何消滅心的轉起,最後達到解脫的境界。這和佛教提出的消滅轉識,證得轉依,顯發無垢識,證得無住涅槃,生起叁身四智之大菩提果等說法,基本精神並無不同。經文最後提到證得“法雲叁摩地”,才能進一步達到最高的獨存境界,而佛教也認爲菩薩要證得第十法雲地才能成佛。經中的修法從調息入手,並以之爲主要方法,也和佛教早期的《修行道地經》相同。而《威力》篇所講的各種神通則和《修行道地經》所說大同小異,但《瑜伽經》與佛教學說有兩點不同。一是此經以數論的學說作爲理論基礎。數論的世界觀和佛教不同,中觀、瑜伽兩派的著作都對之采取批判態度。其次,《瑜伽經》承認一個具有人格的“自在(天)”作爲修行者發願成就的對象。這個自在(天)是不爲煩惱、業、異熟(報)、意樂所染汙的殊勝神我,具有無限的一切智性種子,用語言“唵”來表出。修行者應念誦此字並觀想其意義。而佛教在理論上則不承認自在天有創世的能力和作用,雖不否認其存在,但不以之爲崇拜的最早對象。可是大乘佛教認爲證入法雲地的十地菩薩可以爲大自在天。在密教的理論中也建立一個無始無終無生滅的法身普賢如來爲諸佛之祖,名之爲本初佛(阿提佛、元始佛、第一佛)。而且密教也以“  唵”爲叁身種子真言,代表諸佛的法、報、化叁身。密宗的修法也以念誦、觀想種子真言的形、音、義爲主。可見《瑜伽經》的內容基本上是和佛教互相貫通的。

  經典  隨著大乘佛教的興盛,5世紀以後秘密經典也在印度大量出現。和過去流行的大小乘經典取名蘇怛羅(sutra,原意爲紡織的經線)不同,這些秘密經典都取名爲怛多羅(tantra,原意爲紡織的緯線)。唐代不空譯爲“教王經”,元代以來從西藏譯名rgyud(相續)譯爲“本續”或“續”字。同一時期,印度各教派也有大量名爲怛多羅的著作出現,近人名之爲怛多羅文學。這一類怛多羅作品基本上包含世界的創生、世界的毀滅、諸神的崇拜、超人能力(即神通)的獲得、通過禅定觀想等與最高神合一的方法等五方面內容,它與1~2世紀出現于中國的“緯書”,在內容上頗有相同之點,但後者遠早于前者。自唐不空叁藏系統傳譯這類經典以後,傳統認爲這些密法都是受婆羅門教或印度教的影響而發展起來的。但近代有些學者則認爲印度教中同類的密法均是從佛教中汲取移植過去的。

  佛教的怛多羅典籍數量極其龐大,全部被稱爲瑜伽法門或瑜伽部。唐龍朔叁年(663)玄奘譯出《般若經理趣分》編入600卷的《大般若經》中。此經亦爲《大樂金剛不空真實叁昧耶經》的一分,屬于密典瑜伽部。開元七年(719)來華的金剛智首次傳譯了金剛頂瑜伽部法門。其弟子不空至師子國(今斯裏蘭卡)學習密法,取回《金剛頂經》十八會十萬頌,雖然只翻譯了其中一小部分,但卻寫有《金剛頂瑜伽十八會指歸》一書,對各會內容作了介紹。不空對瑜伽部的經典沒有進行再分類。但藏傳佛教前弘期傳下的甯瑪派以及後弘期各派曾對瑜伽部經典作了詳細的分類。甯瑪派把整個佛教典籍分爲九乘。其中密部名爲金剛乘,計有六乘,即事乘、行乘、瑜伽乘、大瑜伽乘、隨瑜伽乘(當爲無上瑜伽乘)、無極瑜伽乘。後弘期各家分部大同小異,通行的爲四部之說,即事部、行部、瑜伽部、無上瑜伽部。無上瑜伽部又分叁部,即父部、母部、無二部。四部中前叁部與六乘中之前叁乘同,父、母、無二叁部則與後叁乘相當。各部經典、各種陀羅尼、真言及一尊一咒的法門屬于事部(乘),《大日經》屬于行部,《真實攝經》及《大樂金剛經》等屬于瑜伽部,《密集》(即金剛頂瑜伽十八會中之《秘密集會瑜伽》,宋施護譯爲《一切如來金剛叁業最上秘密大教王經》7卷),屬于父部,《喜金剛》(宋法護譯爲《大悲空智金剛大教王經》5卷)屬于母部。至于無二瑜伽部的經典,漢地未有傳譯。西藏後弘期以時輪金剛的經典屬無二瑜伽部。前弘期的甯瑪派以無極瑜伽的經典最爲豐富,幾乎全部都是在印度未曾公開流傳的。(郭元興)

南傳佛教英文辭典 【551】a^rammana

  s.  paccaya,  2.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【552】a^rammana

  ”object”.  There  are  six:  visible  object,  sound,  odor,  taste,  body-impression,  mind-object.  The  mind-object  (dhamma^rammana)  may  be  physical  or  mental,  past,  present  or  future,  real  or  imaginary.  The  5  sense-objects  belong  to  the  corporeality-group  (rúpa-kkhandha,  s.  khandha).  They  form  the  external  foundations  for  the  sense-perceptions,  and  without  them  no  sense-perception  or  sense-consciousness  (seeing,  hearing,  etc.)  can  arise.  Cf.  a^yatana,  paccaya.  (App:  paccaya  2.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【553】a^vajjana

  s.  citta-vi^thi.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【554】a^vajjana

  ”advertence”  of  the  mind  towards  the  object,  forms  the  first  stage  in  the  process  of  consciousness  (s.  vin~n~a^na-kicca).  If  an  object  of  the  5  physical  senses  is  concerned,  it  is  called  ”five-door  advertence”  (pan~ca  dva^ra^vajjana);  in  the  case  of  a  mental  object,  ”mind-door  advertence”  (mano-dva^ra^vajjana).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【555】abhijjha^

  ”covetousness”  is  a  synonym  of  lobha  (s.  múla)  and  tanha^  (q.v.)  and  is  the  8th  link  of  the  unwholesome  courses  of  action  (s.  kamma-patha,  I).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【556】acinteyya

  lit.”That  which  cannot  or  should  not  be  thought,  the  unthinkable,  ...
lit.”That  which  cannot  or  should  not  be  thought,  the  unthinkable,  incomprehensible,  impenetrable,  that  which  transcends  the  limits  of  thinking  and  over  which  therefore  one  should  not  ponder.
These  4  unthinkables  are:  
the  sphere  of  a  Buddha  (buddha-visaya),  
of  the  meditative  absorptions  (jha^na-visaya),  
of  karma-result  (kamma-vipa^ka),  and  
brooding  over  the  world  (loka-cinta^),  especially  over  an  absolute  first  beginning  of  it  
(s.  A.IV.77).
"Therefore,  o  monks,  do  not  brood  over  the  world  as  to  whether  it  is  eternal  or  temporal,  limited  or  endless  ....  Such  brooding,  O  monks,  is  senseless,  has  nothing  to  do  with  genuine  pure  conduct  (s.  a^dibrahmacariyaka-si^la),  does  not  lead  to  aversion,  detachment,  extinction,  nor  to  peace,  to  full  comprehension,  enlightenment  and  Nibba^na,  etc."  (S.56.41).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【557】adherence

  para^ma^sa  (q.v.)

南傳佛教英文辭典 【558】adhicitta

  sikkha^  ”training  in  higher  mentality”;  s.  sikkha^.

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