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in age eye ill joy LAW law one sel sex utu ZEN aeon alms atta BALA bala body both catu chie deva dosa ends envy fine food gati gems grie hate hell hetu loka lust mada mala mano MARK meat mind moha múla ogha oja^ once open pain path peta rise RUPA rúpa sati talk ties tree unit view void will yoga yoni ZEAL adosa agati ALAYA amata amoha anger ARANA ARHAN ARHAT ASURA asura atta^ aviha bases being belie bhava bodhi bonds cause chaos citta death doors doubt dread faith great greed iddhi image issa^ ja^ti jara^ ji^va ka^ma kalpa kamma KARMA karma kicca kriya kuppa light lobha lower ma^na Ma^ra MAGGA magga merit METTA mirth moral na^ma neyya nicca noble phala pi^ti ra^ga RAKSA right rules sacca sagga sakka satta sekha sense shame si^la sloth space STUPA subha SUDRA sukha SUTRA va^yo vasi^ vatta VIGOR water world wrong YAKSA yokes " a^sava abodes access action alobha ANATTA ANICCA anicca Arahat asekha atappa Avi^ci beauty beings bha^va BHIKSU biases bodily BUDDHA Buddha cakkhu carana carita change course dha^tu dhamma DHARMA ditthi divine dukkha eating EFFORT effort elders ENERGY energy escape favour fixity floods forest friend gantha ghosts GIVING giving gnosis groups growth grudge hearer iriya^ JATAKA javana jewels KARUNA kasina khanti kilesa kiriya kusala lokiya MANTRA marana marvel MATTER matter method metta^ middha misery MUDITA niraya object oma^na phassa picked planes powers PRAJNA purity RAHULA refuge samma^ sangha SANJNA sarana sexual stains suddha sugati sukkha SUMERU taints tanha^ terror torpor trance truths tusita upa^di upadhi usages va^ca^ VAISYA vatthu VEDANA vijja^ virati viriya virtue viveka WISDOM wisdom woeful a^ha^ra a^ji^va a^ka^sa a^ruppa absence agility ahimsa^ AKALIKA AKALIKO AKUSALA akusala ANAGAMI anatta^ anusaya arising avacara avijja^ bhikkhu BRAHMIN cankers cetana^ CHARITY conceit control counter craving created decline desana^ destiny devotee disease duggati emotion factors feeling fetters freedom HSU YUN HUA TOU INDRIYA indriya insight ji^vita kala^pa karuna^ killing KUSHALA lahuta^ mangala mastery matured meaning message miccha^ miracle mudita^ muduta^ mundane navanga neutral nimitta nirodha NIRVANA nirvana nissaya niya^ma obha^sa okkanti old age ottappa patched patigha perfect Preface puggala pun~n~a rapture reality rebirth remorse sa^sana sa^vaka saddha^ SAMADHI samatha sammuti SAMSARA samseva sassata sikkha^ sitting skilful sobhana spheres SRAVAKA sublime sun~n~a thought turning upacaya UPEKKHA vedana^ vibhava vica^ra viha^ra vimutti vipa^ka vipatti vira^ga vitakka vivatta voda^na voka^ra worldly 戒(sila) a^nen~ja a^yatana acquired adherent AKUSHALA AMITABHA ANAGAMIN anussati Appendix atima^na aversion bhavanga BHIKSUNI bondages ca^ritta cemetery cetasika clinging deciding delusion departed DEVOTION dhutanga dogmatic drinking elements eternity exertion extremes fatalism fivefold fruition gladness gotrabhú grasping HINAYANA HUI NENG ill will impurity influxes interest kammanta kin~cana KSATRIYA kukkucca lakkhana learning MAHAMAYA MAHAYANA maintain MAITREYA monkhood MORALITY morality Nibba^na nibba^na nibbatti nibbedha not self opposite PARAMITA PATIENCE patience postures practice progress reaction sakka^ya sama^dhi sambodhi sammatta sampada^ samsa^ra SAMSKARA san~n~a^ sankappa sankhata santa^na scruples sensuous serenity signless sucarita suchness Table II tathata^ te vijja thinking training uddhacca ujukata^ upa^saka upaca^ra upekkha^ uposatha upstream vimamsa^ vimokkha virility visuddhi vitality VOLITION volition 谛(satya) 慧 (Mati) 空(sunya) 業(karma) 瑜伽(yoga) a^rammana a^vajjana abhijjha^ acinteyya adherence adhicitta akanittha anottappa appama^da asankhata attention avihimsa^ avikkhepa avya^kata beautiful behaviour bha^vana^ BOJJHANGA bojjhanga boundless breathing cetokhila character CONDITION cosmogony cowardice deva dúta deviation dhuta^nga domanassa duccarita dukkhata^ dwellings EMPTINESS emptiness ENDURANCE existence eye organ faculties FIVE EYES formation happiness IGNORANCE ignorance immediacy immediate impulsion indulging intention knowledge kolankola lightness lokuttara mahaggata micchatta mind base NAGARJUNA nekkhamma ni^varana nutriment obstacles palibodha parikamma pariyatti patipada^ patipatti pativedha pondering proximity PURE LAND ready wit rúpa loka SAHA LAND sammasana samphassa samyojana sankha^ra SARIPUTRA sena^sana SENSATION SIX DUSTS SIX GUNAS SIX PATHS SIX ROOTS somanassa something suffering ti pitaka ti ratana ti sarana TRAILOKYA treasures TRIPITAKA upa^da^na upa^sika^ vanishing vinipa^ta vya^pa^da worldling YASODHARA 阿含(agama) 法(dharma) a^bhassara aberration abhin~n~a^ abhisamaya absorption adhimokkha ADHITTHANA advertence aggregates ALMSGIVING Ana^ga^mi^ analytical antinomies appendants asmi ma^na avya^pa^da awakenment bhava^sava BODHISATTA Bodhisatta compassion conception conditions confidence contiguity continuity cuti citta detachment DHAMMAPADA dibba loka dibba sota DIVINE EYE ego belief ego entity eka bi^ji^ elasticity enthusiasm equanimity expression EXTINCTION extinction femininity few wishes foundation FOUR PHALA FOUR SEALS functional generation hindrances impression impurities individual inducement intimation ka^ma guna ka^ma loka ka^ma^sava liberality liberation low speech macchariya MAHASATTVA mano kamma MEDITATION meditation messengers MIDDLE WAY mutability obduracies opapa^tika overcoming para^ma^sa paramattha parin~n~a^ patisandhi pattida^na permanency productive punabbhava puthujjana reflection repetition repression repugnance RIGHT VIEW rúpa ka^ya sa^man~n~a sama^patti sensuality SEVEN GEMS SHAKYAMUNI si^labbata SIX PLACES sota^panna sota^patti standstill stinginess successive SUDDHODANA ta^vatimsa tatha^gata TEN POWERS tendencies therava^da TWO DEATHS unprepared unshakable upakkilesa upavica^ra vehapphala vesa^rajja vin~n~a^na vin~n~atti vipalla^sa vipassana^ wrong path ya^ma deva yuganaddha 不害(ahimsa) 識(Vijnana) 無常(anitya) a^nantariya a^po dha^tu abandonment abstentions adhittha^na ahosi kamma alms giving anabhijjha^ ANAPANASATI anupassana^ appicchata^ ariya iddhi ariya magga ariya sacca ariya vamsa arúpa bhava association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA brahma loka chaste life co nascence contentment corruptions cutúpapa^ta defilements deliverance destruction determining development dissolution dosa carita earnestness egolessness EIGHT WINDS enlightened fading away forbearance foundations human world iddhi pa^da immortality indifferent infatuation inoperative inseparable intoxicants itthindriya ka^ma bhava ka^ma ra^ga ka^ya kamma kamma bhava kamma patha kamma vatta karma round khi^na^sava kusala múla loka dhamma LOTUS SUTRA maha^ bhúta mana^yatana manasika^ra mano dha^tu MIDDLE PATH middle path mind object mindfulness na^ma ka^ya NINE REALMS nippapan~ca noble power origination pa^timokkha pada parama PARINIRVANA paritta^bha patipannaka patti da^na penetration perfections performance personality perversions preparatory proficiency pure abodes realization RECOGNITION remembrance rúpa^vacara rúpa^yatana sala^yatana sama si^si^ samuttha^na san~cetana^ san~n~ojana si^vathika^ sikkha^pada supernormal tejo dha^tu tejo kasina temperature THREE ROOTS THREE SEALS ti lakkhana unthinkable unwholesome uprightness vaci^ kamma vavattha^na vicikiccha^ wrongnesses 定 (samadhi) 結集(samgiti) 輪回(samsara) 涅槃(Nirvana) 無我(anatman) 真如(tathata) a^savakkhaya abhinibbatti accumulation adaptability an~n~indriya appaman~n~a^ arúpa^vacara bahula kamma bhava ditthi bhava tanha^ body witness ceto vimutti citta kkhana citta vi^thi conventional corporeality covetousness dhamma cakka DHARMA-WHEEL dibba cakkhu dispensation dissociation divine abode dry visioned fire element FIVE WISDOMS FOUR VIRTUES garuka kamma harmlessness hate natured heat element HEAVENLY EYE hiri ottappa homelessness impermanence inclinations intoxicating janaka kamma ka^ma tanha^ ka^ma^vacara ka^ya sakkhi kamma^yúhana kammaja rúpa kammattha^na karma result kilesa ka^ma light kasina lobha carita mental image mind element momentaneity nesajjikanga ni^la kasina noble abodes non violence pa^tiha^riya pakati si^la pan~ca si^la parinibba^na pasa^da rúpa patisandhika petti visaya pi^ta kasina pleasantness predominance proclivities purification purisindriya ra^ga carita radiant gods recollectons RENUNCIATION restlessness RIGHT ACTION RIGHT EFFORT RIGHT SPEECH rúpa jjha^na rúpa kala^pa rúpa^rammana sacca n~a^na SAKRADAGAMIN sambojjhanga samma^ magga sampajan~n~a santutthita^ SIX INDRIYAS SIX PARAMITA SROTA-APANNA stream entry ▲ 收起
南傳佛教英文辭典 【559】akanittha

  the  ”Great  Ones”,  i.e.”Highest  Gods”,  are  the  inhabitants  of  the  5th  and  highest  heaven  of  the  Pure  Abodes  (suddha^va^sa,  q.v.);  cf.  avacara,  deva  (II)  Ana^ga^mi^.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【560】anottappa

  s.  ahirika.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【561】appama^da

  ”zeal”,  non-laxity,  earnestness,  diligence,  is  considered  as  the  foundation  of  all  progress.
Just  as  all  the  footprints  of  living  beings  are  surpassed  by  the  footprint  of  the  elephant,  and  the  footprint  of  the  elephant  is  considered  as  the  mightiest  amongst  them,  just  so  have  all  the  meritorious  qualities  zeal  as  their  foundation,  and  zeal  is  considered  as  the  mightiest  of  these  qualities””  (A.  X,  15).
Cf.  the  Chapter  on  Zeal  (Appama^da  Vagga)  in  Dhp.,  and  the  Buddha”s  last  exhortation:  "Transient  are  all  formations.  Strive  zealously!"  (appama^dena  sampa^detha:  D.  16)  -  In  the  commentaries,  it  is  often  explained  as  the  presence  (lit.”non-absence”)  of  mindfulness  (satiya^  avippava^sa).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【562】asankhata

  The  ”Unformed,  Unoriginated,  Unconditioned”  is  a  name  for  Nibba^na,  the  beyond  of  all  becoming  and  conditionality.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【563】attention

  s.  manasika^ra.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【564】avihimsa^

  (equivalents:  ahimsa^,  avihesa^):  ”harmlessness”,  nonviolence,  absence  of  cruelty.  The  ”thought  of  harmlessness”  (or:  ”non-cruelty”;  avihimsa^-vitakka)  is  one  of  the  three  constituents  of  right  thought  (samma^-sankappa),  i.e.  the  2nd  factor  of  the  Eightfold  Path  (s.  magga).  In  the  several  lists  of  ”elements”  (dha^tu)  appears  also  an  ”element  of  harmlessness”  (avihesa^-dha^tu),  in  the  sense  of  an  elementary  quality  of  noble  thought.  See  Dhp.  225,  261,  270,  300.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【565】avikkhepa

  ”undistractedness”,  is  a  synonym  of  concentration  (sama^dhi,  q.v.),  one-pointedness  of  mind  (citt”ekaggata^)  and  tranquillity  (samatha,  q.v.;  further  s.  samatha-vipassana^).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【566】avya^kata

  lit.”indeterminate”  -  i.e.  neither  determined  as  karmically  ”wholesome”  nor  as  ”unwholesome”  -  are  the  karmically  neutral,  i.e.  amoral,  states  of  consciousness  and  mental  factors.  They  are  either  mere  karma-results  (vipa^ka,  q.v.),  as  e.g.  all  the  sense  perceptions  and  the  mental  factors  associated  therewith,  or  they  are  karmically  independent  functions  (kiriya-citta,  q.v.),  i.e.  neither  karmic  nor  karma-resultant.  See  Tab.  I.  (App.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【567】avya^kata

  This  term  in  the  sense  of  ”amoral”  or  ”karmically  neutral”,  does  not  occur  in  the  old  sutta  texts,  while  it  is  found  in  Pts.M.  (e.g.  I,  79ff).  It  plays  an  important  role  in  the  Abh.  Canon  (e.g.  Dhs.)  and  the  philosophical  commentaries.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【568】beautiful

  sobhana  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【569】behaviour

  morality  consisting  in  good:  abhisama^ca^rikasi^la  (q.v.)  .

南傳佛教英文辭典 【570】bha^vana^

  ”mental  development”  (lit.”calling  into  existence,  producing”)  is  what  in  English  is  generally  but  rather  vaguely  called  ”meditation”.  One  has  to  distinguish  2  kinds:  development  of  tranquillity  (samatha-bha^vana^),  i.e.  concentration  (sama^dhi),  and  development  of  insight  (vipassana^-bha^vana^),  i.e.  wisdom  (pan~n~a^).
These  two  important  terms,  tranquillity  and  insight  (s.  samatha-vipassana^),  are  very  often  met  with  and  explained  in  the  Sutta,  as  well  as  in  the  Abhidhamma.
Tranquillity  (samatha)  is  the  concentrated,  unshaken,  peaceful,  and  therefore  undefiled  state  of  mind,  whilst  insight  (vipassana^)  is  the  intuitive  insight  into  the  impermanence,  misery  and  impersonality  (anicca,  dukkha,  anatta^;  s.  tilakkhana)  of  all  bodily  and  mental  phenomena  of  existence,  included  in  the  5  groups  of  existence,  namely,  corporeality,  feeling,  perception,  mental  formations  and  consciousness;  s.  khandha.
Tranquillity,  or  concentration  of  mind,  according  to  Sankhepavannana  (Commentary  to  Abhidhammattha-sangaha),  bestows  a  threefold  blessing:  favourable  rebirth,  present  happy  life,  and  purity  of  mind  which  is  the  condition  of  insight.  Concentration  (sama^dhi)  is  the  indispensable  foundation  and  precondition  of  insight  by  purifying  the  mind  from  the  5  mental  defilements  or  hindrances  (ni^varana,  q.v.),  whilst  insight  (vipassana^)  produces  the  4  supra  mundane  stages  of  holiness  and  deliverance  of  mind.  The  Buddha  therefore  says:  "May  you  develop  mental  concentration,  o  monks;  for  who  is  mentally  concentrated,  sees  things  according  to  reality"  (S.  XXII,  5).  And  in  Mil.  it  is  said:  "Just  as  when  a  lighted  lamp  is  brought  into  a  dark  chamber,  the  lamp-light  Will  destroy  the  darkness  and  produce  and  spread  the  light,  just  so  will  insight,  once  arisen,  destroy  the  darkness  of  ignorance  and  produce  the  light  of  knowledge."
Vis.M.  III-XI  gives  full  directions  how  to  attain  full  concentration  and  the  absorptions  (jha^na,  q.v.)  by  means  of  the  following  40  meditation  subjects  (kammattha^na):
10  kasina-exercises  (s.  kasina).  These  produce  the  4  absorptions
10  loathsome  subjects  (asubha,  q.v.).  These  produce  the  1st  absorption.
10  recollections  (anussati,  q.v.):  of  the  Buddha  (buddha^nussati),  the  Doctrine  (dhamma^nussati),  the  Brotherhood  of  the  Noble  Ones  (sangha^nussati),  morality,  liberality,  the  heavenly  beings,  death  (maranasati,  q.v.  ),  the  body  (ka^yagata^sati,  q.v.),  in-and-outbreathing  (a^na^pa^na-sati,  q.v.)  and  peace  (upasama^nussati,  q.v.).  Among  these,  the  recollection  (or  mindfulness)  of  in-and-out  breathing  may  produce  all  the  4  absorptions,  that  of  the  body  the  1st  absorption,  the  rest  only  neighbourhood-concentration  (upaca^ra-sama^dhi,  s.  sama^dhi).
4  sublime  abodes  (brahma-viha^ra,  q.v.):  loving-kindness,  compassion,  altruistic  joy,  equanimity  (metta^,  karuna^,  mudita^,  upekkha^).  Of  these,  the  first  3  exercises  may  produce  3  absorptions,  the  last  one  the  4th  absorption  only.
4  immaterial  spheres  (arúpa^yatana,  s.  jha^na):  of  unbounded  space,  unbounded  consciousness,  nothingness,  neither-perception-nor-non-perception.  These  are  based  upon  the  4th  absorption.
1  perception  of  the  loathsomeness  of  food  (a^ha^re  patikkúla-san~n~a^),  which  may  produce  neighbourhood-concentration
1  analysis  of  the  4  elements  (catudha^tu-vavattha^na,  s.  dha^tu-vavattha^na),  which  may  produce  neighbourhood-concentration.
Mental  development  forms  one  of  the  3  kinds  of  meritorious  action  (pun~n~a-kiriya-vatthu,  q.v.).”Delight  in  meditation”  (bha^vana^-ra^mata^)  is  one  of  the  noble  usages  (ariya-vamsa,  q.v.)  .

英漢對照詞典 【571】BOJJHANGA

bojjhanga  ==  七覺支

南傳佛教英文辭典 【572】bojjhanga

  ”the  7  factors  of  enlightenment”,  are:  mindfulness  (sati-sambojjhanga;  s.  sati),  investigation  of  the  law  (dhamma-vicaya-sambojjhanga),  energy  (viriya-sambojjhanga;  s.  viriya,  padha^na),  rapture  (pi^ti-sambojjhanga,  q.v.)  tranquillity  (passaddhi-sambojjhanga,  q.v.),  concentration  (sama^dhi-sambojjhanga,  q.v.),  equanimity  (upekkha^,  q.v.)."Because  they  lead  to  enlightenment,  therefore  they  are  called  factors  of  enlightenment"  (S.  XLVI,  5).
Though  in  the  2nd  factor,  dhamma-vicaya,  the  word  dhamma  is  taken  by  most  translators  to  stand  for  the  Buddhist  doctrine,  it  probably  refers  to  the  bodily  and  mental  phenomena  (na^ma-rúpa-dhamma^)  as  presented  to  the  investigating  mind  by  mindfulness,  the  1st  factor.  With  that  interpretation,  the  term  may  be  rendered  by  ”investigation  of  phenomena”.
In  A.X.  102,  the  7  factors  are  said  to  be  the  means  of  attaining  the  threefold  wisdom  (s.  tevijja^).
They  may  be  attained  by  means  of  the  4  foundations  of  mindfulness  (satipattha^na,  q.v.),  as  it  is  said  in  S.  XLVI,  1  and  explained  in  M.  118:
(1)  "Whenever,  o  monks,  the  monk  dwells  contemplating  the  body  (ka^ya),  feeling  (vedana^),  mind  (citta)  and  mind-objects  (dhamma^),  strenuous,  clearly-conscious,  mindful,  after  subduing  worldly  greed  and  grief,  at  such  a  time  his  mindfulness  is  present  and  undisturbed;  and  whenever  his  mindfulness  is  present  and  undisturbed,  at  such  a  time  he  has  gained  and  is  developing  the  factor  of  enlightenment  ”mindfulness”  (sati-sambojjhanga),  and  thus  this  factor  of  enlightenment  reaches  fullest  perfection.
(2)  "Whenever,  while  dwelling  with  mindfulness,  he  wisely  investigates,  examines  and  thinks  over  the  law  ...  at  such  a  time  he  has  gained  and  is  developing  the  factor  of  enlightenment  ”investigation  of  the  law”  (dhamma-vicaya°)  ....
(3)  "Whenever,  while  wisely  investigating  his  energy  is  firm  and  unshaken  ...  at  such  a  time  he  has  gained  and  is  developing  the  factor  of  enlightenment  ”energy”  (viriya°)  ....
(4)  "Whenever  in  him,  while  firm  in  energy,  arises  supersensuous  rapture  ...  at  such  a  time  he  has  gained  and  is  developing  the  factor  of  enlightenment  ”rapture”  (pi^ti°)  ..
(5)  "Whenever,  while  enraptured  in  mind,  his  body  and  his  mind  become  composed  ...  at  such  a  time  he  has  gained  and  is  developing  the  factor  of  enlightenment  ”tranquillity”  (passaddhi°).
(6)  "Whenever,  while  being  composed  in  his  body  and  happy,  his  mind  becomes  concentrated  ...  at  such  a  time  he  has  gained  and  is  developing  the  factor  of  enlightenment  ”concentration”  (sama^dhi°)
(7)  "Whenever  he  looks  with  complete  indifference  on  his  mind  thus  concentrated  ...  at  such  a  time  he  has  gained  and  is  developing  the  factor  of  enlightenment  ”equanimity”  (upekkha^).
Literature:  Bojjhanga  Samyutta  (S.  XLVI);  Bojjhanga  Vibh.  -  For  the  conditions  leading  to  the  arising  of  each  of  the  factors,  see  the  Com.  to  Satipattha^na  Sutta  (Way  of  Mindfulness,  by  Soma  Thera;  3rd  ed.,  1967,  BPS).  Further,  The  ”Seven  Factors  of  Enlightenment,  by  Piyadassi  Thera  (WHEEL  1.)

南傳佛教英文辭典 【573】boundless

  consciousness  (and  b.  space),  Sphere  of:  s.  jha^na  5,  6.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【574】breathing

  mindfulness  of  in-and-out-breathing  a^na^pa^nasati  (q.v.)  .

南傳佛教英文辭典 【575】cetokhila

  ”mental  obduracies”,  are  5  things  which  stiffen  and  hinder  the  mind  from  making  right  exertion,  namely:  doubt  about  the  Master,  about  the  Doctrine,  about  the  (holy)  Brotherhood,  about  the  training,  and  anger  against  one”s  fellow-monks.  For  details  s.  A.V,  206,  X  14;  D.  33;  M.  16.  Cf.  prec.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【576】character

  On  the  6  kinds  of  human  character,  s.  carita.

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