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utu atta both catu gati hate hetu lust meat path peta sati talk ties tree unit agati amata ARHAT atta^ citta death doubt faith great ja^ti light merit METTA mirth pi^ti right satta sloth STUPA SUTRA vatta water " action ANATTA Arahat atappa beauty carita dha^tu ditthi eating EFFORT effort fixity forest gantha ghosts growth JATAKA khanti MANTRA MATTER matter method metta^ MUDITA object purity stains sugati taints tanha^ terror torpor trance truths tusita vatthu virati virtue agility anatta^ cetana^ CHARITY conceit control counter created destiny devotee duggati emotion factors fetters HUA TOU insight ji^vita lahuta^ mastery matured mudita^ muduta^ neutral nimitta okkanti ottappa patched patigha perfect rapture reality rebirth samatha sammuti sassata sitting thought turning vimutti vipatti vitakka vivatta a^yatana adherent AMITABHA anussati atima^na ca^ritta cemetery cetasika departed DEVOTION dhutanga dogmatic elements eternity exertion extremes fatalism fruition gotrabhú impurity interest kammanta KSATRIYA maintain MAITREYA MORALITY morality nibbatti not self opposite PARAMITA PATIENCE patience postures practice reaction sammatta sankhata santa^na serenity sucarita Table II tathata^ te vijja thinking training ujukata^ uposatha upstream virility vitality VOLITION volition 谛(satya) 慧 (Mati) acinteyya adhicitta akanittha anottappa asankhata attention avya^kata beautiful breathing cetokhila character CONDITION deva dúta deviation dhuta^nga duccarita dukkhata^ EMPTINESS emptiness existence faculties formation immediate intention lightness lokuttara mahaggata micchatta nutriment obstacles pariyatti patipada^ patipatti pativedha proximity ready wit SARIPUTRA SENSATION SIX DUSTS SIX PATHS SIX ROOTS something ti pitaka ti ratana ti sarana TRAILOKYA treasures TRIPITAKA vinipa^ta aberration absorption ADHITTHANA advertence aggregates analytical antinomies appendants awakenment BODHISATTA Bodhisatta conception conditions contiguity continuity cuti citta detachment dibba sota ego entity elasticity enthusiasm equanimity EXTINCTION extinction femininity foundation functional generation impurities inducement intimation liberality liberation MAHASATTVA MEDITATION meditation mutability opapa^tika paramattha patisandhi pattida^na productive puthujjana reflection repetition RIGHT VIEW sama^patti sensuality si^labbata sota^panna sota^patti standstill stinginess ta^vatimsa tatha^gata TEN POWERS tendencies therava^da TWO DEATHS vin~n~atti wrong path 无常(anitya) a^nantariya a^po dha^tu abandonment abstentions adhittha^na ANAPANASATI appicchata^ association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA chaste life contentment corruptions cutúpapa^ta defilements destruction determining development dissolution dosa carita earnestness EIGHT WINDS enlightened foundations immortality indifferent infatuation inoperative intoxicants itthindriya kamma patha kamma vatta LOTUS SUTRA maha^ bhúta mana^yatana mano dha^tu MIDDLE PATH middle path mind object origination pa^timokkha paritta^bha patipannaka patti da^na penetration perfections personality preparatory realization RECOGNITION rúpa^yatana sala^yatana samuttha^na san~cetana^ si^vathika^ tejo dha^tu tejo kasina temperature THREE ROOTS THREE SEALS ti lakkhana unthinkable uprightness vavattha^na 结集(samgiti) 无我(anatman) 真如(tathata) abhinibbatti accumulation adaptability bhava ditthi bhava tanha^ body witness ceto vimutti citta kkhana citta vi^thi conventional corporeality covetousness dispensation dissociation fire element FOUR VIRTUES hate natured heat element hiri ottappa inclinations intoxicating ka^ma tanha^ kammattha^na karma result light kasina lobha carita mental image mind element momentaneity pa^tiha^riya pakati si^la patisandhika petti visaya pi^ta kasina pleasantness proclivities purification ra^ga carita radiant gods recollectons RENUNCIATION restlessness RIGHT ACTION RIGHT EFFORT RIGHT SPEECH santutthita^ SIX PARAMITA SROTA-APANNA stream entry TEN PARAMITA THREE DOGMAS THREE JEWELS THREE REALMS THREE WISDOM tranquillity TWELVE BASES twin miracle va^yo dha^tu vatthu ka^ma wind element 三界(tridhatu) 铁萨罗(Tissara) Abbreviations ahetuka citta anatta^ va^da anuloma citta attentiveness atthi paccaya birth process cakkhu dha^tu concentration CONTEMPLATION contemplation contentedness deathlessness determination dhamma dha^tu dhamma^yatana ditthi ppatta earth element ENLIGHTENMENT enlightenment FIVE PRECEPTS fixed destiny FOUR FRUITION hadaya vatthu imperfections investigating investigation ka^ya lahuta^ kamman~n~ata^ kammattha^na^ loathsomeness lohita kasina material food mental action nimma^na rati oda^ta kasina pa^gun~n~ata^ patisambhida^ patisankha^na post nascence RIGHT THOUGHT sammuti sacca satipattha^na silent buddha SIX ENTRANCES stream winner subha nimitta tanha^ kkhaya THREE POISONS THREE SHASTRA THREE STUDIES THREE VIRTUES TIEN TAI SECT tittha^yatana TWELVE PLACES TWO OBSTACLES unconditioned understanding verbal action vipacitan~n~u vivatta kappa water element weighty karma 阿旃陀石窟(Ajanta) 舍卫城(Sravasti) 因明(Hetuvidya) a^ka^sa dha^tu abhibha^yatana ahetuka ditthi akiriya ditthi altruistic joy AMITABHA SUTRA asan~n~a satta atta kilamatha auditory organ AVALOKITESVARA buddha^nussati citt’ekaggata^ citta santa^na citta visuddhi devata^nussati dhamma^nussati EIGHTFOLD PATH eightfold path frivolous talk greedy natured habitual karma kalya^na mitta katatta^ kamma marana^nussati natthi paccaya niyata puggala path condition relative truth sahetuka citta samvatta kappa samvega vatthu sangaha vatthu SIX FULFILMENT stupid natured TEN DIRECTIONS TEN GOOD DEEDS transformation transitoriness TWELVE NIDANAS uccheda ditthi uggaha nimitta ugghatitan~n~u upapatti bhava va^ritta si^la vibhava tanha^ vigata paccaya visible object 大圆满(mahasanti) 二谛(twi-satyas) 三谛(tri-satyas) a^na^pa^na sati akusala vitakka avigata paccaya cakkh’ a^yatana characteristics citta sankha^ra deluded natured ditth’upa^da^na ditthi visuddhi EIGHT NEGATIONS EIGHTEEN FIELDS eternity belief FOUR GREAT VOWS gotrabhú n~a^na gustatory organ indriya samatta mental function mental obduracy natthika ditthi nihilistic view olfactory organ pathavi^ dha^tu pathavi^ kasina PRATYEKA-BUDDHA sakka^ya ditthi samatha ya^nika sankhitta citta sappatigha rúpa sceptical doubt SHATIKA SHASTRA sota^pattiyanga SPIRITUAL GHOST stored up karma tadanga paha^na TAKING PRECEPTS tatha^gata bala THREE DELUSIONS THREE OBSTACLES tranquilisation upasama^nussati vitakka vica^ra 百论(Sata-sastra) 大藏经（tri-pitaka）法界(dharmadhatu) 极乐世界(sukhavati) adhipati paccaya anantara paccaya anatta^ san~n~a^ atthangika magga AVATAMSAKA SUTRA citta vipalla^sa citta^nupassana^ cognitive series dukkha patipada^ EIGHT SUFFERINGS equality conceit faithful natured immaterial world ka^ya gata^ sati ka^ya vin~n~atti karma formations khandha santa^na life infatuation mano san~cetana^ mental formation monks’ community natural morality nava satta^va^sa neyyattha dhamma ni^tattha dhamma nissaya nissita pan~n~a^ vimutti pindapa^tik’anga reversible merit RIGHT LIVELIHOOD round of rebirth santi^rana citta streams of merit supportive karma te ci^varik’anga THIRTY-TWO FORMS THREE EVIL PATHS THREE GOOD PATHS THREE SUFFERINGS tiraccha^na yoni vaci^ vin~n~atti votthapana citta wheel of the law 经量部(Sautrantike) 六度(sad-paramita) 律经(Vinaya-sutra) 三性(tri-svabhava) 四谛(catur-satyas) 吴哥古迹(Angkor Vat) a^nantarika kamma a^nupubbi^ katha^ ahirika anottappa anatta^nupassana^ animitta vimokkha ascending insight bhavanga santa^na cetaso vinibandha cittass’ekaggata^ destructive karma disinterestedness ditthi vipalla^sa FIVE COMMANDMENTS FOREMOST PARAMITA FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS highest knowledge immaterial sphere ineffective karma kusala kammapatha mental advertence n~a^ta parin~n~a^ na^natta san~n~a^ NO STRIFE SAMADHI pakati upanissaya pan~n~atti si^la parikamma nimitta paticcasamuppa^da patta pindik’anga pureja^ta paccaya RIGHT REMEMBRANCE sahaja^ta paccaya santa^na santati sati sambojjhanga sati sampajan~n~a satta^va^sa nava SINGALOVADA SUTRA tatramajjhattata^ TEN DHARMA REALMS TEN WHOLESOMENESS upagha^taka kamma vin~n~a^na tthiti youth infatuation 迦毗罗卫(Kapilavastu) 三学(tisrah siksah) 桑奇大塔(Sanch Stupa) ahetu patisandhika an~n~a^ta^vindriya asankha^rika citta atta va^dupa^da^na catu voka^ra bhava ceto pariya n~a^na corporeality group cycle of existence dha^tu vavattha^na hasituppa^da citta health infatuation karma accumulation maturity knowledge meritorious action nirodha sama^patti patibha^ga nimitta patikkúla san~n~a^ reflex perceptions regenerative karma ruminating natured samatha vipassana^ sampayutta paccaya self mortification SIDDHARTHA GOUTAMA SIX EXTERNAL BASES SIX INTERNAL BASES SPHERE OF NO-THING tada^rammana citta tatra majjhattata^ ti^rana parin~n~a^ tiraccha^na katha^ TWO FORMS OF DEATH vippayutta paccaya wheel of existence 佛所行赞(Buddhacarita) 解脱道论(Vimuttimagga) 四大(caturmahabhuta) 五种姓(panca-gotrani) alcohol prohibition anabhirati san~n~a^ analytical doctrine animitta^nupassana^ answering questions appanihita vimokkha attha patisambhida^ counteractive karma death consciousness discursive thinking FOUR GREAT ELEMENTS FOUR UNLIMITED MIND fruits of monk life gradual instruction inferiority conceit intelligent natured lofty consciousness maha^purisa vitakka majjhima^ patipada^ one group existence RIGHT CONCENTRATION RIGHT UNDERSTANDING samanantara paccaya sampaticchana citta sattakkhattu parama SATYASIDDHI SHASTRA spiritual faculties sun~n~ata^ vimokkha superiority conceit suta maya^ pan~n~a^ TEN GREAT KING VOWS upatthambhaka kamma yamaka pa^tiha^riya 阿底峡(Atisa 982~1054) 大乘经(Mahayana sutra) 寂天(Santideva 约7世纪) 六足论(Satpada sastra) 说一切有部(Sarvastivada) a^kin~can~n~a^yatana access concentration adaptation knowledge akuppa^ ceto vimutti cemetery meditations cinta^ maya pan~n~a^ derived corporeality dhamma patisambhida^ dhamma tthiti n~a^na ditthi nissita si^la five group existence four group existence MANJUSRI BODHISATTVA manovinn~a^na dha^tu NIRVANA WITH RESIDUE niyata miccha^ditthi pa^rami^ pa^ramita^ paccha^ja^ta paccaya parami^ = pa^ramita^ pubbeniva^sa^nussati regenerating process samvejani^ya ttha^na SUDDEN ENLIGHTENMENT SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA sun~n~ata^nupassana^ tanha^ nissita si^la TEN TITLES OF BUDDHA THREE ENLIGHTENMENTS ti hetu patisandhika UNCONDITIONED DHARMA VAST AND LONG TONGUE vivattana^nupassana^ yatha^santhatik’anga 大乘论(Mahayana sastra) 小乘论(Hinayana sastra) 中道(madhyamapratipad) a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana animitta ceto vimutti antara^ parinibba^yi^ bhojane mattan~n~uta^ corporeality and mind death proximate karma dependent origination DVADASHAMUKHA SHASTRA dvi hetuka patisandhi germinating once more mind and corporeality ninefold dispensation nirutti patisambhida^ patipassaddhi paha^na produced corporeality pun~n~a kiriya vatthu questions and answers sota^pannassa anga^ni TEN MERITORIOUS DEEDS THREE CLASSIFICATIONS THREE PERIODS OF TIME transference of merit ubhato bha^ga vimutta vi^thi = citta vi^thi vin~n~a^nan~ca^yatana 梵网经(Brahmajala-sutra) 中论(Madhyamika-sastra) appama^na ceto vimutti bhavanga sota^, citta catu pa^risuddhi si^la citta samuttha^na rúpa doctrine of the Buddha FLOWER ADORNMENT SUTRA FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA ji^vita navaka kala^pa kamma samuttha^na rúpa resistance perceptions sensitive corporeality SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS substrata of existence THREE UNIVERSAL TRUTHS yatha^kammúpaga n~a^na 长阿含经(Dirghagama-sutra) 楞伽经(Lankavatara-sutra) 缘起(pratitya-samutpada) bhayatupattha^na n~a^na catu dha^tu vavattha^na dasa (tatha^gata ) bala determining the reality FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS muccitu kamyata^ n~a^na NIRVANA WITHOUT RESIDUE patinissagga^nupassana^ receptive consciousness retrospective knowledge sabbúpadhi patinissagga SIX STATES OF EXISTENCE VISVABHADRA BODHISATTVA 八正道(aryastangika-marga) 成实论(Satyasiddhi-sastra) 法称(Dharmakirti 约6~7世纪) 佛性(buddhata, buddhatva) 境行果(sthana-carya-phala) 毗尼多流支(Vinitaruci ?~594) 四分律(Dharmagupta-vinaya) 月称(Candrakirti 约7世纪中叶) ANNUTARA-SAMYAK-SAMBODHI attainment concentration clarity of consciousness corporeality perceptions ego idea, ego perception multiformity perceptions pa^na^tipa^ta^ veramani^ paccaya sannissita si^la patibha^na patisambhida^ reflecting contemplation verbal functions of mind 部派佛部(Sectarian Buddhism) 大日经(Mahavairocana-sutra) 寂护(Santiraksita 705~762) 戒日王(Siladitya 约590~647) 十诵律(Sarvastivada-vinaya) 无量寿经(Aparimitayur-sutra) 原始佛教(primitive Buddhism) 杂阿含经(Samyuktagama-sutra) hate rooted consciousness independently enlightened indriyesu gutta dva^rata^ kankha^ vitarana visuddhi pa^timokkha samvara si^la registering consciousness SAMANTABHADRA BODHISATTVA spontaneously born beings support decisive support TEN STAGES OF BODHISATTVA VIMALAKIRTI-NIVDESA SUTRA 佛教文学(Buddhist literature) 摩诃菩提会(Maha Bodhi Society) 增一阿含经(Ekottaragama-sutra) 中阿含经（Madh yamagama-sutra） a^ha^re patikkúla san~n~a^ a^kin~can~n~a ceto vimutti ability to acquire insight analysis of the 4 elements dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu functions of consciousness happy courses of existence impersonality of existence khalu paccha^ bhattik’anga MAHA-PRAJNA-PARAMITA-SUTRA mind consciousness element paranimmita vasavatti deva parassa ceto pariya n~a^na TEN VEHICLES OF MEDITATION THREEFOLD BODY OF A BUDDHA uddhamsota akanitthaga^mi^ 发智论(Jnanaprasthana-sastra) 俱舍论(Abhidharmakosa-sastra) 越南佛教（Vietnamese Buddhism） balance of mental faculties karma produced corporeality neighbourhood concentration origination of corporeality PURE LAND OF ULTIMATE BLISS thought thought conception yatha^ bhúta n~a^na dassana 佛教建筑(Buddhist architecture) akusala sa^dha^rana cetasika LAW OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION NINE STAGES OF LOTUS FLOWERS patisankha^nupassana^ n~a^na seven rebirths at the utmost SIX PERIODS OF DAY AND NIGHT 常乐我净(nitya-sukha-atma-subha) 大般涅槃经(Mahaparinirvana-sutra) 观无量寿经(Amitayurbhavana-sutra) 楞严经(surangama-samadhi-sutra) 菩萨戒本(Bodhisattva-pratimoksa) 乞[口*栗]双提赞Khri－Sron－Lde－bTsan 瑜伽师地论(Yogacara-bhumi-sastra) dittha dhamma vedani^ya kamma EIGHTEEN DIFFERENT CHARACTERS EVIL TIME OF FIVE TURBIDITIES THREE MEDITATIONS OF ONE MIND vuttha^na ga^mini^ vipassana^ 中国佛教美术（Buddhist　art　in　China） ascetic purification practices imperturbable karma formations sabba loke anabhirati san~n~a^ VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA 维摩经(Vimalakirti-nirdesa-sutra) equilibrium of mental faculties lahuta^ muduta^, kamman~n~ata^ pariyatti patipatti, pativedha SIX DIRECTIONS OF REINCARNATION subha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi sukha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi THREE UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS 大般若经(Mahaprajna-paramita-sutra) 铃木大拙(Suzuki Daisetsu 1870~1966) 妙法莲华经(Saddharmapundarika-sutra) 中国佛教音乐(Buddhist music in China) karmically acquired corporeality patipada^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi 大智度论(Mahaprajna-paramita-sastra) 冢本善隆(Tsukamoto Zenryu 1898~1980) anan~n~a^tan~ n~assa^mi^t’indriya citta ja (citta samuttha^na) rúpa ▲ 收起

南传佛教英文辞典【559】upapatti bhava

”rebirth-process”;　　s.　　bhava.

南传佛教英文辞典【560】va^ritta si^la

”morality　　consisting　　in　　avoiding”　　(evil　　things),　　as　　distinguished　　from　　”morality　　consisting　　in　　performing”　　(good　　things).　　See　　caritta-varitta.

南传佛教英文辞典【561】va^ritta si^la

　　s.　　ca^ritta.

南传佛教英文辞典【562】vibhava tanha^

”craving　　for　　non-existence”,　　or　　for　　self-annihilation;　　s.　　tanha^.

南传佛教英文辞典【563】vigata paccaya

”disappearance”,　　is　　one　　of　　the　　24　　conditions　　(paccaya,　　q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典【564】visible object

　　s.　　a^yatana.

中国百科全书【565】大圆满(mahasanti)

　　Dayuanman

　　藏传佛教宁玛派的最高法门。指当前离垢的明空晶莹的自证智阿底瑜伽乘。由于生死涅槃的一切法皆圆满具足于这一空智之中，故名圆满；又解脱生死的方便更无超胜此法者，故名为大。

　　大圆满法门分心部、界部和要门部三种，以要门部为最高。要门部又分外、内、秘密和无上四部。无上要门部又称自性大圆满心髓金刚藏乘，简称大圆宁提（心髓）。宁提的传承有两系：一系是由吉祥师子传莲花生，再传空行女智慧海王，名空行宁提；另一系是由吉祥师子传智经、无垢友，名上师宁提。两派理论大致相同，仅修法略有区别。宁提法中又分立断和顿超两部，后者以前者为依。只修前者即身也可化为微尘而成佛，但对外迷乱相地石山岩等不能净化，且修道时仍以粗脉风为依，不能成就光明身，现生不能达究竟极地。顿超法则现生能证光明身而得大迁转身，亦称童瓶身，成办广大利生事业，所得天眼、神足、寿命等自在通力，无量无边。故在宁提中又以顿超法为最究竟。

　　此法门的理论根据为《阿毗达磨大乘经》的“无始时来界，一切法等依，由此有诸趣，及涅槃证得”一颂。它建立本初元体自然智为一切法依，其本体空分如虚空即法身；本性显了分如日月即报身；大悲周遍分如日月光华即化身。故三身在本分上完全具足，而三界众生为业力所蔽，颠倒迷乱，对此所依实相不能了知，因而轮回六趣。本部法中对三脉四轮的建立与其余下部各金刚乘同，但不用为修法之依据。另有不共的四大殊胜脉为光明住处，即迦底大金脉、如白丝线脉、细旋脉和晶管脉。最后一脉连结心眼而在心脏中央又有光明脉放光照明一切细脉，即如来藏周遍之义，亦即《宝性论》所说的一切有情常具的佛性。本部的修法也和一般真言乘相同，分为能成熟的灌顶和能解脱的修持两部分。灌顶有四，即外有戏论宝瓶灌顶、内无戏论秘密灌顶、极无戏论慧智灌顶和最极无戏论辞句灌顶。四者依次能除身障、语障、意障和所知障。解脱道又分前行和不共正行，前行又分共和不共。正行为实修方法与一切生起次第、圆满次第皆不相同，摒弃一切以意识审察名言重习为性的修习，故名不共。其内容大致为初步指示身、语、心三要。身要有三种（或五种）姿势，即法身狮子奋迅势、报身大象眠卧势、化身仙人蹲踞势等。其次再指示根门要、缘境要、息风要、证智要等以看光明。依此修持，则法性现量光明、证受增长光明、证智充量光明和法性穷尽光明即可逐次显现。法性穷尽光明又有渐尽和顿尽的分别，此光明现前时，即证极果。此时五身五智刹那圆满，谓心一境性远离戏论即是法身，自显无执即报身，现种种境即化身，遣八聚识即菩提身，界无迁变即金刚身。又，远离缘虑戏论即法身智，显了无障即圆镜智，住平等味即平等性智，所显五光无杂即妙观察智，能所二取（根境）皆化光明即成所作智。此法证果的期限，据称如能在冢间、空谷、洲、渚等极寂静处如法观修，一般上根三年，中根五年，下根七年，即可使内外质碍之境皆化光明，即于自显色究竟处法身普贤法性土中现证佛位。此时可随行者意愿而有两种成就。一种为愿以现身成办广大利生事业，寿命无边尽三有际，可证取大迁转身，如水中月，虽有显色而无触色，如大阿阇黎莲花生及无垢友，能在一刹那中示现无量不思议神通；一种为光明道圆满时，即化光明身至法界本初地任运成就三身五智，以加持力于报身及化身刹土、三界六趣之中示现无边色身，广作饶益圣凡有情事业。

　　大圆满法门的传承，相传始于乌苌的极喜金刚，一传妙吉祥友，再传汉人吉禅师子，三传莲花生、无垢友等而传入西藏，以后历代相传至今。并形成几个流派。14世纪，隆钦饶绛巴进行系统的整理和总结，著书263部，最著名者为“七宝藏论”、“三休息论”、“三解脱论”，受到各派学者的重视。此法因未见在印度流传，藏传佛教后弘期开始后，也有一些译师、大德表示怀疑。但法贤、大悲精进、自然金刚、乌金巴、世尊剑、日幢、白莲、勇学鬘等各派大德都认为纯正。格鲁派创始人宗喀巴亦认为纯正佛法，至第五世达赖更学修此法，宣讲、造论，建立旧派寺院多处加以弘扬。（郭元兴）

中国百科全书【566】二谛(twi-satyas)

　　Erdi

　　即真谛和俗谛。又称第一义谛、世俗谛，或名胜义谛与名言谛。真俗二谛，中观派的基本思想是缘起性空论，认为世间出世间万事万物，都是由众多因素相依相持而形成的，是有，称假有，这就是世俗谛，没有独立不变的自性，是空，称性空，这就是真谛，所以真俗二谛，就是空、有二谛。这是就外在的物境而言。若以主观认识而论，谓世俗谛是有，这是世间一般人的常识见解；言真谛为空是二乘圣者特有的超世见解。实际上，说有不住有，谈空不落空，空有无碍，才是真俗二谛的正观。又世俗谛的有，是世间万事万物的现象；真谛的空，是世间万事万物的本性。缘起才能性空，性空才能缘起，缘起与性空实际是一种事物的两个方面，相反相成，对立而统一。所以缘起就是性空，性空就是缘起。如《般若经》中说：色即是空，空即是色，不二而二，二而不二。大乘佛教各宗，因为传承或立论方法不同，对二谛的解释也各不相同。有的认为二谛是理，有的认为二谛是教。天台宗认为二谛或三谛是真实不虚的谛理，故云：“三谛者，天然之性德也。”三论宗认为真俗二谛是两种真实不虚的言教：“二谛者，盖是言教之通诠，相待之假称……唯是教门，不关境理。”

中国百科全书【567】三谛(tri-satyas)

　　Sandi

　　即空谛、假谛、中道谛。佛教天台宗所立的谛理。认为一切事物都由因缘而生，没有永恒不变的实体，叫做空谛；一切事物其中虽无永恒不变的实体，却有如幻如化的相貌，叫做假谛；这些都不出法性，不待造作而有，叫做中道谛。一切事物，皆不出此空、假、中三谛的范畴，故称为三谛之理。《始终心要》说：“三谛者，天然之性德也，中谛者统一切法，真谛者泯一切法，假谛者立一切法。”又此三谛，圆融无碍，一即是三，三即是一。如观空时，无假无中无不空白；观假时，无空无中无不假；观中道时，无空无假无不中，名为圆融三谛。《中观论·四谛品》说：“因缘所生法，我说即是空，亦为是假名，亦是中道义”。此偈被认为是圆融三谛的出处。

南传佛教英文辞典【568】a^na^pa^na sati

”mindfulness　　on　　in-and-out-breathing”,　　i...
is　　one　　of　　the　　most　　important　　exercises　　for　　reaching　　mental　　concentration　　and　　the　　4　　absorptions　　(jha^na,　　q.v.).
In　　the　　Satipattha^na　　Sutta　　(M.　　10,　　D.　　22)　　and　　elsewhere,　　4　　methods　　of　　practice　　are　　given,　　which　　may　　also　　serve　　as　　basis　　for　　insight　　meditation.　　The　　”Discourse　　on　　Mindfulness　　of　　Breathing”　　(a^na^pa^nasati　　Sutta,　　M.　　118)　　and　　other　　texts　　have　　16　　methods　　of　　practice,　　which　　divide　　into　　4　　groups　　of　　four.　　The　　first　　three　　apply　　to　　both　　tranquillity　　(samatha,　　q.v.)　　and　　insight-meditation,　　while　　the　　fourth　　refers　　to　　pure　　insight　　practice　　only.　　The　　second　　and　　the　　third　　group　　require　　the　　attainment　　of　　the　　absorptions.
"With　　attentive　　mind　　he　　breathes　　in,　　with　　attentive　　mind　　he　　breathes　　out.
I.　　(1)　　"When　　making　　a　　long　　inhalation　　he　　knows:　　”I　　make　　a　　long　　inhalation”;　　when　　making　　a　　long　　exhalation　　he　　knows:　　”I　　make　　a　　long　　exhalation.”
(2)　　"When　　making　　a　　short　　inhalation　　he　　knows:　　”I　　make　　a　　short　　inhalation”;　　when　　making　　a　　short　　exhalation　　he　　knows:　　”I　　make　　a　　short　　exhalation.”
(3)　　"”Clearly　　perceiving　　the　　entire　　(breath-)　　body　　I　　will　　breathe　　in,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself;”clearly　　perceiving　　the　　entire　　(breath-)　　body　　I　　will　　breathe　　out,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself.
(4)　　"”Calming　　this　　bodily　　function　　I　　will　　breathe　　in,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself;”calming　　this　　bodily　　function　　I　　will　　breathe　　out,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself.
II.　　(5)　　"”Feeling　　rapture　　(pi^ti)　　I　　will　　breathe　　in,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself;”feeling　　rapture　　I　　will　　breathe　　out,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself.
(6)　　"”Feeling　　joy　　I　　will　　breathe　　in,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself;”feeling　　joy　　I　　will　　breathe　　out,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself.
(7)　　"”Feeling　　the　　mental　　formation　　(citta-sankha^ra)　　I　　will　　breathe　　in,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself,　　”feeling　　the　　mental　　formation　　I　　will　　breathe　　out,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself.
(8)　　"”Calming　　the　　mental　　formation　　I　　will　　breathe　　in,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself;”calming　　the　　mental　　formation　　I　　will　　breathe　　out,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself.
III.　　(9)　　"”Clearly　　perceiving　　the　　mind　　(citta)　　I　　will　　breathe　　in,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself;”clearly　　perceiving　　the　　mind　　I　　will　　breathe　　out,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself.
(10)　　"”Gladdening　　the　　mind　　I　　will　　breathe　　in,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself;”gladdening　　the　　mind　　I　　will　　breathe　　out,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself.
(11)　　"”Concentrating　　the　　mind　　I　　will　　breathe　　in,　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself;”concentrating　　the　　mind　　I　　will　　breathe　　out”,　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself.
(12)　　"”Freeing　　the　　mind　　I　　will　　breathe　　in,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself;”freeing　　the　　mind　　I　　will　　breathe　　out,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself
IV.　　(13)　　"”Reflecting　　on　　impermanence　　(anicca)　　I　　will　　breathe　　in,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself;”reflecting　　on　　impermanence　　I　　will　　breathe　　out,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself.
(14)　　"”Reflecting　　on　　detachment　　(vira^ga)　　I　　will　　breathe　　in,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself;”reflecting　　on　　detachment　　I　　will　　breathe　　out,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself.
(15)　　"”Reflecting　　on　　extinction　　(nirodha)　　I　　will　　breathe　　in,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself;”reflecting　　on　　extinction　　I　　will　　breathe　　out,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself.
(16)　　"”Reflecting　　on　　abandonment　　(patinissagga)　　I　　will　　breathe　　in,　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself;”reflecting　　on　　abandonment　　I　　will　　breathe　　out,”　　thus　　he　　trains　　himself."
In　　M.　　118　　it　　is　　further　　shown　　how　　these　　16　　exercises　　bring　　about　　the　　4　　foundations　　of　　mindfulness　　(satipattha^na,　　q.v.),　　namely:　　
1-4　　contemplation　　of　　the　　body,　　
5-8　　contemplation　　of　　feeling,　　
9-12　　contemplation　　of　　mind　　(consciousness),　　
13-16　　contemplation　　of　　mind-objects.
　　Then　　it　　is　　shown　　how　　these　　4　　foundations　　of　　mindfulness　　bring　　about　　the　　7　　factors　　of　　enlightenment　　(bojjhanga,　　q.v.);　　then　　these　　again　　deliverance　　of　　mind　　(ceto-vimutti,　　q.v.)　　and　　deliverance　　through　　wisdom　　(pan~n~a^-vimutti,　　q.v.).
Literature:　　a^na^pa^nasati　　Samyutta　　(S.　　LIV).　　-　　
Pts.M.　　a^na^pa^nakatha^　　-　　Full　　explanation　　of　　practice　　in　　Vis.M.　　VIII,　　145ff.　　-　　
For　　a　　comprehensive　　anthology　　of　　canonical　　and　　commentarial　　texts,　　see　　Mindfulness　　of　　Breathing,　　n~a^namoli　　Thera　　(Kandy:　　BPS,　　1964).

南传佛教英文辞典【569】akusala vitakka

”unwholesome　　thoughts”...
”unwholesome　　thoughts”
as　　defined　　under　　akusala　　(q.v.).　　In　　M.　　20,　　five　　methods　　of　　overcoming　　them　　are　　given:　　
by　　changing　　the　　object,　　
thinking　　of　　the　　evil　　results,　　
paying　　no　　attention,　　
analysing,　　
suppressing.
Tr.　　in　　The　　Removal　　of　　Distracting　　Thoughts　　(WHEEL　　21).

南传佛教英文辞典【570】avigata paccaya

”non-disappearance”,　　is　　one　　of　　the　　24　　conditions　　(paccaya,　　q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典【571】cakkh’ a^yatana

”the　　base　　"visual　　organ"”　　(s.　　a^yatana).

南传佛教英文辞典【572】characteristics

　　of　　existence,　　the.　　3:　　ti-lakkhana　　(q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典【573】citta sankha^ra

　　s.　　sankha^ra.

南传佛教英文辞典【574】deluded natured

　　moha-carita;　　s.　　carita.

南传佛教英文辞典【575】ditth’upa^da^na

　　”clinging　　to　　views”,　　is　　one　　of　　the　　4　　kinds　　of　　clinging　　(upa^da^na,　　q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典【576】ditthi visuddhi

”purification　　of　　view”　　is　　the　　3rd　　of　　the　　7　　stages　　of　　purification　　(visuddhi　　III,　　q.v.).

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