Condition == 緣
There is no existing phenomena that is not the effect of dependent origination. All phenomena arise dependent upon a number of casual factors called conditions.
cf. kappa.
s. agati.
”divine messengers”, is a symbolic name for old age, disease and death, since these three things remind man of his future and rouse him to earnest striving. In A. III, 35, it is said:
"Did you, o man, never see in the world a man or a woman eighty, ninety or a hundred years old, frail, crooked as a gable-roof, bent down, resting on crutches, with tottering steps, infirm, youth long since fled, with broken teeth, grey and scanty hair, or baldheaded, wrinkled, with blotched limbs? And did it never occur to you that you also are subject to old age, that you also cannot escape it?
"Did you never see in the world a man or a woman, who being sick, afflicted and grievously ill, and wallowing in their own filth, was lifted up by some people, and put down by others? And did it never occur to you that you also are subject to disease, that you also cannot escape it?
"Did you never see in the world the corpse of a man or a woman, one or two or three days after death, swollen up, blue-black in colour, and full of corruption? And did it never occur to you that you also are subject to death, that you also cannot escape it?" - See M. 130.
(from morality and understanding): vipatti (q.v.).
(lit.”means of shaking off (the defilements)”);”means of purification”, ascetic or austere practices. These are strict observances recommended by the Buddha to monks as a help to cultivate contentedness, renunciation, energy and the like. One or more of them may be observed for a shorter or longer period of time.
"The monk training himself in morality should take upon himself the means of purification, in order to gain those virtues through which the purity of morality will become accomplished, to wit: fewness of needs, contentedness, austerity, detachment, energy, moderation, etc." (Vis.M. II).
Vis.M. II describes 13 dhutangas, consisting in the vows of
1. wearing patched-up robes: pamsukúlik”anga,
2. wearing only three robes: teci^varik”anga,
3. going for alms: pindapa^tik”anga,
4. not omitting any house whilst going for alms: sapada^nikanga,
5. eating at one sitting: eka^sanik”anga,
6. eating only from the alms-bowl: pattapindik”anga,
7. refusing all further food: khalu-paccha^-bhattik”anga,
8. living in the forest: a^ran~n~ik”anga,
9. living under a tree: rukkha-múlik”anga,
10. living in the open air: abbhoka^sik”anga,
11. living in a cemetery: susa^nik”anga,
12. being satisfied with whatever dwelling: yatha^-santhatik”anga,
13. sleeping in the sitting position (and never lying down): nesajjik”anga.
These 13 exercises are all, without exception, mentioned in the old sutta texts (e.g. M. 5, 113; A.V., 181-90), but never together in one and the same place.
"Without doubt, o monks, it is a great advantage to live in the forest as a hermit, to collect one”s alms, to make one”s robes from picked-up rags, to be satisfied with three robes" (A.I, 30).
The vow, e.g. of No. 1, is taken in the words: "I reject robes offered to me by householders," or "I take upon myself the vow of wearing only robes made from picked-up rags." Some of the exercises may also be observed by the lay-adherent.
Here it may be mentioned that each newly ordained monk, immediately after his being admitted to the Order, is advised to be satisfied with whatever robes, alms-food, dwelling and medicine he gets: "The life of the monks depends on the collected alms as food ... on the root of a tree as dwelling ... on robes made from patched-up rags ... on stale cow”s urine as medicine. May you train yourself therein all your life."
Since the moral quality of any action depends entirely upon the accompanying intention and volition, this is also the case with these ascetic practices, as is expressly stated in Vis.M. Thus the mere external performance is not the real exercise, as it is said (Pug. 275-84): "Some one might be going for alms; etc. out of stupidity and foolishness - or with evil intention and filled with desires - or out of insanity and mental derangement - or because such practice had been praised by the Noble Ones...." These exercises are, however properly observed "if they are taken up only for the sake of frugality, of contentedness, of purity, etc."(App.)
On dhutanga practice in modern Thailand, see With Robes and Bowl, by Bhikkhu Khantipalo (WHEEL 82/83).
lit.”sad-mindedness”, grief, i.e. mentally painful feeling (cetasika-vedana^), is one of the 5 feelings (vedana^, q.v.) and one of the 22 faculties (indriya, q.v.). According to the Abhidhamma, grief is always associated with antipathy and grudge, and therefore karmically unwholesome (akusala, q.v.) Cf. Tab. I. 30, 31.
”evil conduct”, is threefold: in deeds, words and thoughts. See kammapatha (I).
(abstr. noun fr. dukkha): ”the state of suffering”, painfulness, unpleasantness, the unsatisfactoriness of existence."There are three kinds of suffering: (1) suffering as pain (dukkha-dukkhata^), (2) the suffering inherent in the formations (sankha^ra-dukkhata^), (3) the suffering in change (viparina^ma-dukkhata^)" (S. XLV, 165; D. 33).
(1) is the bodily or mental feeling of pain as actual]y felt. (2) refers to the oppressive nature of all formations of existence (i.e. all conditioned phenomena), due to their continual arising and passing away; this includes also experiences associated with neutral feeling. (3) refers to bodily and mental pleasant feelings, "because they are the cause for the arising of pain when they change" (Vis.M. XIV, 34f).
Suitable d. for monks; s. sena^sana. Satisfied with whatever d.; s. dhutanga.
Emptiness == 空
The Sanskrit word is Sunya. One of the key concepts in Buddhism. Emptiness is an abstract idea representing impermanence, unreality, instability, transience and relativity in the nature of all existence. The doctrine states that all phenomena and the ego have no reality, but are composed of a certain number of Skandhas or elements, which disintegrate. The doctrine also states that everything is unstable, possessing no self-essence or self-nature, i.e., its own existence dependent or caused by the conditions of others” existence.
Emptiness is not nothing, but it is the condition of existence of everything. It permeates all phenomena making possible their evolution.
sun~n~ata^ (q.v.). - Contemplation of e.: sun~n~ata^nupassana^. - For emptiness of self, pertaining to the 4 truths, s. sacca.
Endurance == 忍辱
See Patience.
bhava (q.v.) - The 5 groups of e.: khandha (q.v.) - The 4 substrata of e.: upadhi (q.v.). - Courses of e.: gati (q.v.). - Wheel of e.: samsa^ra (q.v.). - Craving for e.: bhava-tanha^; s. tanha^; - The 3 characteristics of e.: ti-lakkhana (q.v.).
s. a^yatana.
indriya (q.v.); see also paccaya 16.
Five Eyes == 五眼(肉眼、天眼、法眼、慧眼、佛眼)
There are five classes of eyes:
1. human eye
2. devine eye
3. dharma eye
4. wisdom eye
5. Buddha eye
sankha^ra (q.v.).