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sel sex alms dosa ends gems lust rise sati ties adosa ASURA asura bases bonds cause chaos doors issa^ RAKSA rules sacca sagga sakka satta sekha sense shame si^la sloth space STUPA subha SUDRA sukha SUTRA vasi^ YAKSA yokes a^sava abodes access asekha beings BHIKSU biases course elders escape floods forest ghosts gnosis groups jewels kasina kilesa kusala misery phassa planes powers samma^ sangha SANJNA sarana sexual stains suddha sugati sukkha SUMERU taints truths tusita usages VAISYA WISDOM wisdom a^ka^sa absence ahimsa^ AKUSALA akusala anusaya arising cankers desana^ destiny disease factors fetters HSU YUN insight KUSHALA mastery message nissaya obha^sa remorse sa^sana sa^vaka saddha^ SAMADHI samatha sammuti SAMSARA samseva sassata sikkha^ sitting skilful sobhana spheres SRAVAKA sublime sun~n~a 戒(sila) AKUSHALA anussati aversion BHIKSUNI bondages cetasika delusion elements extremes fatalism gladness grasping influxes interest KSATRIYA not self opposite postures progress sakka^ya sama^dhi sambodhi sammatta sampada^ samsa^ra SAMSKARA san~n~a^ sankappa sankhata santa^na scruples sensuous serenity signless sucarita suchness upa^saka uposatha upstream vimamsa^ visuddhi 谛(satya) 空(sunya) asankhata avihimsa^ boundless cosmogony domanassa dwellings EMPTINESS emptiness existence faculties FIVE EYES happiness impulsion lightness mind base obstacles SAHA LAND sammasana samphassa samyojana sankha^ra SARIPUTRA sena^sana SENSATION SIX DUSTS SIX GUNAS SIX PATHS SIX ROOTS somanassa something suffering ti sarana treasures upa^sika^ vanishing YASODHARA a^bhassara abhisamaya absorption aggregates ALMSGIVING antinomies appendants asmi ma^na bhava^sava BODHISATTA Bodhisatta compassion conditions dibba sota elasticity enthusiasm expression few wishes FOUR SEALS hindrances impression impurities ka^ma^sava low speech MAHASATTVA messengers obduracies para^ma^sa patisandhi repression sa^man~n~a sama^patti sensuality SEVEN GEMS SHAKYAMUNI si^labbata SIX PLACES sota^panna sota^patti standstill stinginess successive SUDDHODANA ta^vatimsa TEN POWERS tendencies TWO DEATHS unshakable upakkilesa vesa^rajja vipalla^sa vipassana^ 不害(ahimsa) abstentions ahosi kamma alms giving ANAPANASATI anupassana^ ariya sacca ariya vamsa association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA chaste life co nascence corruptions defilements destruction dissolution dosa carita earnestness egolessness EIGHT WINDS foundations inseparable intoxicants khi^na^sava kusala múla LOTUS SUTRA manasika^ra mindfulness NINE REALMS perfections personality perversions pure abodes sala^yatana sama si^si^ samuttha^na san~cetana^ san~n~ojana si^vathika^ sikkha^pada supernormal tejo kasina THREE ROOTS THREE SEALS unwholesome uprightness wrongnesses 定 (samadhi) 結集(samgiti) 輪回(samsara) a^savakkhaya body witness covetousness dispensation dissociation dry visioned FIVE WISDOMS FOUR VIRTUES harmlessness homelessness inclinations ka^ya sakkhi karma result kilesa ka^ma light kasina nesajjikanga ni^la kasina noble abodes pakati si^la pan~ca si^la pasa^da rúpa patisandhika petti visaya pi^ta kasina pleasantness proclivities purisindriya radiant gods recollectons restlessness RIGHT SPEECH sacca n~a^na SAKRADAGAMIN sambojjhanga samma^ magga sampajan~n~a santutthita^ SIX INDRIYAS SIX PARAMITA SROTA-APANNA stream entry subconscious suddha^va^sa supermundane THREE DOGMAS THREE JEWELS THREE REALMS THREE WISDOM TWELVE BASES viveka sukha 佛教(Buddhism) 僧伽製度(samgha) 鐵薩羅(Tissara) a^loka kasina Abbreviations abhisankha^ra attentiveness BHAISAJYAGURU birth process companionship comprehension consciousness contentedness dasa pa^rami^ deathlessness demons’ realm disappearance FIVE BHIKSHUS FIVE OFFENCES FIVE PRECEPTS FIVE SKANDHAS FIVE VEHICLES fixed destiny higher wisdom imperfections investigating investigation karma process loathsomeness lohita kasina noble persons oda^ta kasina patisambhida^ patisankha^na post nascence sa^vaka bodhi sakada^ga^mi^ sammuti sacca samvara si^la sasankha^rika satipattha^na shamelessness silent buddha SIX ENTRANCES stream winner subha nimitta susa^nik’anga THREE POISONS THREE SHASTRA THREE STUDIES THREE VIRTUES TIEN TAI SECT TWELVE PLACES TWO OBSTACLES understanding voha^ra sacca 大史(Mahavamsa) 島史(Diqavamsa) 迦膩色迦(Kaniska) 馬鳴(Asvaghosa) 舍衛城(Sravasti) a^ka^sa dha^tu altruistic joy AMITABHA SUTRA asan~n~a satta AVALOKITESVARA Buddha sa^sana buddha^nussati citta santa^na citta visuddhi dasaka kala^pa desirelessness devata^nussati dhamma desana^ dhamma^nussati eka^sanik’anga foolish babble frivolous talk kusala vipa^ka marana^nussati saddha^nusa^ri sahetuka citta samudaya sacca samvara suddhi samvatta kappa samvega vatthu sangaha vatthu SIX FULFILMENT stupid natured TEN DIRECTIONS TEN GOOD DEEDS transformation transitoriness TWELVE NIDANAS upekkha^ sukha va^ritta si^la visible object 大圓滿(mahasanti) 二谛(twi-satyas) 叁谛(tri-satyas) a^loka san~n~a^ a^na^pa^na sati akusala vitakka anicca san~n~a^ appama^na subha characteristics citta sankha^ra dhamma^nusa^ri^ ditthi visuddhi EIGHT NEGATIONS EIGHTEEN FIELDS FIVE MESSENGERS FOUR GREAT VOWS gustatory organ indriya samatta ka^ya passaddhi loving kindness misapprehension naya vipassana^ nihilistic view nissaya paccaya pamsukúlik’anga pathavi^ kasina sakka^ya ditthi samatha ya^nika samma^ sambodhi sankhitta citta sapada^nik’anga sappatigha rúpa sceptical doubt self confidence SHATIKA SHASTRA sota^pattiyanga SPIRITUAL GHOST stored up karma TAKING PRECEPTS THREE DELUSIONS THREE OBSTACLES tranquilisation upasama^nussati vaci^ sankha^ra vaya^nupassana^ voha^ra desana^ 百論(Sata-sastra) 法護(Dharmaraksa) 極樂世界(sukhavati) 支婁迦谶(Lokaksema) a^sevana paccaya abbhoka^sik’anga anatta^ san~n~a^ appana^ sama^dhi assa^sa passa^sa AVATAMSAKA SUTRA citta vipalla^sa citta^nupassana^ cognitive series EIGHT SUFFERINGS FOUR HOLY REALMS ka^ya gata^ sati ka^ya^nupassana^ karma formations khandha santa^na khaya^nupassana^ maha^ vipassana^ mano san~cetana^ monks’ community nava satta^va^sa nissaya nissita reversible merit samma^ ppadha^na samvara padha^na santi^rana citta sensuous craving SIX SENSE-ORGANS streams of merit sukkha vipassaka supportive karma THIRTY-TWO FORMS THREE EVIL PATHS THREE GOOD PATHS THREE SUFFERINGS 經量部(Sautrantike) 六度(sad-paramita) 律經(Vinaya-sutra) 叁性(tri-svabhava) 釋迦牟尼 (Sakyamuni) 四谛(catur-satyas) adhisi^la sikkha^ anatta^nupassana^ anicca^nupassana^ ascending insight bhavanga santa^na cetaso vinibandha cittass’ekaggata^ destructive karma dhamma^nupassana^ disinterestedness ditthi vipalla^sa dukkha^nupassana^ eye consciousness FIVE COMMANDMENTS FOREMOST PARAMITA FOUR FEARLESSNESS FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS FOURFOLD ASSEMBLY highest knowledge immaterial sphere kusala kammapatha manopadosika deva na^natta san~n~a^ nissarana paha^na NO STRIFE SAMADHI non disappearance pa^risuddhi si^la pakati upanissaya pan~n~atti si^la paricchinna^ka^sa paticcasamuppa^da sahaja^ta paccaya santa^na santati sati sambojjhanga sati sampajan~n~a satta^va^sa nava sensuous clinging SINGALOVADA SUTRA SIX CONSCIOUSNESS SIX PSYCHIC POWER sudassa sudassi^ suppressive karma TEN DHARMA REALMS TEN WHOLESOMENESS upaca^ra sama^dhi vedana^nupassana^ 迦毗羅衛(Kapilavastu) 叁學(tisrah siksah) 桑奇大塔(Sanch Stupa) ahetu patisandhika asankha^rika citta cycle of existence domanassupavica^ra full comprehension hasituppa^da citta marana^sanna kamma meritorious action nirodha sama^patti nirodha^nupassana^ parikamma sama^dhi patikkúla san~n~a^ reflex perceptions samatha vipassana^ sampayutta paccaya samuccheda paha^na self mortification SIDDHARTHA GOUTAMA SIX EXTERNAL BASES SIX INTERNAL BASES somanassúpavica^ra SPHERE OF NO-THING TWO FORMS OF DEATH unconscious beings upanissaya paccaya vipassanúpakkilesa vira^ga^nupassana^ wheel of existence yoniso manasika^ra 蓮花生(Padmasambhava) 無著(Asanga 約4或5世紀) 最澄(Saicho 767~822) anabhirati san~n~a^ animitta^nupassana^ answering questions ANUPADISESA-NIBBANA attha patisambhida^ death consciousness discursive thinking FOUR GREAT ELEMENTS fruits of monk life gradual instruction kilesa parinibba^na lofty consciousness maha^purisa vitakka one group existence red kasina exercise RIGHT UNDERSTANDING samanantara paccaya sampaticchana citta san~n~a^ vipalla^sa sattakkhattu parama SATYASIDDHI SHASTRA spiritual faculties sun~n~ata^ vimokkha superiority conceit suta maya^ pan~n~a^ TEN GREAT KING VOWS viriya sambojjhanga 阿底峽(Atisa 982~1054) 大乘經(Mahayana sutra) 寂天(Santideva 約7世紀) 六足論(Satpada sastra) 清淨道論(Visuddhimagga) 說一切有部(Sarvastivada) access concentration cemetery meditations dhamma patisambhida^ ditthi nissita si^la five group existence four group existence greedy consciousness ka^mesu miccha^ca^ra MANJUSRI BODHISATTVA NIRVANA WITH RESIDUE paccavekkhana suddhi pubbeniva^sa^nussati pun~n~a^bhisankha^ra regenerating process sama^dhi parikkha^ra samvejani^ya ttha^na SA-UPADISESA-NIBBANA SIX FIELDS OF SENSES SUDDEN ENLIGHTENMENT SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA sun~n~ata^nupassana^ tanha^ nissita si^la TEN TITLES OF BUDDHA THREE ENLIGHTENMENTS ti hetu patisandhika VAST AND LONG TONGUE vivattana^nupassana^ yatha^santhatik’anga 大乘論(Mahayana sastra) 榮西(Eisai 1141~1215) 小乘論(Hinayana sastra) 源信(Genshin 942~1017) a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana anupa^disesa nibba^na apun~n~a^bhisankha^ra deluded consciousness DVADASHAMUKHA SHASTRA dvi hetuka patisandhi indriya samvara si^la n’eva sekha n’a^sekha nine abodes of beings ninefold dispensation nirutti patisambhida^ patipassaddhi paha^na questions and answers REALM OF FORMLESSNESS sacca^nulomika n~a^na sama^dhi sambojjhanga SIX HEAVENS OF DESIRE sota^pannassa anga^ni TEN MERITORIOUS DEEDS THREE CLASSIFICATIONS THREE PERIODS OF TIME transference of merit upekkha^ sambojjhanga visesa bha^giya si^la 朝鮮佛教(Korean Buddhism) 梵網經(Brahmajala-sutra) 覺音(Buddhaghosa 5世紀中葉) 蓮花戒(Kamalasila ?~780) 世親(Vasubandhu 約4或5世紀) 印度佛教(Indian Buddhism) 中論(Madhyamika-sastra) abhisama^ca^rika si^la bhavanga sota^, citta catu pa^risuddhi si^la citta samuttha^na rúpa desire for deliverance desireless deliverance FIVE FORMS OF DECAYING FLOWER ADORNMENT SUTRA FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA kamma samuttha^na rúpa khidda padosika^ deva^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi orambha^giya samyojana passaddhi sambojjhanga prescribed moral rules resistance perceptions sa upa^disesa nibba^na sensitive corporeality SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS substrata of existence THREE UNIVERSAL TRUTHS unshakable deliverance viparina^ma^nupassana^ 長阿含經(Dirghagama-sutra) 超戒寺(Vikramasilavihara) 楞伽經(Lankavatara-sutra) 親鸾(Shinran 1173~1262) 緣起(pratitya-samutpada) 中國佛教(Chinese Buddhism) dasa (tatha^gata ) bala FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS FOUR IMMEASURABLE MINDS NIRVANA WITHOUT RESIDUE patinissagga^nupassana^ receptive consciousness retrospective knowledge sabbúpadhi patinissagga sankha^rupekkha^ n~a^na si^la sama^dhi pan~n~a^ SIX STATES OF EXISTENCE VISVABHADRA BODHISATTVA 八正道(aryastangika-marga) 成實論(Satyasiddhi-sastra) 大乘佛教(Mahayana Byddhism) 境行果(sthana-carya-phala) 日本佛教(Japanese Buddhism) a^dibrahmacariyaka si^la ANNUTARA-SAMYAK-SAMBODHI asankha^ra parinibba^yi^ bhanga^nupassana^ n~a^na clarity of consciousness corporeality perceptions ka^ma sukh’allika^nuyoga multiformity perceptions paccaya sannissita si^la paricchinna^ka^sa kasina patibha^na patisambhida^ REALM OF SENSUOUS DESIRE sacchikarani^ya^ dhamma^ uddhambha^giya samyojana verbal functions of mind 部派佛部(Sectarian Buddhism) 大日經(Mahavairocana-sutra) 寂護(Santiraksita 705~762) 戒日王(Siladitya 約590~647) 戒賢(Silabhadra 約528~651 ) 摩诃僧祇律(Mahasangha-vinaya) 尼泊爾佛教(Nepalese Buddhism) 十誦律(Sarvastivada-vinaya) 實叉難陀(Siksananda 652~710) 無量壽經(Aparimitayur-sutra) 原始佛教(primitive Buddhism) 雜阿含經(Samyuktagama-sutra) a^ji^va pa^risuddhi si^la adukkha m asukha^ vedana^ hate rooted consciousness indriyesu gutta dva^rata^ kankha^ vitarana visuddhi nibbida^nupassana^ n~a^na pa^risuddhi padha^niyanga pa^timokkha samvara si^la registering consciousness sama^dhi vippha^ra^ iddhi SAMANTABHADRA BODHISATTVA sasankha^ra parinibba^yi^ spontaneously born beings support decisive support TEN STAGES OF BODHISATTVA vanishing and reappearing VIMALAKIRTI-NIVDESA SUTRA 佛教文學(Buddhist literature) 摩诃菩提會(Maha Bodhi Society) 昙無谶(Dharmaksema 385~433) 增一阿含經(Ekottaragama-sutra) 中阿含經(Madh yamagama-sutra) a^ha^re patikkúla san~n~a^ ability to acquire insight analysis of the 4 elements dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu dhamma vicaya sambojjhanga functions of consciousness happy courses of existence impersonality of existence MAHA-PRAJNA-PARAMITA-SUTRA mind consciousness element paranimmita vasavatti deva parassa ceto pariya n~a^na TEN VEHICLES OF MEDITATION uddhamsota akanitthaga^mi^ 發智論(Jnanaprasthana-sastra) 俱舍論(Abhidharmakosa-sastra) 越南佛教(Vietnamese Buddhism) a^di^nava^nupassana^ n~a^na balance of mental faculties PURE LAND OF ULTIMATE BLISS yatha^ bhúta n~a^na dassana 佛教建築(Buddhist architecture) akusala sa^dha^rana cetasika NINE STAGES OF LOTUS FLOWERS patisankha^nupassana^ n~a^na seven rebirths at the utmost SIX PERIODS OF DAY AND NIGHT udayabbaya^nupassana^ n~a^na 常樂我淨(nitya-sukha-atma-subha) 大般涅槃經(Mahaparinirvana-sutra) 觀無量壽經(Amitayurbhavana-sutra) 楞嚴經(surangama-samadhi-sutra) 菩薩戒本(Bodhisattva-pratimoksa) 乞[口*栗]雙提贊Khri-Sron-Lde-bTsan 瑜伽師地論(Yogacara-bhumi-sastra) EIGHTEEN DIFFERENT CHARACTERS EVIL TIME OF FIVE TURBIDITIES THREE MEDITATIONS OF ONE MIND vuttha^na ga^mini^ vipassana^ 斯裏蘭卡佛教(Buddhism in Sri Lanka) 中國佛教美術(Buddhist art in China) adhipan~n~a^ dhamma vipassana^ ascetic purification practices imperturbable karma formations sabba loke anabhirati san~n~a^ VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA 維摩經(Vimalakirti-nirdesa-sutra) equilibrium of mental faculties SIX DIRECTIONS OF REINCARNATION subha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi sukha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi THREE UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS 村上專精(Murakami Senjo 1851~1928) 大般若經(Mahaprajna-paramita-sutra) 鈴木大拙(Suzuki Daisetsu 1870~1966) 妙法蓮華經(Saddharmapundarika-sutra) 中國佛教音樂(Buddhist music in China) patipada^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi 大智度論(Mahaprajna-paramita-sastra) 冢本善隆(Tsukamoto Zenryu 1898~1980) anan~n~a^tan~ n~assa^mi^t’indriya citta ja (citta samuttha^na) rúpa FOUR ASPECTS (OF BUDDHIST DHARMA) n’eva san~n~a^ n’a^san~n~a^yatana 勝鬘經(Srimala-devi simhanada-sutra) 望月信亨(Mochizuki Shinko 1869~1948) a^ha^ra ja (or-samuttha^na) - rúpa magga^magga n~a^nadassana visuddhi NIRVANA OF PURE, CLEAR SELF-NATURE 成唯識論(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-sastra) 東南亞佛教(Buddhism in South East Asia) EIGHT DIVISIONS OF GODS AND DRAGONS 高楠順次郎(Takakusu Junjiro 1866~1945) 解深密經(Sandhinir-mokcana-vyuha-sutra) 攝大乘論(Mahayana-samuparigraha-sastra) 中國佛學院(The Chinese Buddhist Academy) 達斯,S·C·(Sarat Chandra Das 1849~1917) 大乘起信論(Maha yana-Sraddhotpada-sastra) 大毗婆沙論(Abhidharma-mahavibhasa-sastra) 歐美佛教(Buddhism in America and Europe) a^rammana^dhipati a^rammanupanissaya FIVE CATEGORIES OF UNTRANSLATED TERMS TWELVE LINKS OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION 般若波羅蜜多心經(Prajna-paramita-hrdaya-sutra) FOUR WAYS (OF LEARNING BUDDHIST DHARMA) 雜阿毗昙心論(Samyuktabhidharma-hrdaya-sastra) TEN GREAT DISCIPLES OF SKAKYAMUNI BUDDHA 金剛經(Vajracchedika-prajna-paramita-sutra) 異部宗輪論(Samayabhedo-paracanacak-ra-sastra) 華嚴經(Bud dhavatamsaka-mahavai pul yasutra) 叁十七菩提分(saptatrimsadbodhi-paksika-dharmah) 中國佛教協會(The Buddhist Association of China) karmically wholesome, unwholesome, neutral thiti bha^giya si^la, sama^dhi, pan~n~a^ FOUR RELIANCE (TO LEARNING BUDDHIST DHARMA) 大方等大集經(Mahavai pul ya-mahasanni-pata-sutra) SPHERE OF NEITHER-PERCEPTION-NOR-NON-PERCEPTION 阿彌陀經(Sukhavati-v yuha-sutra,Amitayur-v yuha-sutra) 李斯·戴維斯,T·W·(Thomas Williams Rhys Davids 1843~1922) 唯識二十論(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-vimsa-kakarika-sastra) 唯識叁十頌(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-trimsai-kakarika-sastra) 馬拉拉塞克拉,G·P·(Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera 1899~1973) 國際佛教研究協會(The International Association of Buddhist Studies) sura^meraya majja ppama^dattha^na^ veramani^ sikkha^padam sama^diya^mi ▲ 收起
英漢對照詞典 【631】SIDDHARTHA GOUTAMA

Siddhartha  Goutama  ==  喬達摩·悉達多

the  Sanskrit  word  of  Siddhartha,  the  name  of  Shakyamuni  when  he  was  born  to  the  Prince  Suddhodana.  The  name  means  "wish  fulfilled".

英漢對照詞典 【632】SIX EXTERNAL BASES

Six  External  Bases  ==  六外處

see  Six  Gunas.

英漢對照詞典 【633】SIX INTERNAL BASES

Six  Internal  Bases  ==  六內處

see  Six  Indriyas.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【634】somanassúpavica^ra

  ”indulging  in  gladness”;  s.  mano-pavica^ra.

英漢對照詞典 【635】SPHERE OF NO-THING

Sphere  of  no-thing  ==  無色天

the  heavens  without  form,  immaterial,  consisting  only  of  the  mind  in  contemplation,  being  four  in  number  of  which  the  "sphere  of  neither-perception-nor-nonperception"  is  the  highest.

英漢對照詞典 【636】TWO FORMS OF DEATH

Two  Forms  of  Death  ==  二死

1.Natural  death  of  the  life  
2.Death  form  external  cause  and  conditions

南傳佛教英文辭典 【637】unconscious beings

  asan~n~a^-satta  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【638】upanissaya paccaya

”decisive  support”  or  ”inducement”,  is  one  of  the  24  conditions  (paccaya,  q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【639】vipassanúpakkilesa

  ”imperfections  of  insight”;  s.  visuddhi.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【640】vipassanúpakkilesa

  The  group  of  10  is  mentioned  for  the  first  time  in  Pts.M.  II,  102,  and  it  is  said  that  the  mind  may  become  defiled  thereby  (kilissati),  but  the  above  term  is  not  used  for  the  10.  This  is  probably  done  for  the  first  time  in  Vis.M.  XX.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【641】vira^ga^nupassana^

  s.  prec.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【642】wheel of existence

  s.  samsa^ra,  vatta.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【643】yoniso manasika^ra

”thorough  attention”  or  wise  consideration”:  s.  manasika^ra.

中國百科全書 【644】蓮花生(Padmasambhava)

Lianhuasheng

  

  印度僧人。8世紀後半期把佛教密宗傳入西藏,藏傳佛教尊稱他爲洛本仁波且(軌範師寶)、古如仁波天(師尊寶)、烏金仁波且(烏仗那寶)。通稱白麥迥乃(蓮花生)。據多羅那他于1610年所著《蓮花生傳》所載,約于摩揭陀國天護王時出生于烏苌國王族。一說系烏苌國英迪拉菩提(印度金剛乘始祖,著有《秘密集會》)之子。初名蓮花光明,後通曉聲明及各種明處,得名蓮花金剛。旋又依一真言阿阇黎寂色學事、行、瑜伽叁部密法得密號爲蓮花生。其後又從瑜伽師樂天及瑜伽母樂持學無上部法。他曾周遊印度廣訪密法大師,成爲佛吉祥智的四個證得現法涅槃的弟子之一(另外叁人爲燃燈賢、極寂友、王種羅睺羅)。他又從吉禅師子學法。據智慧海王所著《蓮花生傳》載,他又從吉祥師子學大圓滿法以後曾到中國的五臺山學習天文曆數。他的上師佛吉祥智也曾立志朝禮五臺,他的同學無垢友也到過漢地。所蓮花生一派傳授的教法有很濃厚的漢地禅宗色彩。吐蕃赤德祖贊即位後,由寂護舉薦入藏傳法。他入藏的時間,近代學者多方考證,結論不一。據智慧海王所述年月推算,他于750年由印度啓行至尼泊爾,752年至拉薩,秋季開始建桑耶寺,754年建成。761~774年組織翻譯。約于804年離藏,在印度的達羅毗荼傳法建寺達12年之久。晚年不知所終。由于他對藏傳佛教所作的巨大貢獻,受到各宗派的共同敬仰。他在吐蕃培養造就人才很多,傳說其中得到密宗悉地的,有贊普和臣民25人,如虛空藏、佛智、遍照、玉紮甯波、智童、柱德積等人均爲當時有名的譯師。

  著述收入甘珠爾及丹珠爾的有8種。甯瑪派的密部經典由他主譯的很多。後世掘藏派在山岩石窟中發現的經典多數題爲他的著作,但只由本派傳授,未收入藏文大藏經。(郭元興)

中國百科全書 【645】無著(Asanga 約4或5世紀)

  Wuzhu

  古印度佛教哲學家。大乘佛教瑜伽行派理論體系的建立者之一。生于北印度犍陀羅國的布路沙城(意譯丈夫城),屬婆羅門種姓。初習小乘,在說一切有部出家;又從賓頭盧學習小乘空觀理論。其後在中印度阿  陀國改信大乘,弘揚《瑜伽師地論》、《金剛般若波羅蜜經論》、《辨中邊論》、《大乘莊嚴經論》、《分別瑜伽論》等。其主要的佛學思想,概括在他的《攝大乘論》一書中。該書根據《大乘阿毗達磨經》對唯識論進行了系統的闡明,認爲阿賴耶識是一切諸法的根本,也是生死輪回的主體,具有能藏、所藏和執藏叁種性質。能藏,即把一切事物生成的原因藏于自身,它保存一切種子,形成宇宙萬有的潛在狀態,並和宇宙萬有的顯現狀萬言書互爲因果關系;所藏,指阿賴耶識是宇宙萬有潛在力的所藏所;執藏,是針對唯識論中的第七識——末那識而說的。阿賴耶識是常恒流轉的識,它被末那識所愛執。另外,爲了闡明“一切唯識”、“境無識有”,他還提出叁性說,他認爲從認識上看對宇宙萬有可分析爲叁笥,即遍計所執性、依他起性和圓成實性。遍計所執性是一種虛妄的豐在,是由于人對外界事物的迷妄而賦與它的名稱;依他起性是一種相對的存在,事物本身並非永恒的存在,而是由因級或條件引起的;圓成實性是一種絕對的存在,它最完滿、最真實,排除了各種妄執而達到的一種存在。無著爲了證得他所單有的一切保證識和叁性的理論,還提出了一套修行實踐的方法。他主張戒、定、慧叁學,勤修“六婆羅蜜”(波羅蜜意爲達到彼岸,六波羅蜜即布施、持戒、忍辱、精進、禅定、智慧),把證悟的階段分爲“十地”,最後達到“無住處涅槃”的境界。此外,他還證明佛有叁身,即自性身、受用身和變化身。這些理論進一步發揮和重新組織了前一個時期大乘經典的教理和實踐,從而奠定了瑜伽選派的基礎。

  此外,無著的批駁數論、勝論、順世論、佛教說一切有部和中觀派的過程中,在方法論上運用了因明,由于重點是同別人辨別是非,所以采用論議的形式,總括爲七因明即論體性、論處所、論所依、論莊嚴、論墮負、論出離、論多所作法。七因明雖然不是無著首創,但是他繼承了前人的學說並吸取了正理論的精華,構成了自己的方法論,成爲唯識派理論的重要組成部分之一。

  其主要著作約有漢譯、藏譯30種。除《攝大乘論》外,最重要的尚有《順中論》、《金剛般若經論》、《顯揚聖教論》、《大乘阿毗達磨集論》、《六門教授習定論》等。(黃心川  宮靜)

中國百科全書 【646】最澄(Saicho 767~822)

  日本佛教天臺宗創始人。亦稱睿山大師、根本大師、山家大師、澄上人。俗姓叁津首,幼名廣野,近江國(今滋賀縣)人。初依大安寺行有爲弟子,學唯識章疏等。15歲于近江國國分寺剃度785年于奈良東大寺受具足戒。後人比睿山結草羯,學法華、金光明、般若諸經,特別精究《法華玄義》、《法華文句》、《摩诃止觀》(天臺叁大部)。788年改草庵爲寺(後稱一乘止觀院、延曆寺)。804年作爲“入唐請益天臺法華宗還學生”,率弟子義真入唐。在天臺山從修禅寺道邃和佛隴寺行滿受天臺教義,並與弟子義真從道邃受菩薩大戒;從禅林寺的翛然習牛頭禅要。離天臺山後,又至越州(今浙江紹興)龍興寺從順曉受密教灌頂,並抄寫許多經疏。翌年攜帶《臺州錄》102部240卷、《截止州錄》230部460卷及金字《妙法蓮華經》、法具等回國。先爲南部八高僧講授天臺宗法門,又在高雄山寺設灌頂壇傳密教,爲日本有灌頂之始。並獲准設天臺宗“年分度者”(按年限定出家人數),正式創立日本天臺宗。819年上奏,欲創建大乘戒壇于比睿山,遭到奈良其他佛教徒的反對和攻讦,因撰《顯戒論》3卷、《顯戒緣起》2卷上之于天皇,未被允許。直到逝世後,日本天臺宗方獲准在比睿山設大乘戒壇。866年,清和天皇追贈傳教大師谥號,爲日本有大師號之始。所創天臺宗爲“圓密一致”,主張四宗(天臺宗、密宗、禅宗、大乘戒)合一。著作主要有《守護國界章》、《法華秀句》、《內證佛法自脈譜》、《山家學生式》、《顯戒論》等,近代輯有《傳教大師全集》。

  1982年,日本天臺宗延曆寺座主山田惠谛率衆到中國巡禮天臺,和中國天臺宗聯合舉行法會,立“最澄大師天臺得法靈迹碑”于國清寺,中國天臺宗也立碑紀念。(林子青)

南傳佛教英文辭典 【647】anabhirati san~n~a^

  s.  sabba-loke  anabhirati-s.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【648】animitta^nupassana^

  s.  vipassana^.

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