the 7: s. dhana (q.v.).
Tripitaka == 三藏(经、律、论)
It is a Sanskrit word meaning Three Treasures:
1.Sutra Pitika - the sermons attributed to the Shakyamuni Buddha.
2.Vinaya Pitika - the discipline in practice to act according to the rules and regulations.
3.Abhidharma Pitika - the philosophical work, such as discourses, discussions, or treatises on the dogma, doctrines, etc. of Buddhism.
”clinging”, according to Vis.M. XVII, is an intensified degree of craving (tanha^, q.v.). The 4 kinds of clinging are: sensuous clinging (ka^mupa^da^na), clinging to views (ditthupa^da^na), clinging to mere rules and ritual (si^labbatupa^da^na), clinging to the personaljty-belief (atta-va^dupa^da^na).
(1) "What now is the sensuous clinging? Whatever with regard to sensuous objects there exists of sensuous lust, sensuous desire, sensuous attachment, sensuous passion, sensuous deludedness, sensuous fetters: this is called sensuous clinging.
(2) ””What is the clinging to views? ”Alms and offerings are useless; there is no fruit and result for good and bad deeds: all such view and wrong conceptions are called the clinging to views.
(3) "What is the clinging to mere rules and ritual? The holding firmly to the view that through mere rules and ritual one may reach purification: this is called the clinging to mere rules and ritual.
(4) "What is the clinging to the personality-belief? The 20 kinds of ego-views with regard to the groups of existence (s. sakka^ya-ditthi): these are called the clinging to the personality-belief" (Dhs. 1214-17).
This traditional fourfold division of clinging is not quite satisfactory. Besides kamupa^da^na we should expect either rúpupa^da^na and arúpupa^da^na, or simply bhavupa^da^na. Though the Ana^ga^mi^ is entirely free from the traditional 4 kinds of upa^da^na, he is not freed from rebirth, as he still possesses bhavupa^da^na. The Com. to Vis.M. XVII, in trying to get out of this dilemma, explains ka^mupa^da^na as including here all the remaining kinds of clinging.
"Clinging” is the common rendering for u., though ”grasping” would come closer to the literal meaning of it, which is ”uptake”; s. Three Cardinal Discourses (WHEEL 17), p.19.
”female adherent”; s. upa^saka.
Contemplation of: vaya^nupassana^, is one of the 18 chief kinds of insight (vipassa^na, q.v.).
”world of suffering”, is another name for the 4 woeful courses (duggati; s. gati) of existence, and for the 4 lower worlds (apa^ya, q.v.).
The Stream-Winner (sota^panna, q.v.) is no longer subject to rebirth in them (avinipa^ta-dhamma).
”ill-will”, is a synonym of dosa (s. múla); it is one of the 5 hindrances (ni^varana, q.v.) and one of the 10 fetters (samyojana, q.v.).
puthujjana (q.v.).
Yasodhara == 耶苏陀罗
the wife of Siddhartha Goutama.
ahan
原始佛教基本经典。各类阿含经的统称。为梵文的音译,也作阿晗 、阿含暮、阿笈摩等。《长阿含经·序》意译为“法归”,谓阿含经乃“万善之渊府,总持之林苑”。《翻译名义集》卷四译作“无比法”,言此典为法之最上者。《一切经音义》卷二十四译作“教”或“传”,意指“教说”或“依师弟传承的教说”。佛教经典大都沿袭此意解释。
内容 基本上是以一种言行录的体裁,记述佛陀所说及其直传弟子们的修道和传教活动;阐述当时“外道”的学说以及佛陀对他们的批驳。其中所述佛教的基本教义有四谛、八正道、十二因缘、缘起、无常、无我、五蕴、四禅、善恶报应、轮回等等。小乘佛教各派均宗阿含。小乘律、论也都引述或阐发阿含的内容。阿含经为研究佛教产生以及原始佛教教义的主要典籍,其中还包含当时印度政治、宗教和哲学的重要资料。
成书过程 据佛典传说,佛涅槃不久,大迦叶遴选500名硕学僧人在王舍城结集三藏。释迦牟尼所说的经由阿难诵出,有五大部阿含。一般认为,第一次结集时已确定了阿含经的基本内容,但在阿育王之前尚未经编辑。直到部派佛教时期,阿含才陆续系统地经过整理。约公园前1世纪写成文字,按经文篇幅长短,北传佛教分为《长阿含经》、《中阿含经》、《杂阿含经》和《增一阿含经》四部。南传佛教分为《长部经典》、《中部经典》、《相应部经典》、《增支部经典》和《小部经典》等五部。北传四部与南传五部的前四部大体相应。但经文排列次序相差甚大,收经的数目也不尽相同。又因两传文本出自不同部派,经文内容也有所出入。据说各大部派都有自己的阿含经,但都不同程度的添加了非佛说的后期内容。
汉译 四部阿含的汉译出自不同部派,编成时间有先后。《杂阿含经》出自化地部,南朝宋求那跋陀罗译,共50卷。此书各经文句杂碎,夹杂汇编。《增一阿含经》,属说一切有部,并以大众部本修补。东晋僧伽提婆译,共50卷(或作51卷)。此经以法数相次,从一法增至十法,一一相从,文义条贯。《中阿含经》为说一切有部所传。东晋僧伽提婆译,共60卷。《长阿含经》编辑最晚,依法藏部本。后秦佛陀耶舍、竺佛念译,共22卷。中国译经始于阿含。汉明帝时,译出《四十二章经》,从内容看当是阿含中某些章节的节译或编译。其后200余年间,有安世高、支谦、法护、法炬等译出阿含若干单品。所据文本既有梵文本又有西域各国文本,各品出自何部派已难稽考。4世纪末到5世纪中叶,四部阿含经陆续依梵本整部译出。从东汉到北宋,历代都有阿含中一些经的异译本,据《精刻大藏经目录》(支那内学院编)记载,现尚存161种。南传《小部经典》,中国有一大部分缺译,已有的译文也散存各处。此外,阿含的汉译,深受中国文化的影响,译者有时取中国习惯用语加以意译,致使意义有所不同。如汉译《长阿含经》中的《阿摩昼经》和《梵动经》有关于针灸的记载,但巴利文《长部经典》中的上述两经则无此内容。(任 杰 魏道儒)
Fa
佛教术语。《俱舍论》卷一称“能持自相故名为法”。这是传统的解释,意即凡具有质的规定性,并为人们所认识的一切事物和现象,就称为法。根据这种解释,由于大小乘及派别的不同,其分类也不同。通常有以下三种:
三科 大小乘都承认的分类法,即把一切诸法分为五蕴、十二处(又称十二入)、十八界。1、五蕴。即指构成人的五种要素的集聚。色,即物质世界,对人来说是指身体及肉体的物质性;受,即感觉;想,即表象作用;行,即意志;识,即统一各种心理作用的意识。2、十二处。即六根(眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意)和六境(色、声、香、味、触、法)。亦即六种感觉器官及其相对的客观对象。3、十八界。即六根、六境以及由此而产生的六识(眼识、耳识、鼻识、舌识、身识、意识)。
三科的分类法,要求佛教徒从这三方面来观察人和人所面对的客观世界,目的是破除“我执”的谬见,认识“无我”的道理。
五位七十五法 小乘说一切有部对宇宙万有的分类法。他们把宇宙间的一切物质现象和精神现象分为两大类:由因缘和合而产生的有生灭变化的现象称有为法;非由因缘和合而产生的无生灭变化的现象称无为法。有为法中分为色法十一种,心法一种,心所有法四十六种,心不相应法十四种。无为法只有三种。总计七十五种,故称五位七十五法。①色法。物质现象,即五根(眼、耳、鼻、舌、身)、五境(色、声、香、味、触)和无表色(亦称无作色,指外表不显的物质现象),计十一种。②心法。精神现象,一种。③心所有法。心法派生或随属的现象或作用。有四十六种,分为六品:一为遍大地法:普遍都有的精神现象或境界。有受、想、思、触(感触)、欲(欲望)、慧(智慧)、念(记忆)、作意(意愿)、胜解(以为)、三摩地(三昧),计十种。二为大善地法:善的精神现象。有信、勤(努力)、舍(精神放松)、惭(惭愧,对自己而言)、愧(惭愧,对别人而言)、无贪、无瞋、不害(不杀、非暴力)、轻安(心情舒适)、不放逸(不断努力)十种。三为大烦恼地法:较大烦恼的精神现象或境界。有无明(无知)、放逸、懈怠、不信、昏沈(昏沉)、掉举(心不平静)六种。四为大不善地法:不善的精神现象或境界。有无惭、无愧两种。五为小烦恼地法:一般烦恼的精神现象或境界。有忿(怒)、覆(掩饰错误)、悭、嫉、恼(狠戾)、害、恨、谄、诳憍(骄傲)十种。六为不定地法:不定的精神现象或境界。有恶作、睡眠、寻(寻求)、伺(深度的或细心的贪求)、贪、瞋、慢、疑八种。④心不相应法:与色、心皆不相应的,即既非精神又非物质的现象。有得(成就)、非得、同分(众生各各自我类似的一些活动)、无想果、无想定(不去思想外界,使心不动)、灭尽定(用尽力量,使思想不活动)、命根(生命的器官)、生、住(阶段性的停止)、异(变化)、灭、名身(音节合成的概念)、句身(句子的合集)、文身(字母的合集)十四种。⑤无为法。分虚空无为(认识真理犹如虚空的精神现象或境界)、择灭无为(通过智慧的拣择力,断灭烦恼而悟得的精神现象或境界)、非择灭无为(非通过智慧的拣择力,而因缺乏条件致使不生的精神现象或境界)三种。
五位百法 瑜伽行派对宇宙万有各种现象的分类法,包括心法八种,心所有法五十一种,色法十一种,心不相应法二十四种,无为法六种,合计共百种,故称五位百法。①心法。分八识,即眼识(视觉)、耳识(听觉)、鼻识(嗅觉)、舌识(味觉)、身识(触觉)、意识(统一各种心理作用的意识)、末那识(思维度量的识)、阿赖耶识(根本识)。②心所有法。分六品、五十一种。遍行:有作意、触、受、思、想五种。别境:有欲、胜解、念、定、慧五种。善:有信、精进、惭、愧、无贪、无瞋、无痴、轻安、不放逸、行、舍、不害十二种。根本烦恼:有贪、瞋(仇恨)、痴(愚昧)、慢(傲慢)、疑(犹豫不决)、恶见(错误见解)六种。随烦恼。有忿、恨、复、恼、嫉、悭、诳、谄、害、憍、无惭、无愧、掉举、昏沈、不信、懈怠、施逸、失念(遗忘)、散乱、不正知二十种。不定:有悔、睡眠、寻、伺四种。③色法。分五根(眼、耳、鼻、舌、身)、五尘(色、声、香、味、触)和法处所摄色十一种。④心不相应法。发得、命根、众同分(众生的共性)、异生性(形成众生之间不同的本性)、无想定、灭尽定、无想事、名身、句身、文身、生、老、住、无常、流转、定异(区别)、相应(因果相称)、势速(变化的速度)、次第(序列)、方(空间)、时、数、和合性(总性)、不和合性(分解)二十四种。⑤无为法。分虚空无为、择灭无为、非择灭无为、不动灭无为(不为苦乐所动的境界)、真如无为(达到最高真理的精神境界)。
诸家释义 以上仅是法的一种最常见的用法。实际上,在佛教文献中,法的含义多种多样,用法及其内涵极其复杂。例如:1、真理、法则、规范。见《法华经·方便品》、《维摩经》等。2、正当的事情(非指善行)。见《出曜经·无放逸品》。3、指作为理法的缘起。见《中阿含经》卷七。4、教导、佛陀的教导、佛法。见《维摩经》、《义足经》、《出曜经·无放逸品》、《有部律破僧事》、《法华经》、《中论》、《百五十赞》等。5、三宝之一。见《中阿含经》卷十一。6、具体的戒律,学处。见《游行经》和《大般涅槃经》。7、指十二部经 。见《般泥洹经》。8、本性。见《中论》。9、型。见《维摩经》。10、意之对象,六境之一。见《般若心经》、《金刚般若经》、《中论》、《维摩经》等。11、存在、对象。见《维摩经》、《辨中边论》、《庄严经论》、《唯识三十颂》、《成唯识论》等。12、用文字表达的意思。13、心的活动,心的功能。14、实体。15、三身之一的法身。见《唯识三十颂》。16、与主语相对之述语。见《正理门论》。17、相当于中国因明中的义、后陈、差别、能别。见《因明大疏》。18、密教中的祈祷、修法。见《百五十赞》、《观音经》、《华严经》、《灌顶经》等。(高杨 元湛)
he ”Radiant Ones”, are a class of heavenly beings of the fine-material world (rúpa-loka); cf. deva.
in morality and understanding): s. vipatti.
The 6 ”higher powers”, or supernormal knowledge”s, ...
The 6 ”higher powers”, or supernormal knowledge”s, consist of 5 mundane (lokiya, q.v.) powers attainable through the utmost perfection in mental concentration (sama^dhi, q.v.) and one supermundane (lokuttara, q.v.) power attainable through penetrating insight (vipassana^, q.v.), i.e. extinction of all cankers (a^savakkhaya; s. a^sava), in other words, realization of Arahatship or Holiness.
They are:
(1) magical powers (iddhi-vidha),
(2) divine ear (dibba-sota),
(3) penetration of the minds of others (ceto-pariya-n~a^na),
(4) remembrance of former existences (pubbe-niva^sa^nussati),
(5) divine eye (dibba-cakkhu),
(6) extinction of all cankers (a^savakkhaya).
The stereotype text met with in all the 4 Sutta-collections (e.g. D.34; M.4, M.6, M.77; A.III.99; A.V.23; S.15.9 and Pug.271, Pug.239) is as follows:
(1) "Now, O Bhikkhus, the monk enjoys the various magical powers (iddhi-vidha), such as being one he becomes manifold, and having become manifold he again becomes one. He appears and disappears. Without being obstructed he passes through walls and mountains, just as if through the air. In the earth he dives and rises up again, just as if in the water. He walks on water without sinking, just as if on the earth. Cross-legged he floats through the air, just like a winged bird. With his hand he touches the sun and moon, these so mighty ones, so powerful ones. Even up to the Brahma-world he has mastery over his body.
(2) "With the divine ear (dibba-sota) he hears sounds both heavenly and human, far and near.
(3) "He knows the minds of other beings (parassa ceto-pariya-n~a^na), of other persons, by penetrating them with his own mind. He knows the greedy mind as greedy and the not-greedy one as not greedy; knows the hating mind as hating and the not-hating one as not hating; knows the deluded mind as deluded and the not-deluded one as not deluded; knows the shrunken mind and the distracted one, the developed mind and the undeveloped one, the surpassable mind and the unsurpassable one, the concentrated mind and the unconcentrated one, the freed mind and the unfreed one.
(4) "He remembers manifold former existences (pubbe-niva^sa^nussati), such as one birth, two, three, four and five births .... hundred thousand births; remembers many formations and dissolutions of worlds: ”There I was, such name I had .... and vanishing from there I entered into existence somewhere else .... and vanishing from there I again reappeared here.” Thus he remembers, always together with the marks and peculiarities, many a former existence .
(5) ””With the divine eye (dibba-cakkhu = yatha^-kammúpaga-n~a^na or cutúpapa^ta-n~a^na), the pure one, he sees beings vanishing and reappearing, low and noble ones, beautiful and ugly ones, sees how beings are reappearing according to their deeds (s. karma): ”These beings, indeed, followed evil ways in bodily actions, words and thoughts, insulted the noble ones, held evil views, and according to their evil views they acted. At the dissolution of their body, after death, they have appeared in lower worlds, in painful states of existence, in the world of suffering, in hell. Those other beings, however, are endowed with good action .... have appeared in happy state of existence, in a heavenly world.
(6) "Through the extinction of all cankers (a^savakkhaya) even in this very life he enters into the possession of deliverance of mind, deliverance through wisdom, after having himself understood and realized it.””
4-6 appear frequently under the name of the ”threefold (higher) knowledge” (te-vijja^, q.v.). They are, however, not a necessary condition for the attainment of sainthood (arahatta), i.e. of the sixth abhin~n~a^.
Vis.M. XI-XIII gives a detailed explanation of the 5 mundane higher powers, together with the method of attaining them.
In connection with the 4 kinds of progress (s. patipada^), abhin~n~a^ means the ”comprehension” achieved on attainment of the paths and fruitions.
”truth-realization”, ...
is the full and direct grasp of the Four Noble Truths by the Stream-winner (Sota^panna; s. ariya-puggala).
In the Com. the term is represented by ”penetration” (pativedha, q.v.). Frequently occurring as dhamma^bhisamaya, ”realization of the doctrine”
Cf. S. XIII (Abhisamaya Samyutta) and Pts.M. (Abhisamaya Katha^).
s. jha^na.
”determination”, decision, resolve ...
”determination”, decision, resolve:
is one of the mental concomitants (cetasika) and belongs to the group of mental formations (sankha^ra-kkhandha).
In M.111, it is mentioned together with other mental concomitants.
See Tab. II, III.
adhitthana == 决定,决意,受持,依处,摄持