the 7: s. dhana (q.v.).
Tripitaka == 叁藏(經、律、論)
It is a Sanskrit word meaning Three Treasures:
1.Sutra Pitika - the sermons attributed to the Shakyamuni Buddha.
2.Vinaya Pitika - the discipline in practice to act according to the rules and regulations.
3.Abhidharma Pitika - the philosophical work, such as discourses, discussions, or treatises on the dogma, doctrines, etc. of Buddhism.
”clinging”, according to Vis.M. XVII, is an intensified degree of craving (tanha^, q.v.). The 4 kinds of clinging are: sensuous clinging (ka^mupa^da^na), clinging to views (ditthupa^da^na), clinging to mere rules and ritual (si^labbatupa^da^na), clinging to the personaljty-belief (atta-va^dupa^da^na).
(1) "What now is the sensuous clinging? Whatever with regard to sensuous objects there exists of sensuous lust, sensuous desire, sensuous attachment, sensuous passion, sensuous deludedness, sensuous fetters: this is called sensuous clinging.
(2) ””What is the clinging to views? ”Alms and offerings are useless; there is no fruit and result for good and bad deeds: all such view and wrong conceptions are called the clinging to views.
(3) "What is the clinging to mere rules and ritual? The holding firmly to the view that through mere rules and ritual one may reach purification: this is called the clinging to mere rules and ritual.
(4) "What is the clinging to the personality-belief? The 20 kinds of ego-views with regard to the groups of existence (s. sakka^ya-ditthi): these are called the clinging to the personality-belief" (Dhs. 1214-17).
This traditional fourfold division of clinging is not quite satisfactory. Besides kamupa^da^na we should expect either rúpupa^da^na and arúpupa^da^na, or simply bhavupa^da^na. Though the Ana^ga^mi^ is entirely free from the traditional 4 kinds of upa^da^na, he is not freed from rebirth, as he still possesses bhavupa^da^na. The Com. to Vis.M. XVII, in trying to get out of this dilemma, explains ka^mupa^da^na as including here all the remaining kinds of clinging.
"Clinging” is the common rendering for u., though ”grasping” would come closer to the literal meaning of it, which is ”uptake”; s. Three Cardinal Discourses (WHEEL 17), p.19.
”female adherent”; s. upa^saka.
Contemplation of: vaya^nupassana^, is one of the 18 chief kinds of insight (vipassa^na, q.v.).
”world of suffering”, is another name for the 4 woeful courses (duggati; s. gati) of existence, and for the 4 lower worlds (apa^ya, q.v.).
The Stream-Winner (sota^panna, q.v.) is no longer subject to rebirth in them (avinipa^ta-dhamma).
”ill-will”, is a synonym of dosa (s. múla); it is one of the 5 hindrances (ni^varana, q.v.) and one of the 10 fetters (samyojana, q.v.).
puthujjana (q.v.).
Yasodhara == 耶蘇陀羅
the wife of Siddhartha Goutama.
ahan
原始佛教基本經典。各類阿含經的統稱。爲梵文的音譯,也作阿晗 、阿含暮、阿笈摩等。《長阿含經·序》意譯爲“法歸”,謂阿含經乃“萬善之淵府,總持之林苑”。《翻譯名義集》卷四譯作“無比法”,言此典爲法之最上者。《一切經音義》卷二十四譯作“教”或“傳”,意指“教說”或“依師弟傳承的教說”。佛教經典大都沿襲此意解釋。
內容 基本上是以一種言行錄的體裁,記述佛陀所說及其直傳弟子們的修道和傳教活動;闡述當時“外道”的學說以及佛陀對他們的批駁。其中所述佛教的基本教義有四谛、八正道、十二因緣、緣起、無常、無我、五蘊、四禅、善惡報應、輪回等等。小乘佛教各派均宗阿含。小乘律、論也都引述或闡發阿含的內容。阿含經爲研究佛教産生以及原始佛教教義的主要典籍,其中還包含當時印度政治、宗教和哲學的重要資料。
成書過程 據佛典傳說,佛涅槃不久,大迦葉遴選500名碩學僧人在王舍城結集叁藏。釋迦牟尼所說的經由阿難誦出,有五大部阿含。一般認爲,第一次結集時已確定了阿含經的基本內容,但在阿育王之前尚未經編輯。直到部派佛教時期,阿含才陸續系統地經過整理。約公園前1世紀寫成文字,按經文篇幅長短,北傳佛教分爲《長阿含經》、《中阿含經》、《雜阿含經》和《增一阿含經》四部。南傳佛教分爲《長部經典》、《中部經典》、《相應部經典》、《增支部經典》和《小部經典》等五部。北傳四部與南傳五部的前四部大體相應。但經文排列次序相差甚大,收經的數目也不盡相同。又因兩傳文本出自不同部派,經文內容也有所出入。據說各大部派都有自己的阿含經,但都不同程度的添加了非佛說的後期內容。
漢譯 四部阿含的漢譯出自不同部派,編成時間有先後。《雜阿含經》出自化地部,南朝宋求那跋陀羅譯,共50卷。此書各經文句雜碎,夾雜彙編。《增一阿含經》,屬說一切有部,並以大衆部本修補。東晉僧伽提婆譯,共50卷(或作51卷)。此經以法數相次,從一法增至十法,一一相從,文義條貫。《中阿含經》爲說一切有部所傳。東晉僧伽提婆譯,共60卷。《長阿含經》編輯最晚,依法藏部本。後秦佛陀耶舍、竺佛念譯,共22卷。中國譯經始于阿含。漢明帝時,譯出《四十二章經》,從內容看當是阿含中某些章節的節譯或編譯。其後200余年間,有安世高、支謙、法護、法炬等譯出阿含若幹單品。所據文本既有梵文本又有西域各國文本,各品出自何部派已難稽考。4世紀末到5世紀中葉,四部阿含經陸續依梵本整部譯出。從東漢到北宋,曆代都有阿含中一些經的異譯本,據《精刻大藏經目錄》(支那內學院編)記載,現尚存161種。南傳《小部經典》,中國有一大部分缺譯,已有的譯文也散存各處。此外,阿含的漢譯,深受中國文化的影響,譯者有時取中國習慣用語加以意譯,致使意義有所不同。如漢譯《長阿含經》中的《阿摩晝經》和《梵動經》有關于針灸的記載,但巴利文《長部經典》中的上述兩經則無此內容。(任 傑 魏道儒)
Fa
佛教術語。《俱舍論》卷一稱“能持自相故名爲法”。這是傳統的解釋,意即凡具有質的規定性,並爲人們所認識的一切事物和現象,就稱爲法。根據這種解釋,由于大小乘及派別的不同,其分類也不同。通常有以下叁種:
叁科 大小乘都承認的分類法,即把一切諸法分爲五蘊、十二處(又稱十二入)、十八界。1、五蘊。即指構成人的五種要素的集聚。色,即物質世界,對人來說是指身體及肉體的物質性;受,即感覺;想,即表象作用;行,即意志;識,即統一各種心理作用的意識。2、十二處。即六根(眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意)和六境(色、聲、香、味、觸、法)。亦即六種感覺器官及其相對的客觀對象。3、十八界。即六根、六境以及由此而産生的六識(眼識、耳識、鼻識、舌識、身識、意識)。
叁科的分類法,要求佛教徒從這叁方面來觀察人和人所面對的客觀世界,目的是破除“我執”的謬見,認識“無我”的道理。
五位七十五法 小乘說一切有部對宇宙萬有的分類法。他們把宇宙間的一切物質現象和精神現象分爲兩大類:由因緣和合而産生的有生滅變化的現象稱有爲法;非由因緣和合而産生的無生滅變化的現象稱無爲法。有爲法中分爲色法十一種,心法一種,心所有法四十六種,心不相應法十四種。無爲法只有叁種。總計七十五種,故稱五位七十五法。①色法。物質現象,即五根(眼、耳、鼻、舌、身)、五境(色、聲、香、味、觸)和無表色(亦稱無作色,指外表不顯的物質現象),計十一種。②心法。精神現象,一種。③心所有法。心法派生或隨屬的現象或作用。有四十六種,分爲六品:一爲遍大地法:普遍都有的精神現象或境界。有受、想、思、觸(感觸)、欲(欲望)、慧(智慧)、念(記憶)、作意(意願)、勝解(以爲)、叁摩地(叁昧),計十種。二爲大善地法:善的精神現象。有信、勤(努力)、舍(精神放松)、慚(慚愧,對自己而言)、愧(慚愧,對別人而言)、無貪、無瞋、不害(不殺、非暴力)、輕安(心情舒適)、不放逸(不斷努力)十種。叁爲大煩惱地法:較大煩惱的精神現象或境界。有無明(無知)、放逸、懈怠、不信、昏沈(昏沈)、掉舉(心不平靜)六種。四爲大不善地法:不善的精神現象或境界。有無慚、無愧兩種。五爲小煩惱地法:一般煩惱的精神現象或境界。有忿(怒)、覆(掩飾錯誤)、悭、嫉、惱(狠戾)、害、恨、谄、诳憍(驕傲)十種。六爲不定地法:不定的精神現象或境界。有惡作、睡眠、尋(尋求)、伺(深度的或細心的貪求)、貪、瞋、慢、疑八種。④心不相應法:與色、心皆不相應的,即既非精神又非物質的現象。有得(成就)、非得、同分(衆生各各自我類似的一些活動)、無想果、無想定(不去思想外界,使心不動)、滅盡定(用盡力量,使思想不活動)、命根(生命的器官)、生、住(階段性的停止)、異(變化)、滅、名身(音節合成的概念)、句身(句子的合集)、文身(字母的合集)十四種。⑤無爲法。分虛空無爲(認識真理猶如虛空的精神現象或境界)、擇滅無爲(通過智慧的揀擇力,斷滅煩惱而悟得的精神現象或境界)、非擇滅無爲(非通過智慧的揀擇力,而因缺乏條件致使不生的精神現象或境界)叁種。
五位百法 瑜伽行派對宇宙萬有各種現象的分類法,包括心法八種,心所有法五十一種,色法十一種,心不相應法二十四種,無爲法六種,合計共百種,故稱五位百法。①心法。分八識,即眼識(視覺)、耳識(聽覺)、鼻識(嗅覺)、舌識(味覺)、身識(觸覺)、意識(統一各種心理作用的意識)、末那識(思維度量的識)、阿賴耶識(根本識)。②心所有法。分六品、五十一種。遍行:有作意、觸、受、思、想五種。別境:有欲、勝解、念、定、慧五種。善:有信、精進、慚、愧、無貪、無瞋、無癡、輕安、不放逸、行、舍、不害十二種。根本煩惱:有貪、瞋(仇恨)、癡(愚昧)、慢(傲慢)、疑(猶豫不決)、惡見(錯誤見解)六種。隨煩惱。有忿、恨、複、惱、嫉、悭、诳、谄、害、憍、無慚、無愧、掉舉、昏沈、不信、懈怠、施逸、失念(遺忘)、散亂、不正知二十種。不定:有悔、睡眠、尋、伺四種。③色法。分五根(眼、耳、鼻、舌、身)、五塵(色、聲、香、味、觸)和法處所攝色十一種。④心不相應法。發得、命根、衆同分(衆生的共性)、異生性(形成衆生之間不同的本性)、無想定、滅盡定、無想事、名身、句身、文身、生、老、住、無常、流轉、定異(區別)、相應(因果相稱)、勢速(變化的速度)、次第(序列)、方(空間)、時、數、和合性(總性)、不和合性(分解)二十四種。⑤無爲法。分虛空無爲、擇滅無爲、非擇滅無爲、不動滅無爲(不爲苦樂所動的境界)、真如無爲(達到最高真理的精神境界)。
諸家釋義 以上僅是法的一種最常見的用法。實際上,在佛教文獻中,法的含義多種多樣,用法及其內涵極其複雜。例如:1、真理、法則、規範。見《法華經·方便品》、《維摩經》等。2、正當的事情(非指善行)。見《出曜經·無放逸品》。3、指作爲理法的緣起。見《中阿含經》卷七。4、教導、佛陀的教導、佛法。見《維摩經》、《義足經》、《出曜經·無放逸品》、《有部律破僧事》、《法華經》、《中論》、《百五十贊》等。5、叁寶之一。見《中阿含經》卷十一。6、具體的戒律,學處。見《遊行經》和《大般涅槃經》。7、指十二部經 。見《般泥洹經》。8、本性。見《中論》。9、型。見《維摩經》。10、意之對象,六境之一。見《般若心經》、《金剛般若經》、《中論》、《維摩經》等。11、存在、對象。見《維摩經》、《辨中邊論》、《莊嚴經論》、《唯識叁十頌》、《成唯識論》等。12、用文字表達的意思。13、心的活動,心的功能。14、實體。15、叁身之一的法身。見《唯識叁十頌》。16、與主語相對之述語。見《正理門論》。17、相當于中國因明中的義、後陳、差別、能別。見《因明大疏》。18、密教中的祈禱、修法。見《百五十贊》、《觀音經》、《華嚴經》、《灌頂經》等。(高楊 元湛)
he ”Radiant Ones”, are a class of heavenly beings of the fine-material world (rúpa-loka); cf. deva.
in morality and understanding): s. vipatti.
The 6 ”higher powers”, or supernormal knowledge”s, ...
The 6 ”higher powers”, or supernormal knowledge”s, consist of 5 mundane (lokiya, q.v.) powers attainable through the utmost perfection in mental concentration (sama^dhi, q.v.) and one supermundane (lokuttara, q.v.) power attainable through penetrating insight (vipassana^, q.v.), i.e. extinction of all cankers (a^savakkhaya; s. a^sava), in other words, realization of Arahatship or Holiness.
They are:
(1) magical powers (iddhi-vidha),
(2) divine ear (dibba-sota),
(3) penetration of the minds of others (ceto-pariya-n~a^na),
(4) remembrance of former existences (pubbe-niva^sa^nussati),
(5) divine eye (dibba-cakkhu),
(6) extinction of all cankers (a^savakkhaya).
The stereotype text met with in all the 4 Sutta-collections (e.g. D.34; M.4, M.6, M.77; A.III.99; A.V.23; S.15.9 and Pug.271, Pug.239) is as follows:
(1) "Now, O Bhikkhus, the monk enjoys the various magical powers (iddhi-vidha), such as being one he becomes manifold, and having become manifold he again becomes one. He appears and disappears. Without being obstructed he passes through walls and mountains, just as if through the air. In the earth he dives and rises up again, just as if in the water. He walks on water without sinking, just as if on the earth. Cross-legged he floats through the air, just like a winged bird. With his hand he touches the sun and moon, these so mighty ones, so powerful ones. Even up to the Brahma-world he has mastery over his body.
(2) "With the divine ear (dibba-sota) he hears sounds both heavenly and human, far and near.
(3) "He knows the minds of other beings (parassa ceto-pariya-n~a^na), of other persons, by penetrating them with his own mind. He knows the greedy mind as greedy and the not-greedy one as not greedy; knows the hating mind as hating and the not-hating one as not hating; knows the deluded mind as deluded and the not-deluded one as not deluded; knows the shrunken mind and the distracted one, the developed mind and the undeveloped one, the surpassable mind and the unsurpassable one, the concentrated mind and the unconcentrated one, the freed mind and the unfreed one.
(4) "He remembers manifold former existences (pubbe-niva^sa^nussati), such as one birth, two, three, four and five births .... hundred thousand births; remembers many formations and dissolutions of worlds: ”There I was, such name I had .... and vanishing from there I entered into existence somewhere else .... and vanishing from there I again reappeared here.” Thus he remembers, always together with the marks and peculiarities, many a former existence .
(5) ””With the divine eye (dibba-cakkhu = yatha^-kammúpaga-n~a^na or cutúpapa^ta-n~a^na), the pure one, he sees beings vanishing and reappearing, low and noble ones, beautiful and ugly ones, sees how beings are reappearing according to their deeds (s. karma): ”These beings, indeed, followed evil ways in bodily actions, words and thoughts, insulted the noble ones, held evil views, and according to their evil views they acted. At the dissolution of their body, after death, they have appeared in lower worlds, in painful states of existence, in the world of suffering, in hell. Those other beings, however, are endowed with good action .... have appeared in happy state of existence, in a heavenly world.
(6) "Through the extinction of all cankers (a^savakkhaya) even in this very life he enters into the possession of deliverance of mind, deliverance through wisdom, after having himself understood and realized it.””
4-6 appear frequently under the name of the ”threefold (higher) knowledge” (te-vijja^, q.v.). They are, however, not a necessary condition for the attainment of sainthood (arahatta), i.e. of the sixth abhin~n~a^.
Vis.M. XI-XIII gives a detailed explanation of the 5 mundane higher powers, together with the method of attaining them.
In connection with the 4 kinds of progress (s. patipada^), abhin~n~a^ means the ”comprehension” achieved on attainment of the paths and fruitions.
”truth-realization”, ...
is the full and direct grasp of the Four Noble Truths by the Stream-winner (Sota^panna; s. ariya-puggala).
In the Com. the term is represented by ”penetration” (pativedha, q.v.). Frequently occurring as dhamma^bhisamaya, ”realization of the doctrine”
Cf. S. XIII (Abhisamaya Samyutta) and Pts.M. (Abhisamaya Katha^).
s. jha^na.
”determination”, decision, resolve ...
”determination”, decision, resolve:
is one of the mental concomitants (cetasika) and belongs to the group of mental formations (sankha^ra-kkhandha).
In M.111, it is mentioned together with other mental concomitants.
See Tab. II, III.
adhitthana == 決定,決意,受持,依處,攝持