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utu atta both catu gati hate hetu lust meat path peta sati talk ties tree unit agati amata ARHAT atta^ citta death doubt faith great ja^ti light merit METTA mirth pi^ti right satta sloth STUPA SUTRA vatta water " action ANATTA Arahat atappa beauty carita dha^tu ditthi eating EFFORT effort fixity forest gantha ghosts growth JATAKA khanti MANTRA MATTER matter method metta^ MUDITA object purity stains sugati taints tanha^ terror torpor trance truths tusita vatthu virati virtue agility anatta^ cetana^ CHARITY conceit control counter created destiny devotee duggati emotion factors fetters HUA TOU insight ji^vita lahuta^ mastery matured mudita^ muduta^ neutral nimitta okkanti ottappa patched patigha perfect rapture reality rebirth samatha sammuti sassata sitting thought turning vimutti vipatti vitakka vivatta a^yatana adherent AMITABHA anussati atima^na ca^ritta cemetery cetasika departed DEVOTION dhutanga dogmatic elements eternity exertion extremes fatalism fruition gotrabhú impurity interest kammanta KSATRIYA maintain MAITREYA MORALITY morality nibbatti not self opposite PARAMITA PATIENCE patience postures practice reaction sammatta sankhata santa^na serenity sucarita Table II tathata^ te vijja thinking training ujukata^ uposatha upstream virility vitality VOLITION volition 谛(satya) 慧 (Mati) acinteyya adhicitta akanittha anottappa asankhata attention avya^kata beautiful breathing cetokhila character CONDITION deva dúta deviation dhuta^nga duccarita dukkhata^ EMPTINESS emptiness existence faculties formation immediate intention lightness lokuttara mahaggata micchatta nutriment obstacles pariyatti patipada^ patipatti pativedha proximity ready wit SARIPUTRA SENSATION SIX DUSTS SIX PATHS SIX ROOTS something ti pitaka ti ratana ti sarana TRAILOKYA treasures TRIPITAKA vinipa^ta aberration absorption ADHITTHANA advertence aggregates analytical antinomies appendants awakenment BODHISATTA Bodhisatta conception conditions contiguity continuity cuti citta detachment dibba sota ego entity elasticity enthusiasm equanimity EXTINCTION extinction femininity foundation functional generation impurities inducement intimation liberality liberation MAHASATTVA MEDITATION meditation mutability opapa^tika paramattha patisandhi pattida^na productive puthujjana reflection repetition RIGHT VIEW sama^patti sensuality si^labbata sota^panna sota^patti standstill stinginess ta^vatimsa tatha^gata TEN POWERS tendencies therava^da TWO DEATHS vin~n~atti wrong path 無常(anitya) a^nantariya a^po dha^tu abandonment abstentions adhittha^na ANAPANASATI appicchata^ association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA chaste life contentment corruptions cutúpapa^ta defilements destruction determining development dissolution dosa carita earnestness EIGHT WINDS enlightened foundations immortality indifferent infatuation inoperative intoxicants itthindriya kamma patha kamma vatta LOTUS SUTRA maha^ bhúta mana^yatana mano dha^tu MIDDLE PATH middle path mind object origination pa^timokkha paritta^bha patipannaka patti da^na penetration perfections personality preparatory realization RECOGNITION rúpa^yatana sala^yatana samuttha^na san~cetana^ si^vathika^ tejo dha^tu tejo kasina temperature THREE ROOTS THREE SEALS ti lakkhana unthinkable uprightness vavattha^na 結集(samgiti) 無我(anatman) 真如(tathata) abhinibbatti accumulation adaptability bhava ditthi bhava tanha^ body witness ceto vimutti citta kkhana citta vi^thi conventional corporeality covetousness dispensation dissociation fire element FOUR VIRTUES hate natured heat element hiri ottappa inclinations intoxicating ka^ma tanha^ kammattha^na karma result light kasina lobha carita mental image mind element momentaneity pa^tiha^riya pakati si^la patisandhika petti visaya pi^ta kasina pleasantness proclivities purification ra^ga carita radiant gods recollectons RENUNCIATION restlessness RIGHT ACTION RIGHT EFFORT RIGHT SPEECH santutthita^ SIX PARAMITA SROTA-APANNA stream entry TEN PARAMITA THREE DOGMAS THREE JEWELS THREE REALMS THREE WISDOM tranquillity TWELVE BASES twin miracle va^yo dha^tu vatthu ka^ma wind element 叁界(tridhatu) 鐵薩羅(Tissara) Abbreviations ahetuka citta anatta^ va^da anuloma citta attentiveness atthi paccaya birth process cakkhu dha^tu concentration CONTEMPLATION contemplation contentedness deathlessness determination dhamma dha^tu dhamma^yatana ditthi ppatta earth element ENLIGHTENMENT enlightenment FIVE PRECEPTS fixed destiny FOUR FRUITION hadaya vatthu imperfections investigating investigation ka^ya lahuta^ kamman~n~ata^ kammattha^na^ loathsomeness lohita kasina material food mental action nimma^na rati oda^ta kasina pa^gun~n~ata^ patisambhida^ patisankha^na post nascence RIGHT THOUGHT sammuti sacca satipattha^na silent buddha SIX ENTRANCES stream winner subha nimitta tanha^ kkhaya THREE POISONS THREE SHASTRA THREE STUDIES THREE VIRTUES TIEN TAI SECT tittha^yatana TWELVE PLACES TWO OBSTACLES unconditioned understanding verbal action vipacitan~n~u vivatta kappa water element weighty karma 阿旃陀石窟(Ajanta) 舍衛城(Sravasti) 因明(Hetuvidya) a^ka^sa dha^tu abhibha^yatana ahetuka ditthi akiriya ditthi altruistic joy AMITABHA SUTRA asan~n~a satta atta kilamatha auditory organ AVALOKITESVARA buddha^nussati citt’ekaggata^ citta santa^na citta visuddhi devata^nussati dhamma^nussati EIGHTFOLD PATH eightfold path frivolous talk greedy natured habitual karma kalya^na mitta katatta^ kamma marana^nussati natthi paccaya niyata puggala path condition relative truth sahetuka citta samvatta kappa samvega vatthu sangaha vatthu SIX FULFILMENT stupid natured TEN DIRECTIONS TEN GOOD DEEDS transformation transitoriness TWELVE NIDANAS uccheda ditthi uggaha nimitta ugghatitan~n~u upapatti bhava va^ritta si^la vibhava tanha^ vigata paccaya visible object 大圓滿(mahasanti) 二谛(twi-satyas) 叁谛(tri-satyas) a^na^pa^na sati akusala vitakka avigata paccaya cakkh’ a^yatana characteristics citta sankha^ra deluded natured ditth’upa^da^na ditthi visuddhi EIGHT NEGATIONS EIGHTEEN FIELDS eternity belief FOUR GREAT VOWS gotrabhú n~a^na gustatory organ indriya samatta mental function mental obduracy natthika ditthi nihilistic view olfactory organ pathavi^ dha^tu pathavi^ kasina PRATYEKA-BUDDHA sakka^ya ditthi samatha ya^nika sankhitta citta sappatigha rúpa sceptical doubt SHATIKA SHASTRA sota^pattiyanga SPIRITUAL GHOST stored up karma tadanga paha^na TAKING PRECEPTS tatha^gata bala THREE DELUSIONS THREE OBSTACLES tranquilisation upasama^nussati vitakka vica^ra 百論(Sata-sastra) 大藏經(tri-pitaka) 法界(dharmadhatu) 極樂世界(sukhavati) adhipati paccaya anantara paccaya anatta^ san~n~a^ atthangika magga AVATAMSAKA SUTRA citta vipalla^sa citta^nupassana^ cognitive series dukkha patipada^ EIGHT SUFFERINGS equality conceit faithful natured immaterial world ka^ya gata^ sati ka^ya vin~n~atti karma formations khandha santa^na life infatuation mano san~cetana^ mental formation monks’ community natural morality nava satta^va^sa neyyattha dhamma ni^tattha dhamma nissaya nissita pan~n~a^ vimutti pindapa^tik’anga reversible merit RIGHT LIVELIHOOD round of rebirth santi^rana citta streams of merit supportive karma te ci^varik’anga THIRTY-TWO FORMS THREE EVIL PATHS THREE GOOD PATHS THREE SUFFERINGS tiraccha^na yoni vaci^ vin~n~atti votthapana citta wheel of the law 經量部(Sautrantike) 六度(sad-paramita) 律經(Vinaya-sutra) 叁性(tri-svabhava) 四谛(catur-satyas) 吳哥古迹(Angkor Vat) a^nantarika kamma a^nupubbi^ katha^ ahirika anottappa anatta^nupassana^ animitta vimokkha ascending insight bhavanga santa^na cetaso vinibandha cittass’ekaggata^ destructive karma disinterestedness ditthi vipalla^sa FIVE COMMANDMENTS FOREMOST PARAMITA FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS highest knowledge immaterial sphere ineffective karma kusala kammapatha mental advertence n~a^ta parin~n~a^ na^natta san~n~a^ NO STRIFE SAMADHI pakati upanissaya pan~n~atti si^la parikamma nimitta paticcasamuppa^da patta pindik’anga pureja^ta paccaya RIGHT REMEMBRANCE sahaja^ta paccaya santa^na santati sati sambojjhanga sati sampajan~n~a satta^va^sa nava SINGALOVADA SUTRA tatramajjhattata^ TEN DHARMA REALMS TEN WHOLESOMENESS upagha^taka kamma vin~n~a^na tthiti youth infatuation 迦毗羅衛(Kapilavastu) 叁學(tisrah siksah) 桑奇大塔(Sanch Stupa) ahetu patisandhika an~n~a^ta^vindriya asankha^rika citta atta va^dupa^da^na catu voka^ra bhava ceto pariya n~a^na corporeality group cycle of existence dha^tu vavattha^na hasituppa^da citta health infatuation karma accumulation maturity knowledge meritorious action nirodha sama^patti patibha^ga nimitta patikkúla san~n~a^ reflex perceptions regenerative karma ruminating natured samatha vipassana^ sampayutta paccaya self mortification SIDDHARTHA GOUTAMA SIX EXTERNAL BASES SIX INTERNAL BASES SPHERE OF NO-THING tada^rammana citta tatra majjhattata^ ti^rana parin~n~a^ tiraccha^na katha^ TWO FORMS OF DEATH vippayutta paccaya wheel of existence 佛所行贊(Buddhacarita) 解脫道論(Vimuttimagga) 四大(caturmahabhuta) 五種姓(panca-gotrani) alcohol prohibition anabhirati san~n~a^ analytical doctrine animitta^nupassana^ answering questions appanihita vimokkha attha patisambhida^ counteractive karma death consciousness discursive thinking FOUR GREAT ELEMENTS FOUR UNLIMITED MIND fruits of monk life gradual instruction inferiority conceit intelligent natured lofty consciousness maha^purisa vitakka majjhima^ patipada^ one group existence RIGHT CONCENTRATION RIGHT UNDERSTANDING samanantara paccaya sampaticchana citta sattakkhattu parama SATYASIDDHI SHASTRA spiritual faculties sun~n~ata^ vimokkha superiority conceit suta maya^ pan~n~a^ TEN GREAT KING VOWS upatthambhaka kamma yamaka pa^tiha^riya 阿底峽(Atisa 982~1054) 大乘經(Mahayana sutra) 寂天(Santideva 約7世紀) 六足論(Satpada sastra) 說一切有部(Sarvastivada) a^kin~can~n~a^yatana access concentration adaptation knowledge akuppa^ ceto vimutti cemetery meditations cinta^ maya pan~n~a^ derived corporeality dhamma patisambhida^ dhamma tthiti n~a^na ditthi nissita si^la five group existence four group existence MANJUSRI BODHISATTVA manovinn~a^na dha^tu NIRVANA WITH RESIDUE niyata miccha^ditthi pa^rami^ pa^ramita^ paccha^ja^ta paccaya parami^ = pa^ramita^ pubbeniva^sa^nussati regenerating process samvejani^ya ttha^na SUDDEN ENLIGHTENMENT SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA sun~n~ata^nupassana^ tanha^ nissita si^la TEN TITLES OF BUDDHA THREE ENLIGHTENMENTS ti hetu patisandhika UNCONDITIONED DHARMA VAST AND LONG TONGUE vivattana^nupassana^ yatha^santhatik’anga 大乘論(Mahayana sastra) 小乘論(Hinayana sastra) 中道(madhyamapratipad) a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana animitta ceto vimutti antara^ parinibba^yi^ bhojane mattan~n~uta^ corporeality and mind death proximate karma dependent origination DVADASHAMUKHA SHASTRA dvi hetuka patisandhi germinating once more mind and corporeality ninefold dispensation nirutti patisambhida^ patipassaddhi paha^na produced corporeality pun~n~a kiriya vatthu questions and answers sota^pannassa anga^ni TEN MERITORIOUS DEEDS THREE CLASSIFICATIONS THREE PERIODS OF TIME transference of merit ubhato bha^ga vimutta vi^thi = citta vi^thi vin~n~a^nan~ca^yatana 梵網經(Brahmajala-sutra) 中論(Madhyamika-sastra) appama^na ceto vimutti bhavanga sota^, citta catu pa^risuddhi si^la citta samuttha^na rúpa doctrine of the Buddha FLOWER ADORNMENT SUTRA FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA ji^vita navaka kala^pa kamma samuttha^na rúpa resistance perceptions sensitive corporeality SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS substrata of existence THREE UNIVERSAL TRUTHS yatha^kammúpaga n~a^na 長阿含經(Dirghagama-sutra) 楞伽經(Lankavatara-sutra) 緣起(pratitya-samutpada) bhayatupattha^na n~a^na catu dha^tu vavattha^na dasa (tatha^gata ) bala determining the reality FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS muccitu kamyata^ n~a^na NIRVANA WITHOUT RESIDUE patinissagga^nupassana^ receptive consciousness retrospective knowledge sabbúpadhi patinissagga SIX STATES OF EXISTENCE VISVABHADRA BODHISATTVA 八正道(aryastangika-marga) 成實論(Satyasiddhi-sastra) 法稱(Dharmakirti 約6~7世紀) 佛性(buddhata, buddhatva) 境行果(sthana-carya-phala) 毗尼多流支(Vinitaruci ?~594) 四分律(Dharmagupta-vinaya) 月稱(Candrakirti 約7世紀中葉) ANNUTARA-SAMYAK-SAMBODHI attainment concentration clarity of consciousness corporeality perceptions ego idea, ego perception multiformity perceptions pa^na^tipa^ta^ veramani^ paccaya sannissita si^la patibha^na patisambhida^ reflecting contemplation verbal functions of mind 部派佛部(Sectarian Buddhism) 大日經(Mahavairocana-sutra) 寂護(Santiraksita 705~762) 戒日王(Siladitya 約590~647) 十誦律(Sarvastivada-vinaya) 無量壽經(Aparimitayur-sutra) 原始佛教(primitive Buddhism) 雜阿含經(Samyuktagama-sutra) hate rooted consciousness independently enlightened indriyesu gutta dva^rata^ kankha^ vitarana visuddhi pa^timokkha samvara si^la registering consciousness SAMANTABHADRA BODHISATTVA spontaneously born beings support decisive support TEN STAGES OF BODHISATTVA VIMALAKIRTI-NIVDESA SUTRA 佛教文學(Buddhist literature) 摩诃菩提會(Maha Bodhi Society) 增一阿含經(Ekottaragama-sutra) 中阿含經(Madh yamagama-sutra) a^ha^re patikkúla san~n~a^ a^kin~can~n~a ceto vimutti ability to acquire insight analysis of the 4 elements dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu functions of consciousness happy courses of existence impersonality of existence khalu paccha^ bhattik’anga MAHA-PRAJNA-PARAMITA-SUTRA mind consciousness element paranimmita vasavatti deva parassa ceto pariya n~a^na TEN VEHICLES OF MEDITATION THREEFOLD BODY OF A BUDDHA uddhamsota akanitthaga^mi^ 發智論(Jnanaprasthana-sastra) 俱舍論(Abhidharmakosa-sastra) 越南佛教(Vietnamese Buddhism) balance of mental faculties karma produced corporeality neighbourhood concentration origination of corporeality PURE LAND OF ULTIMATE BLISS thought thought conception yatha^ bhúta n~a^na dassana 佛教建築(Buddhist architecture) akusala sa^dha^rana cetasika LAW OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION NINE STAGES OF LOTUS FLOWERS patisankha^nupassana^ n~a^na seven rebirths at the utmost SIX PERIODS OF DAY AND NIGHT 常樂我淨(nitya-sukha-atma-subha) 大般涅槃經(Mahaparinirvana-sutra) 觀無量壽經(Amitayurbhavana-sutra) 楞嚴經(surangama-samadhi-sutra) 菩薩戒本(Bodhisattva-pratimoksa) 乞[口*栗]雙提贊Khri-Sron-Lde-bTsan 瑜伽師地論(Yogacara-bhumi-sastra) dittha dhamma vedani^ya kamma EIGHTEEN DIFFERENT CHARACTERS EVIL TIME OF FIVE TURBIDITIES THREE MEDITATIONS OF ONE MIND vuttha^na ga^mini^ vipassana^ 中國佛教美術(Buddhist art in China) ascetic purification practices imperturbable karma formations sabba loke anabhirati san~n~a^ VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA 維摩經(Vimalakirti-nirdesa-sutra) equilibrium of mental faculties lahuta^ muduta^, kamman~n~ata^ pariyatti patipatti, pativedha SIX DIRECTIONS OF REINCARNATION subha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi sukha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi THREE UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS 大般若經(Mahaprajna-paramita-sutra) 鈴木大拙(Suzuki Daisetsu 1870~1966) 妙法蓮華經(Saddharmapundarika-sutra) 中國佛教音樂(Buddhist music in China) karmically acquired corporeality patipada^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi 大智度論(Mahaprajna-paramita-sastra) 冢本善隆(Tsukamoto Zenryu 1898~1980) anan~n~a^tan~ n~assa^mi^t’indriya citta ja (citta samuttha^na) rúpa ▲ 收起
南傳佛教英文辭典 【685】kusala kammapatha

”wholesome  course  of  action”;  s.  kammapatha.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【686】mental advertence

  mano-dva^ra^vajjana;  s.  a^vajjana.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【687】n~a^ta parin~n~a^

”full  understanding  (or  comprehension)  of  the  known”,  is  one  of  the  3  kinds  of  full  understanding  (parin~n~a^  q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【688】na^natta san~n~a^

  The  ”variety  (or  multiformity)  -  perceptions  are  explained  under  jha^na  (q.v.).

英漢對照詞典 【689】NO STRIFE SAMADHI

No  Strife  Samadhi  ==  無诤叁昧

Strife  means  debating  and  fighting.  It  is  a  kind  of  Samadhi,  i.e.  right  concentration/meditation.  To  cultivate  and  attain  this  Samadhi,  one  will  not  argue  or  angry  with  others  as  one  has  no  differentiation  between  self  and  others.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【690】pakati upanissaya

”direct  inducement”;  s.  paccaya.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【691】pan~n~atti si^la

”prescribed  morality”,  is  a  name  for  the  disciplinary  rules  of  the  monk  or  layman  prescribed  by  the  Buddha,  as  distinguished  from  natural  or  genuine  morality  (pakati-si^la;  s.  si^la).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【692】parikamma nimitta

”preparatory  image”;  s.  nimitta,  kasina.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【693】paticcasamuppa^da

  ”dependent  origination”,  is  the  doctrine  of  the  conditionality  of  all  physical  and  psychical  phenomena,  a  doctrine  which,  together  with  that  of  impersonality  (anatta^  q.v.),  forms  the  indispensable  condition  for  the  real  understanding  and  realization  of  the  teaching  of  the  Buddha.  It  shows  the  conditionality  and  dependent  nature  of  that  uninterrupted  flux  of  manifold  physical  and  psychical  phenomena  of  existence  conventionally  called  the  ego,  or  man,  or  animal,  etc.
Whereas  the  doctrine  of  impersonality,  or  anatta^,  proceeds  analytically,  by  splitting  existence  up  into  the  ultimate  constituent  parts,  into  mere  empty,  unsubstantial  phenomena  or  elements,  the  doctrine  of  dependent  origination,  on  the  other  hand,  proceeds  synthetically,  by  showing  that  all  these  phenomena  are,  in  some  way  or  other,  conditionally  related  with  each  other.  In  fact,  the  entire  Abhidhamma  Pitaka,  as  a  whole,  treats  really  of  nothing  but  just  these  two  doctrines:  phenomenality  -  implying  impersonality  and  conditionality  of  all  existence.  The  former  or  analytical  method  is  applied  in  Dhammasangani,  the  first  book  of  the  Abhidhamma  Pitaka;  the  latter  or  synthetical  method,  in  Pattha^na,  the  last  book  of  the  Abhidhamma  Pitaka.  For  a  synopsis  of  these  two  works,  s.  Guide  I  and  VII.
Though  this  subject  has  been  very  frequently  treated  by  Western  authors,  by  far  most  of  them  have  completely  misunderstood  the  true  meaning  and  purpose  of  the  doctrine  of  dependent  origination,  and  even  the  12  terms  themselves  have  often  been  rendered  wrongly.
The  formula  of  dependent  origination  runs  as  follows:
1.  Avijia^-paccaya^  sankha^ra^:  "Through  ignorance  are  conditioned  the  sankha^ras,"  i.e.  the  rebirth-producing  volitions  (cetana^),  or  ”karma-formations”.
2.  Sankha^ra-paccaya^  vin~n~a^nam:  "Through  the  karma-formations  (in  the  past  life)  is  conditioned  consciousness  (in  the  present  life)."
3.  Vin~n~a^na-paccaya^  na^ma-rúpam:  "Through  consciousness  are  conditioned  the  mental  and  physical  phenomena  (na^ma-rúpa),"  i.e.  that  which  makes  up  our  so-called  individual  existence.
4.  Na^ma-rúpa-paccaya^  sala^yatanam:  "Through  the  mental  and  physical  phenomena  are  conditioned  the  6  bases,"  i.e.  the  5  physical  sense-organs,  and  consciousness  as  the  sixth.
5.  Sala^yatana-paccaya^  phasso:  "Through  the  six  bases  is  conditioned  the  (sensorial  mental)  impression."
6.  Phassa-paccaya^  vedana^:  "Through  the  impression  is  conditioned  feeling."
7.  Vedana^-paccaya^  tanha^:  "Through  feeling  is  conditioned  craving."
8.  Tanha^-paccaya^  upa^da^nam:  "Through  craving  is  conditioned  clinging."
9.  Upa^da^na-paccaya^  bhavo:  "Through  clinging  is  conditioned  the  process  of  becoming,"  consisting  in  the  active  and  the  passive  life  process,  i.e.  the  rebirth-producing  karma-process  (kamma-bhava)  and,  as  its  result,  the  rebirth-process  (upapatti-bhava).
10.  Bhava-paccaya^  ja^ti:  "Through  the  (rebirth-producing  karma-)  process  of  becoming  is  conditioned  rebirth."
11.  Ja^ti-paccaya^  jara^maranam,  etc.:  "Through  rebirth  are  conditioned  old  age  and  death  (sorrow,  lamentation,  pain,  grief  and  despair).  Thus  arises  this  whole  mass  of  suffering  again  in  the  future."

The  following  diagram  shows  the  relationship  of  dependence  between  three  successive  lives:
  PAST 1  Ignorance  (avijja^)2  Karma-formations(sankha^ra^) Karma-Process  (kammabhava)5  causes:  1,2,8,9,10
  PRESENT 3  Consciousness  (vin~n~a^na)4  Mind  &  Matter(na^ma-rúpa)5  Six  Bases  (a^yatana)6  Impression  (phassa)7  Feeling  (vedana^)   Rebirth-Process  (upapattibhava)5  results:  3-7
   8  Craving  (tanha^)10  Process  of  Becoming  (bhava) Karma-Process  (kammabhava)5  causes:  1,2,8,9,10
  FUTURE 11  Rebirth  (ja^ti)12  Old  Age  and  Death  (jara^-marana) Rebirth-Process  (upapattibhava)5  results:  3-7


Before  taking  up  the  study  of  the  following  exposition,  it  is  suggested  that  the  reader  first  goes  thoroughly  through  the  article  on  the  24  conditions  (s.  paccaya).  For  a  thorough  understanding  of  the  paticcasamuppa^da  he  should  know  the  main  modes  of  conditioning,  as  decisive  support,  co-nascence,  pre-nascence,  etc.
For  a  closer  study  of  the  subject  should  be  consulted:  Vis.M.  XVII;  Fund.  III;  Guide  (Ch.  VII  and  Appendix);  Dependent  Origination,  by  Piyadassi  Thera  (WHEEL  15);  The  Significance  of  Dependent  Origination  (WHEEL  140).

(1.)  "Through  ignorance  are  conditioned  the  karma-formations"  (avijja^-paccaya^  sankha^ra^),  i.e.  all  wholesome  and  unwholesome  actions  (karma,  q.v.)  of  body,  speech  and  mind,  are  conditioned  through  ignorance.  By  ”karma-formations”  are  meant  karmically  wholesome  and  unwholesome  volitions  (cetana^),  or  volitional  activities,  in  short  karma  (q.v.,  and  Fund.  II).
In  view  of  the  many  misconceptions  current  in  the  West,  it  is  necessary  to  repeat  here  that  karma  (q.v.),  as  a  technical  term,  never  signifies  anything  but  moral  or  immoral  action,  i.e.  the  above  mentioned  volitional  activities,  or  karma-formations,  as  either  causing  results  in  the  present  life  or  being  the  causes  of  future  destiny  and  rebirth.  Thus  karma,  as  a  philosophical  term,  never  means  the  result  of  action,  as  often  wrongly  conceived  by  Western  authors.
Now,  in  what  way  are  the  karma-formations  conditioned  through  ignorance?  As  concerns  the  unwholesome  karmaformations  associated  with  greed,  hate  or  delusion  (lobha,  dosa,  moha),  these  are  always  and  in  all  circumstances,  conditioned  through  the  simultaneous  ignorance  inseparably  associated  therewith.  Thus,  ignorance  is  for  the  unwholesome  karma-formations  a  condition  by  way  of  conascence  (sahaja^ta-paccaya),  association  (sampayutta-paccaya),  presence  (atthi-paccaya),  etc.  Ignorance  further  may  be  for  them  a  condition  by  way  of  decisive  support  or  inducement  (upanissaya-paccaya),  if,  for  instance,  ignorance  coupled  with  greed  induces  a  man  to  commit  evil  deeds,  such  as  killing,  stealing,  unlawful  sexual  intercourse,  etc.  In  these  cases,  therefore,  ignorance  is  a  ”natural  decisive  suppport”  or  ”direct  inducement”  (pakati-upanissaya-paccaya).  It  also  may  become  an  indirect  inducement,  by  way  of  object  (a^rammanúpanissaya-paccaya)  of  our  thinking.  This  takes  place,  if,  for  example,  someone  remembers  a  former  state  of  ignorance  combined  with  sensual  enjoyment,  and  in  doing  so  karmically  unwholesome  states  spring  up,  such  as  sensual  desire,  grief,  etc.
For  the  wholesome  (kusala)  karma-formations,  ignorance  can  only  be  a  condition  by  way  of  decisive  support  (upanissaya),  never  by  way  of  co-nascence  (sahaja^ta),  etc.,  since  wholesome  consciousness  at  that  very  moment,  of  course,  cannot  be  associated  with  any  unwholesome  phenomenon,  such  as  ignorance.  Ignorance  is  a  ”natural  decisive  support”  or  ”direct  inducement”  (pakatupanissaya),  for  example,  if,  induced  by  ignorance  and  vanity,  one  exerts  oneself  to  attain  the  absorptions,  and  thus  finally,  through  perseverance,  reaches  these  wholesome  states  of  mind.  Ignorance  may  also  be  for  wholesome  karma-formations  a  ”decisive  support”  or  ”inducement  by  way  of  object”  (a^rammanúpanissaya),  if,  for  example,  one  refleets  on  ignorance  as  the  root  of  all  misery  in  the  world,  and  thus  finally  attains  insight  and  entrance  into  one  of  the  4  supermundane  paths  of  holiness.
For  ignorance,  s.  avijja^;  for  karma-formations,  s.  sankha^ra.

(2.)  "Through  the  karma-formations  is  conditioned  consciousness"  (sankha^ra-paccaya^  vin~n~a^nam).  This  proposition  teaches  that  the  wholesome  and  unwholesome  karma-formations  are  the  causes  of  future  rebirth  in  an  appropriate  sphere  (gati).  The  karma-formations  of  the  previous  life  condition  the  budding  in  a  new  mother”s  womb  of  a  fresh  psycho-physical  aggregation  of  the  5  groups  of  existence  (s.  khandha),  which  here  are  represented  by  consciousness  (vin~n~a^na).  All  such  karma-resultant  (vipa^ka)  consciousness,  however,  such  as  eye-consciousness  (seeing),  etc.,  as  well  as  all  the  mental  phenomena  associated  therewith  (feeling,  etc.),  are  karmically  neutral.  It  should  be  understood  that  already  from  the  very  first  moment  of  conception  in  the  mother”s  womb,  this  karma  resultant  eonsciousness  of  the  embryonic  being  is  functioning.
Against  Dr.  Paul  Dahlke”s  misconception  of  the  paticcasamuppa^da  as  "one  single  karmical  moment  of  personal  experience,"  and  of  the  ”simultaneity”  of  all  the  12  links  of  this  formula,  I  should  like  to  state  here  distinctly  that  the  interpretation  of  the  p.  given  here  as  comprising  3  successive  lives  not  only  agrees  with  all  the  different  schools  of  Buddhism  and  all  the  ancient  commentaries,  but  also  is  fully  identical  with  the  explanations  given  already  in  the  canonical  suttas.  Thus,  for  example,  it  is  said  verbatim  in  Nida^na-Samyutta  (S.  XII,  51):  "Once  ignorance  (1)  and  clinging  (9)  are  extinguished,  neither  karmically  meritorious,  nor  demeritorious,  nor  imperturbable  karma-formations  (2=10)  are  produced,  and  thus  no  consciousness  (3=11)  will  spring  up  again  in  a  new  mother”s  womb."  And  further:  "For,  if  consciousness  were  not  to  appear  in  the  mother”s  womb,  would  in  that  case  mentality  and  corporeality  (4)  arise?"  Cf.  above  diagram.
The  purpose  of  the  Buddha  in  teaching  the  p.  was  to  show  to  suffering  mankind  how,  depending  on  ignorance  and  delusion,  this  present  existence  and  suffering  has  come  about,  and  how  through  extinction  of  ignorance,  and  of  the  craving  and  clinging  conditioned  thereby,  no  more  rebirth  will  follow,  and  thus  the  standstill  of  the  process  of  existence  will  have  been  realized  and  therewith  the  extinction  of  all  suffering.

(3.)  "Through  consciousness  are  conditioned  corporeality  and  mentality"  (vin~n~a^na-paccaya^  na^ma-rúpani).  This  proposition  implies  that  without  consciousness  there  ean  be  no  mental  and  physical  process  of  existence.  By  mentality  (na^ma)  is  here  to  be  understood  the  karma-resultant  (vipa^ka)  mental  phenomena,  such  as  feeling  (vedana^),  perception  (san~n~a^),  volition  (cetana^:  non-karmical  volition  is  here  meant),  consciousness-impression  (phassa),  advertence  (manasika^ra)  (M.  9;  S.  XII,  2).  For  the  basic  7  mental  phenomena  inseparably  associated  with  every  state  of  consciousness,  s.  na^ma.  By  corporeality  (rúpa)  is  meant  the  4  physical  elements  (s.  dha^tu)  and  the  corporeality  dependent  thereon  (s.  khandha,  I).
Mentality  is  always  conditioned  through  consciousness;  i.e.  consciousness  (vin~n~a^na)  is  for  mentality  (na^ma)  a  condition  by  way  of  conascence  (sahaja^ta),  mutuality  (an~n~aman~n~a),  association  (sampayutta),  etc.,  since  the  4  mental  groups  at  all  times  form  an  inseparable  unit.
Consciousness  (vin~n~a^na)  is  for  corporeality  (rúpa)  a  condition  by  way  of  co-nascence  only  at  the  moment  of  conception,  thereafter  a  condition  by  way  of  post-nascence  (paccha^ja^ta-paccaya;  paccaya  11)  and  nutriment  (a^ha^ra),  i.e.  as  a  support.  Just  as  the  repeatedly  arising  hunger  is  a  condition  and  support  for  the  pre-arisen  body,  so  is  the  conseiousness  arising  afterwards  a  condition  and  support  for  the  maintenance  of  this  pre-arisen  body.

(4.)  "Through  mentality  and  corporeality  are  conditioned  the  6  bases  (na^ma-rúpa  paccaya^  sala^yatanam).  The  6  bases  are  a  name  for  the  5  physical  sense-organs  and,  as  6th,  the  mind-base  (mana^yatana),  i.e.  consciousness.
Mentality  (na^ma;  s.  3)  is  for  the  5  physical  bases  (a^yatana),  or  sense-organs,  a  condition  by  way  of  post-nascence.  Cf.  end  of  3.
Mentality  (na^ma),  i.e.  feeling.  etc.,  is  for  the  6th  base,  or  consciousness  -  as  being  always  inseparably  associated  therewith  a  condition  by  way  of  co-nascencc.  etc.
Corporeality  (rúpa),  here  the  4  elements,  are  for  the  5  physical  bases  (a^yatana),  or  sense-organs,  a  condition  by  way  of  support  (nissaya).
Corporeality  (rúpa),  here  the  5  physical  sense-organs,  are  for  the  6th  base  (a^yatana),  i.e.  consciousness,  a  condition  by  way  of  support  and  pre-nascence  (pureja^ta-paccaya).

(5.)  "Through  the  6  bases  is  conditioned  the  (sensorial  and  mental)  impression"  (sala^yatana-paccaya^  phasso),  for  without  the  5  physical  bases,  or  sense-organs,  there  can  be  no  sense-impressions;  and  without  the  6th  base,  or  consciousness,  there  can  be  no  mental  impression.
Thus,  the  5  physical  bases,  eye,  etc.,  are  for  the  corresponding  5  sense-impressions  (visual  impression,  etc.)  a  condition  by  way  of  support  (nissaya)  and  pre-nascence  (pureja^ta),  whereas  the  6th,  the  mind-base  (consciousness),  is  for  the  mental  impression  a  condition  by  way  of  co-nascence,  association,  mutuality,  etc.

(6.)  "Through  impression  is  conditioned  feeling"  (phassa-paccaya^  vedana^),  i.e.  the  sensorial  and  the  mental  impressions  are  for  the  feeling  associated  therewith  a  condition  by  way  of  co-nascence,  association,  mutuality,  etc.

(7.)  "Through  feeling  is  conditioned  craving"  (vedana^-paccaya^  tanha^).  Any  (karma-resultant)  feeling,  whether  agreeable,  disagreeable  or  neutral,  bodily  or  mental,  past  or  expected,  may  become  for  craving  a  condition  of  decisive  support  by  way  of  object  (a^rammanúpanissaya).  Even  physically  and  mentally  painful  feeling  may,  through  the  desire  to  be  released  therefrom,  become  for  craving  a  condition  of  decisive  support  by  way  of  object  (a^rammanupanissaya).

(8.)  "Through  craving  is  conditioned  clinging"  (tanha^-paccaya^  upa^da^nam).”Clinging”  is  explained  as  an  intensified  form  of  craving.  It  is  of  4  kinds:  (1)  clinging  to  sensuality,  (2)  to  erroneous  views,  (3)  to  rules  and  ritual,  (4)  to  personality-belief.  Sensuous  craving  is  to  (1)  a  condition  of  natural  decisive  support  (pakatupanissaya).  For  (2-4),  craving  is  a  condition  by  way  of  co-nascence,  mutuality,  root  (hetu),  etc.  It  also  may  be  a  condition  of  natural  decisive  support.  For  example,  through  craving  for  heavenly  rebirth,  etc.  people  often  may  be  induced  to  cling  to  certain  rules  and  rituals,  with  the  hope  of  reaching  thereby  the  object  of  their  desires.

(9.)  "Through  clinging  is  conditioned  the  process  of  becoming"  (upa^da^na-paccaya^  bhavo),  i.e.  the  wholesome  and  unwholesome  active  karma-process  of  becoming  (kamma-bhava),  as  well  as  the  karma-resultant  (vipa^ka)  passive  process,  the  so-called  ”rebirth-process”  (upapatti-bhava).  The  karma-process  (kammabhava)  comprises  the  5  karmical  causes:  ignorance,  karma-formations,  craving,  clinging,  karma-process  (s.  1,  2,  8,  9,  10,  of  the  diagram);  the  rebirth-process  (upapatti-bhava)  comprises  the  5  karma-results  (s.  3-7  of  the  diagram).
The  karma-process  is  here,  correctly  speaking,  a  collective  name  for  generative  karmic  volition  (kamma-cetana^)  and  all  the  mental  phenomena  associated  therewith,  whilst  the  2nd  link  (karma-formations)  designates  only  karmic  volition  (s.  a^yúhana).  Both,  however,  i.e.  the  2nd  and  10th  proposition,  practically  state  one  and  the  same  thing,  namely,  that  karma  is  the  cause  of  rebirth,  as  we  shall  see  under  10.
Clinging  (upa^da^na)  may  be  an  inducement  of  decisive  support  (upanissaya)  to  many  kinds  of  wholesome  and  unwholesome  karma.  Sensuous  clinging  (ka^múpa^da^na),  i.e.  clinging  to  sensuous  objects,  for  example,  may  be  a  direct  inducement  to  murder,  theft,  unlawful  intercourse  with  the  other  sex,  evil  words  and  thoughts,  etc.  Clinging  to  rules  and  ritual  (si^labbatúpa^da^na)  may  lead  to  self-complacency,  fanaticism,  cruelty,  etc.  Clinging  is  also  for  the  evil  karma  associated  therewith,  a  condition  by  way  of  co-nascence,  association,  etc.

(10.)  "Through  the  process  of  becoming  is  conditioned  rebirth"  (bhava-paccaya^  ja^ti),  i.e.  through  the  wholesome  and  unwholesome  karma-process  (kamma-bhava)  is  conditioned  the  rebirth-process  (upapatti-bhava).  The  2nd  and  10th  propositions,  as  already  pointed  out,  practically  teach  one  and  the  same  thing,  namely,  that  karma  is  the  cause  of  rebirth;  in  other  words,  that  the  karmical  volition  (cetana^)  is  the  seed  out  of  which  springs  the  new  life,  just  as  from  the  mango-seed  is  generated  the  new  mango-tree.
Hence,  the  5  karmical  causes  (ignorance,  etc.)  of  the  past  birth  are  the  condition  for  the  karma-results  of  the  present  birth;  and  the  5  karmical  causes  of  the  present  birth  are  the  condition  for  the  5  karma-results  of  the  next  birth  (s.  diagram).  As  it  is  said  in  Vis.M.  XVII:
"Five  causes  were  there  in  the  past,
Five  fruits  we  find  in  present  life;
Five  causes  do  we  now  produce,
Five  fruits  we  reap  in  future  life."

Now,  just  as  in  this  process  of  continually  changing  mental  and  bodily  phenomena,  nothing  can  be  found  that  would  pass  from  one  moment  to  the  next  moment,  so  also  there  is  no  enduring  entity,  ego,  or  personality,  within  this  process  of  existence  that  would  transmigrate  from  one  life  to  the  next  (s.  na^ma-rúpa,  anatta^,  patisandhi,  khandha)."No  being  and  no  living  soul  passed  from  the  former  life  to  this  life,  and  yet  this  present  embryo  could  not  have  entered  into  existence  without  the  preceding  causes"  (Vis.M.  XVII)."Many  things  may  serve  to  illustrate  this  fact,  as  for  example  the  echo,  the  light  of  a  lamp,  the  impression  of  a  seal,  or  the  image  produced  by  a  mirror"  (ib.).
"Whosoever  is  in  the  dark  with  regard  to  the  conditionally  arisen  things,  and  does  not  understand  that  karma  originates  from  ignorance,  etc.,  he  thinks  that  it  must  be  his  ego  that  knows  or  does  not  know,  acts  and  causes  to  act,  and  that  arises  at  rebirth.  Or  he  thinks  that  the  atoms,  or  a  creator,  with  the  help  of  this  embryonic  process,  must  have  formed  this  body,  or  that  it  is  the  ego  endowed  with  faculties  that  has  impressions,  feels,  desires,  clings,  continues  and  enters  again  into  existence  in  a  new  birth.  Or  he  thinks  that  all  beings  have  been  born  through  fate,  or  fortuitously"  (Vis.M.  XVII).
Now,  on  hearing  that  Buddhism  teaches  that  everything  whatever  in  the  world  is  determined  by  conditions  some  might  come  to  the  conclusion  that  Buddhism  teaches  some  sort  of  fatalism,  and  that  man  has  no  free  will,  or  that  will  is  not  free.
The  problem  ”whether  man  has  a  free  will”  does  not  exist  for,  the  Buddhist,  since  he  knows  that,  apart  from  these  everchanging  mental  and  physical  phenomena,  no  such  entity  as  ”man”  can  be  found,  and  that  ”man”  is  merely  a  name  not  relating  to  any  reality.  And  the  question,  ”whether  will  is  free”,  must  be  rejected  for  the  reason  that  ”will”,  or  volition,  is  a  mental  phenomenon  flashing  forth  only  for  a  moment,  and  that  as  such  it  had  not  any  existence  at  the  preceding  moment.  For  of  a  thing  which  is  not,  or  is  not  yet,  one  cannot,  properly  speaking,  ask  whether  it  is  free  or  unfree.  The  only  admissible  question  would  be  whether  the  arising  of  ”will”  is  independent  of  conditions,  or  whether  it  is  conditioned.  But  the  same  question  would  equally  apply  also  to  all  the  other  mental  phenomena,  as  well  as  to  all  physical  phenomena,  in  other  words:  to  everything  and  every  occurrence  whatever.  And  the  answer  would  be:  whether  will  arises,  or  whether  feeling  arises,  or  whether  any  other  mental  or  any  physical  phenomenon  arises,  the  arising  of  anything  whatsoever  is  dependent  on  conditions,  and  without  conditions  nothing  ever  can  arise  or  enter  into  existence.
According  to  Buddhism,  everything  mental  or  physical  happens  in  accordance  with  laws  and  conditions;  and  if  it  were  otherwise,  chaos  and  blind  chance  would  reign.  But  such  a  thing  is  impossible  and  contradicts  all  laws  of  thinking.  Cf.  Fund.  III  (end).


(11.)  "Through  rebirth  are  conditioned  old  age  and  death"  (ja^tipaccaya^  jara^-maranam).  Without  birth  there  can  be  no  old  age  and  death,  no  suffering  and  misery.  Thus  rebirth  is  to  old  age  and  death,  etc.  a  condition  by  way  of  decisive  support  (upanissaya).
The  Buddha  has  said  (D.  15):  "Profound,  Ananda.  is  this  dependent  origination,  and  profound  does  it  appear.  It  is  through  not  understanding,  not  penetrating,  this  law  that  this  world  resembles  a  tangled  ball  of  thread,  a  bird”s  nest,  a  thicket  of  sedge  or  reed,  and  that  man  does  not  escape  from  the  lower  states  of  existence,  from  the  course  of  woe  and  perdition,  suffering  from  the  round  of  rebirth."  And  further  (M.  28):  ”Whoso  understands  the  dependent  origination  understands  the  Dhamma;  and  whoso  understands  the  Dhamma  understands  the  dependent  origination."

南傳佛教英文辭典 【694】patta pindik’anga

  the  ”exercise  of  the  bowl-eater”,  is  one  of  the  13  ascetic  purification-exercises  (dhutanga,  q.v.),  consisting  in  the  vow  of  using  only  the  alms-bowl  for  eating,  and  the  rejection  of  any  other  vessel.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【695】pureja^ta paccaya

”pre-nascence”,  is  one  of  the  24  conditions  (paccaya,  q.v.).

英漢對照詞典 【696】RIGHT REMEMBRANCE

Right  Remembrance  ==  正念

right  memory,  right  mindfulness;  the  seventh  of  the  Eightfold  Path,  avoiding  distracted  and  clouded  state  of  mind,  awareness  and  self-possessed.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【697】sahaja^ta paccaya

”co-nascence”,  is  one  of  the  24  conditions  (paccaya,  q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【698】santa^na santati

  The  terms  citta-,  rúpa-,  khandha-,  bhavanga-s.:,  etc.,  are  found,  here  and  there,  in  the  Abh.  Canon  (e.g.  Dhs.  §  634,  Kath.  110;  s.  Guide  V),  but  they  are  often  met  with  in  the  Abh.  Com.  In  the  Sutta  (Therag.  716)  is  found  sankha^rasantati.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【699】sati sambojjhanga

”mindfulness  as  factor  of  enlightenment”  s.  bojjhanga.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【700】sati sampajan~n~a

”mindfulness  and  clarity  of  consciousness,  s.  sampajan~n~a.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【701】satta^va^sa nava

”abodes  of  beings”.  In  the  sutta-texts  (e.g.  D.  33;  A.IX,  24)  9  such  abodes  are  mentioned:
"There  are,  o  monks,  9  abodes  of  beings,  namely:
(1)  "There  are  beings  who  are  different  in  body  and  different  in  perception,  such  as  the  human  beings,  some  heavenly  beings,  and  some  beings  living  in  the  world  of  suffering  (vinipa^tika,  q.v.).
(2)  ””There  are  beings  who  are  different  in  body  but  equal  in  perception,  such  as  the  first-born  gods  of  the  Brahma-world  (i.e.  at  the  beginning  of  each  new  world-formation;  s.  deva  II).
(3)  ””There  are  beings  who  are  equal  in  body  but  different  in  perception,  such  as  the  Radiant  Gods  (a^bhassara,  s.  deva  II).
(4)  "There  are  beings  who  are  equal  in  body  and  equal  in  perception,  such  as  the  All-Illuminating  Gods  (subha-kinha;  s.  deva  II).
(5)  "There  are  beings  without  perception  and  feeling,  such  as  the  unconscious  beings  (asan~n~a-satta,  q.v.).
(6)  "There  are  beings  who,  through  the  complete  overcoming  of  perceptions  of  matter  (rúpa-san~n~a),  the  disappearance  of  perceptions  of  sense-reaction  (patigha-san~n~a),  and  the  non-attention  to  perceptions  of  variety  thinking:  ”Boundless  is  space”,  are  reborn  in  the  sphere  of  buundless  space  (s.  deva,  III;  jha^na,  5).
(7)  "There  are  beings  who,  through  the  complete  overcoming  of  the  sphere  of  boundless  space,  thinking:  ”Boundless  is  consciousness”,  are  reborn  in  the  sphere  of  boundless  consciousness  (s.  jha^na  6).
(8)  "There  are  beings  who,  through  the  complete  overcoming  of  the  sphere  of  boundless  consciousness,  thinking:  ”Nothing  is  there,  are  reborn  in  the  sphere  of  nothingness  (s.  jha^na,  7).
(9)  "There  are  beings  who,  through  the  complete  overcoming  of  the  sphere  of  nothingness,  are  reborn  in  the  sphere  of  neither-perception-nor-non-perception  (s.  jha^na,  8)"  (A.  IX,  24).
According  to  the  Com.  to  A.,  the  beings  of  the  Pure  Abodes  (suddha^va^sa,  q.v.)  are  not  mentioned  here,  for  the  reason  that  they  exist  only  in  those  world-periods  in  which  Buddhas  appear.  Cf.  vin~n~a^na-tthiti.

英漢對照詞典 【702】SINGALOVADA SUTRA

Singalovada  Sutra  ==  善生經

a  short  sutra  about  ethics  and  morality.

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