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utu atta both catu gati hate hetu lust meat path peta sati talk ties tree unit agati amata ARHAT atta^ citta death doubt faith great ja^ti light merit METTA mirth pi^ti right satta sloth STUPA SUTRA vatta water " action ANATTA Arahat atappa beauty carita dha^tu ditthi eating EFFORT effort fixity forest gantha ghosts growth JATAKA khanti MANTRA MATTER matter method metta^ MUDITA object purity stains sugati taints tanha^ terror torpor trance truths tusita vatthu virati virtue agility anatta^ cetana^ CHARITY conceit control counter created destiny devotee duggati emotion factors fetters HUA TOU insight ji^vita lahuta^ mastery matured mudita^ muduta^ neutral nimitta okkanti ottappa patched patigha perfect rapture reality rebirth samatha sammuti sassata sitting thought turning vimutti vipatti vitakka vivatta a^yatana adherent AMITABHA anussati atima^na ca^ritta cemetery cetasika departed DEVOTION dhutanga dogmatic elements eternity exertion extremes fatalism fruition gotrabhú impurity interest kammanta KSATRIYA maintain MAITREYA MORALITY morality nibbatti not self opposite PARAMITA PATIENCE patience postures practice reaction sammatta sankhata santa^na serenity sucarita Table II tathata^ te vijja thinking training ujukata^ uposatha upstream virility vitality VOLITION volition 谛(satya) 慧 (Mati) acinteyya adhicitta akanittha anottappa asankhata attention avya^kata beautiful breathing cetokhila character CONDITION deva dúta deviation dhuta^nga duccarita dukkhata^ EMPTINESS emptiness existence faculties formation immediate intention lightness lokuttara mahaggata micchatta nutriment obstacles pariyatti patipada^ patipatti pativedha proximity ready wit SARIPUTRA SENSATION SIX DUSTS SIX PATHS SIX ROOTS something ti pitaka ti ratana ti sarana TRAILOKYA treasures TRIPITAKA vinipa^ta aberration absorption ADHITTHANA advertence aggregates analytical antinomies appendants awakenment BODHISATTA Bodhisatta conception conditions contiguity continuity cuti citta detachment dibba sota ego entity elasticity enthusiasm equanimity EXTINCTION extinction femininity foundation functional generation impurities inducement intimation liberality liberation MAHASATTVA MEDITATION meditation mutability opapa^tika paramattha patisandhi pattida^na productive puthujjana reflection repetition RIGHT VIEW sama^patti sensuality si^labbata sota^panna sota^patti standstill stinginess ta^vatimsa tatha^gata TEN POWERS tendencies therava^da TWO DEATHS vin~n~atti wrong path 无常(anitya) a^nantariya a^po dha^tu abandonment abstentions adhittha^na ANAPANASATI appicchata^ association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA chaste life contentment corruptions cutúpapa^ta defilements destruction determining development dissolution dosa carita earnestness EIGHT WINDS enlightened foundations immortality indifferent infatuation inoperative intoxicants itthindriya kamma patha kamma vatta LOTUS SUTRA maha^ bhúta mana^yatana mano dha^tu MIDDLE PATH middle path mind object origination pa^timokkha paritta^bha patipannaka patti da^na penetration perfections personality preparatory realization RECOGNITION rúpa^yatana sala^yatana samuttha^na san~cetana^ si^vathika^ tejo dha^tu tejo kasina temperature THREE ROOTS THREE SEALS ti lakkhana unthinkable uprightness vavattha^na 结集(samgiti) 无我(anatman) 真如(tathata) abhinibbatti accumulation adaptability bhava ditthi bhava tanha^ body witness ceto vimutti citta kkhana citta vi^thi conventional corporeality covetousness dispensation dissociation fire element FOUR VIRTUES hate natured heat element hiri ottappa inclinations intoxicating ka^ma tanha^ kammattha^na karma result light kasina lobha carita mental image mind element momentaneity pa^tiha^riya pakati si^la patisandhika petti visaya pi^ta kasina pleasantness proclivities purification ra^ga carita radiant gods recollectons RENUNCIATION restlessness RIGHT ACTION RIGHT EFFORT RIGHT SPEECH santutthita^ SIX PARAMITA SROTA-APANNA stream entry TEN PARAMITA THREE DOGMAS THREE JEWELS THREE REALMS THREE WISDOM tranquillity TWELVE BASES twin miracle va^yo dha^tu vatthu ka^ma wind element 三界(tridhatu) 铁萨罗(Tissara) Abbreviations ahetuka citta anatta^ va^da anuloma citta attentiveness atthi paccaya birth process cakkhu dha^tu concentration CONTEMPLATION contemplation contentedness deathlessness determination dhamma dha^tu dhamma^yatana ditthi ppatta earth element ENLIGHTENMENT enlightenment FIVE PRECEPTS fixed destiny FOUR FRUITION hadaya vatthu imperfections investigating investigation ka^ya lahuta^ kamman~n~ata^ kammattha^na^ loathsomeness lohita kasina material food mental action nimma^na rati oda^ta kasina pa^gun~n~ata^ patisambhida^ patisankha^na post nascence RIGHT THOUGHT sammuti sacca satipattha^na silent buddha SIX ENTRANCES stream winner subha nimitta tanha^ kkhaya THREE POISONS THREE SHASTRA THREE STUDIES THREE VIRTUES TIEN TAI SECT tittha^yatana TWELVE PLACES TWO OBSTACLES unconditioned understanding verbal action vipacitan~n~u vivatta kappa water element weighty karma 阿旃陀石窟(Ajanta) 舍卫城(Sravasti) 因明(Hetuvidya) a^ka^sa dha^tu abhibha^yatana ahetuka ditthi akiriya ditthi altruistic joy AMITABHA SUTRA asan~n~a satta atta kilamatha auditory organ AVALOKITESVARA buddha^nussati citt’ekaggata^ citta santa^na citta visuddhi devata^nussati dhamma^nussati EIGHTFOLD PATH eightfold path frivolous talk greedy natured habitual karma kalya^na mitta katatta^ kamma marana^nussati natthi paccaya niyata puggala path condition relative truth sahetuka citta samvatta kappa samvega vatthu sangaha vatthu SIX FULFILMENT stupid natured TEN DIRECTIONS TEN GOOD DEEDS transformation transitoriness TWELVE NIDANAS uccheda ditthi uggaha nimitta ugghatitan~n~u upapatti bhava va^ritta si^la vibhava tanha^ vigata paccaya visible object 大圆满(mahasanti) 二谛(twi-satyas) 三谛(tri-satyas) a^na^pa^na sati akusala vitakka avigata paccaya cakkh’ a^yatana characteristics citta sankha^ra deluded natured ditth’upa^da^na ditthi visuddhi EIGHT NEGATIONS EIGHTEEN FIELDS eternity belief FOUR GREAT VOWS gotrabhú n~a^na gustatory organ indriya samatta mental function mental obduracy natthika ditthi nihilistic view olfactory organ pathavi^ dha^tu pathavi^ kasina PRATYEKA-BUDDHA sakka^ya ditthi samatha ya^nika sankhitta citta sappatigha rúpa sceptical doubt SHATIKA SHASTRA sota^pattiyanga SPIRITUAL GHOST stored up karma tadanga paha^na TAKING PRECEPTS tatha^gata bala THREE DELUSIONS THREE OBSTACLES tranquilisation upasama^nussati vitakka vica^ra 百论(Sata-sastra) 大藏经(tri-pitaka) 法界(dharmadhatu) 极乐世界(sukhavati) adhipati paccaya anantara paccaya anatta^ san~n~a^ atthangika magga AVATAMSAKA SUTRA citta vipalla^sa citta^nupassana^ cognitive series dukkha patipada^ EIGHT SUFFERINGS equality conceit faithful natured immaterial world ka^ya gata^ sati ka^ya vin~n~atti karma formations khandha santa^na life infatuation mano san~cetana^ mental formation monks’ community natural morality nava satta^va^sa neyyattha dhamma ni^tattha dhamma nissaya nissita pan~n~a^ vimutti pindapa^tik’anga reversible merit RIGHT LIVELIHOOD round of rebirth santi^rana citta streams of merit supportive karma te ci^varik’anga THIRTY-TWO FORMS THREE EVIL PATHS THREE GOOD PATHS THREE SUFFERINGS tiraccha^na yoni vaci^ vin~n~atti votthapana citta wheel of the law 经量部(Sautrantike) 六度(sad-paramita) 律经(Vinaya-sutra) 三性(tri-svabhava) 四谛(catur-satyas) 吴哥古迹(Angkor Vat) a^nantarika kamma a^nupubbi^ katha^ ahirika anottappa anatta^nupassana^ animitta vimokkha ascending insight bhavanga santa^na cetaso vinibandha cittass’ekaggata^ destructive karma disinterestedness ditthi vipalla^sa FIVE COMMANDMENTS FOREMOST PARAMITA FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS highest knowledge immaterial sphere ineffective karma kusala kammapatha mental advertence n~a^ta parin~n~a^ na^natta san~n~a^ NO STRIFE SAMADHI pakati upanissaya pan~n~atti si^la parikamma nimitta paticcasamuppa^da patta pindik’anga pureja^ta paccaya RIGHT REMEMBRANCE sahaja^ta paccaya santa^na santati sati sambojjhanga sati sampajan~n~a satta^va^sa nava SINGALOVADA SUTRA tatramajjhattata^ TEN DHARMA REALMS TEN WHOLESOMENESS upagha^taka kamma vin~n~a^na tthiti youth infatuation 迦毗罗卫(Kapilavastu) 三学(tisrah siksah) 桑奇大塔(Sanch Stupa) ahetu patisandhika an~n~a^ta^vindriya asankha^rika citta atta va^dupa^da^na catu voka^ra bhava ceto pariya n~a^na corporeality group cycle of existence dha^tu vavattha^na hasituppa^da citta health infatuation karma accumulation maturity knowledge meritorious action nirodha sama^patti patibha^ga nimitta patikkúla san~n~a^ reflex perceptions regenerative karma ruminating natured samatha vipassana^ sampayutta paccaya self mortification SIDDHARTHA GOUTAMA SIX EXTERNAL BASES SIX INTERNAL BASES SPHERE OF NO-THING tada^rammana citta tatra majjhattata^ ti^rana parin~n~a^ tiraccha^na katha^ TWO FORMS OF DEATH vippayutta paccaya wheel of existence 佛所行赞(Buddhacarita) 解脱道论(Vimuttimagga) 四大(caturmahabhuta) 五种姓(panca-gotrani) alcohol prohibition anabhirati san~n~a^ analytical doctrine animitta^nupassana^ answering questions appanihita vimokkha attha patisambhida^ counteractive karma death consciousness discursive thinking FOUR GREAT ELEMENTS FOUR UNLIMITED MIND fruits of monk life gradual instruction inferiority conceit intelligent natured lofty consciousness maha^purisa vitakka majjhima^ patipada^ one group existence RIGHT CONCENTRATION RIGHT UNDERSTANDING samanantara paccaya sampaticchana citta sattakkhattu parama SATYASIDDHI SHASTRA spiritual faculties sun~n~ata^ vimokkha superiority conceit suta maya^ pan~n~a^ TEN GREAT KING VOWS upatthambhaka kamma yamaka pa^tiha^riya 阿底峡(Atisa 982~1054) 大乘经(Mahayana sutra) 寂天(Santideva 约7世纪) 六足论(Satpada sastra) 说一切有部(Sarvastivada) a^kin~can~n~a^yatana access concentration adaptation knowledge akuppa^ ceto vimutti cemetery meditations cinta^ maya pan~n~a^ derived corporeality dhamma patisambhida^ dhamma tthiti n~a^na ditthi nissita si^la five group existence four group existence MANJUSRI BODHISATTVA manovinn~a^na dha^tu NIRVANA WITH RESIDUE niyata miccha^ditthi pa^rami^ pa^ramita^ paccha^ja^ta paccaya parami^ = pa^ramita^ pubbeniva^sa^nussati regenerating process samvejani^ya ttha^na SUDDEN ENLIGHTENMENT SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA sun~n~ata^nupassana^ tanha^ nissita si^la TEN TITLES OF BUDDHA THREE ENLIGHTENMENTS ti hetu patisandhika UNCONDITIONED DHARMA VAST AND LONG TONGUE vivattana^nupassana^ yatha^santhatik’anga 大乘论(Mahayana sastra) 小乘论(Hinayana sastra) 中道(madhyamapratipad) a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana animitta ceto vimutti antara^ parinibba^yi^ bhojane mattan~n~uta^ corporeality and mind death proximate karma dependent origination DVADASHAMUKHA SHASTRA dvi hetuka patisandhi germinating once more mind and corporeality ninefold dispensation nirutti patisambhida^ patipassaddhi paha^na produced corporeality pun~n~a kiriya vatthu questions and answers sota^pannassa anga^ni TEN MERITORIOUS DEEDS THREE CLASSIFICATIONS THREE PERIODS OF TIME transference of merit ubhato bha^ga vimutta vi^thi = citta vi^thi vin~n~a^nan~ca^yatana 梵网经(Brahmajala-sutra) 中论(Madhyamika-sastra) appama^na ceto vimutti bhavanga sota^, citta catu pa^risuddhi si^la citta samuttha^na rúpa doctrine of the Buddha FLOWER ADORNMENT SUTRA FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA ji^vita navaka kala^pa kamma samuttha^na rúpa resistance perceptions sensitive corporeality SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS substrata of existence THREE UNIVERSAL TRUTHS yatha^kammúpaga n~a^na 长阿含经(Dirghagama-sutra) 楞伽经(Lankavatara-sutra) 缘起(pratitya-samutpada) bhayatupattha^na n~a^na catu dha^tu vavattha^na dasa (tatha^gata ) bala determining the reality FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS muccitu kamyata^ n~a^na NIRVANA WITHOUT RESIDUE patinissagga^nupassana^ receptive consciousness retrospective knowledge sabbúpadhi patinissagga SIX STATES OF EXISTENCE VISVABHADRA BODHISATTVA 八正道(aryastangika-marga) 成实论(Satyasiddhi-sastra) 法称(Dharmakirti 约6~7世纪) 佛性(buddhata, buddhatva) 境行果(sthana-carya-phala) 毗尼多流支(Vinitaruci ?~594) 四分律(Dharmagupta-vinaya) 月称(Candrakirti 约7世纪中叶) ANNUTARA-SAMYAK-SAMBODHI attainment concentration clarity of consciousness corporeality perceptions ego idea, ego perception multiformity perceptions pa^na^tipa^ta^ veramani^ paccaya sannissita si^la patibha^na patisambhida^ reflecting contemplation verbal functions of mind 部派佛部(Sectarian Buddhism) 大日经(Mahavairocana-sutra) 寂护(Santiraksita 705~762) 戒日王(Siladitya 约590~647) 十诵律(Sarvastivada-vinaya) 无量寿经(Aparimitayur-sutra) 原始佛教(primitive Buddhism) 杂阿含经(Samyuktagama-sutra) hate rooted consciousness independently enlightened indriyesu gutta dva^rata^ kankha^ vitarana visuddhi pa^timokkha samvara si^la registering consciousness SAMANTABHADRA BODHISATTVA spontaneously born beings support decisive support TEN STAGES OF BODHISATTVA VIMALAKIRTI-NIVDESA SUTRA 佛教文学(Buddhist literature) 摩诃菩提会(Maha Bodhi Society) 增一阿含经(Ekottaragama-sutra) 中阿含经(Madh yamagama-sutra) a^ha^re patikkúla san~n~a^ a^kin~can~n~a ceto vimutti ability to acquire insight analysis of the 4 elements dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu functions of consciousness happy courses of existence impersonality of existence khalu paccha^ bhattik’anga MAHA-PRAJNA-PARAMITA-SUTRA mind consciousness element paranimmita vasavatti deva parassa ceto pariya n~a^na TEN VEHICLES OF MEDITATION THREEFOLD BODY OF A BUDDHA uddhamsota akanitthaga^mi^ 发智论(Jnanaprasthana-sastra) 俱舍论(Abhidharmakosa-sastra) 越南佛教(Vietnamese Buddhism) balance of mental faculties karma produced corporeality neighbourhood concentration origination of corporeality PURE LAND OF ULTIMATE BLISS thought thought conception yatha^ bhúta n~a^na dassana 佛教建筑(Buddhist architecture) akusala sa^dha^rana cetasika LAW OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION NINE STAGES OF LOTUS FLOWERS patisankha^nupassana^ n~a^na seven rebirths at the utmost SIX PERIODS OF DAY AND NIGHT 常乐我净(nitya-sukha-atma-subha) 大般涅槃经(Mahaparinirvana-sutra) 观无量寿经(Amitayurbhavana-sutra) 楞严经(surangama-samadhi-sutra) 菩萨戒本(Bodhisattva-pratimoksa) 乞[口*栗]双提赞Khri-Sron-Lde-bTsan 瑜伽师地论(Yogacara-bhumi-sastra) dittha dhamma vedani^ya kamma EIGHTEEN DIFFERENT CHARACTERS EVIL TIME OF FIVE TURBIDITIES THREE MEDITATIONS OF ONE MIND vuttha^na ga^mini^ vipassana^ 中国佛教美术(Buddhist art in China) ascetic purification practices imperturbable karma formations sabba loke anabhirati san~n~a^ VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA 维摩经(Vimalakirti-nirdesa-sutra) equilibrium of mental faculties lahuta^ muduta^, kamman~n~ata^ pariyatti patipatti, pativedha SIX DIRECTIONS OF REINCARNATION subha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi sukha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi THREE UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS 大般若经(Mahaprajna-paramita-sutra) 铃木大拙(Suzuki Daisetsu 1870~1966) 妙法莲华经(Saddharmapundarika-sutra) 中国佛教音乐(Buddhist music in China) karmically acquired corporeality patipada^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi 大智度论(Mahaprajna-paramita-sastra) 冢本善隆(Tsukamoto Zenryu 1898~1980) anan~n~a^tan~ n~assa^mi^t’indriya citta ja (citta samuttha^na) rúpa ▲ 收起
南传佛教英文辞典 【55】dha^tu

  ”elements”,  are  the  ultimate  constituents  of  a  whole.
(1)  The  4  physical  elements  (dha^tu  or  maha^-bhúta),  popularly  called  earth,  water,  fire  and  wind,  are  to  be  understood  as  the  primary  qualities  of  matter.  They  are  named  in  Pa^li:  pathavi^-dha^tu,  a^po-dha^tu,  tejo-dha^tu,  and  va^yo-dha^tu.  In  Vis.M.  XI,  2  the  four  elements  are  defined  thus:  "Whatever  is  characterized  by  hardness  (thaddha-lakkkhana)  is  the  earth  or  solid-element;  by  cohesion  (a^bandhana)  or  fluidity,  the  water-element;  by  heating  (paripa^cana),  the  fire  or  heat-element;  by  strengthening  or  supporting  (vitthambhana),  the  wind  or  motion-element.  All  four  are  present  in  every  material  object,  though  in  varying  degrees  of  strength.  If,  for  instance,  the  earth  element  predominates,  the  material  object  is  called  ”solid”,  etc.  -  For  the  analysis  of  the  4  elements,  s.  dha^tu-vavattha^na.
(II)  The  18  physical  and  mental  elements  that  constitute  the  conditions  or  foundations  of  the  process  of  perception,  are:

1.  visual  organ  (eye)  9.  gustative  object
2.  auditory  organ  (ear)  10.  body-impression
3.  olfactory  organ  (nose)  11.  eye-consciousness
4.  gustatory  organ  (tongue)  12.  ear-consciousness
5.  tactile  organ  (body)  13.  nose-consciousness
6.  visible  object  14.  tongue-consciousness
7.  sound  or  audible  object  15.  body-consciousness
8.  odour  or  olfactive  object
16.  mind-element  17.  mind-object
(mano-dha^tu)  (dhamma-dha^tu)
18.  mind-consciousness-element
(mano-vin~n~a^na-dha^tu)

1-10  are  physical;  11-16  and  18  are  mental;  17  may  be  either  physical  or  mental.  -  16  performs  the  function  of  advertence  (a^vajjana)  towards  the  object  at  the  inception  of  a  process  of  sensuous  consciousness;  it  further  performs  the  function  of  receiving  (sampaticchana)  the  sensuous  object.  18  performs,  e.g.,  the  function  of  investigation  (santi^rana),  determining  (votthapana)  and  registering  (tada^rammana)  -  (for  its  other  functions,  s.  Table  I).  For  the  14  functions  of  consciousness,  s.  vin~n~a^na-kicca.
Cf.  M.  115;  S.  XIV  and  especially  Vibh.  II  (Guide  p.  28f),  Vis.M.  XV,  17ff.
Of  the  many  further  groupings  of  elements  (enumerated  in  M.  115),  the  best  known  is  that  of  the  3  world-elements:  the  sensuous  world  (ka^ma-dha^tu),  the  fine-material  world  (rúpa-dha^tu),  the  immaterial  world  (arúpa-dha^tu);  further  the  sixfold  group:  the  solid,  liquid,  heat,  motion,  space,  consciousness  (pathavi^,  a^po,  tejo,  va^yo,  a^ka^sa,  vin~n~a^na;  s.  above  I),  described  in  M.  140;  see  also  M.  112.

南传佛教英文辞典 【56】ditthi

  (lit.”sight”;  ?  dis,  to  see):  view,  belief,  speculative  opinion,  insight.  If  not  qualified  by  samma^,  ”right”,  it  mostly  refers  to  wrong  and  evil  view  or  opinion,  and  only  in  a  few  instances  to  right  view,  understanding  or  insight  (e.g.  ditthi-ppatta,  q.v.;  ditthi-visuddhi,  purification  of  insight;  ditthi-sampanna,  possessed  of  insight).
Wrong  or  evil  views  (ditthi  or  miccha^-ditthi)  are  declared  as  utterly  rejectable  for  being  a  source  of  wrong  and  evil  aspirations  and  conduct,  and  liable  at  times  to  lead  man  to  the  deepest  abysses  of  depravity,  as  it  is  said  in  A.  I,  22:
"No  other  thing  than  evil  views  do  I  know,  o  monks,  whereby  to  such  an  extent  the  unwholesome  things  not  yet  arisen  arise,  and  the  unwholesome  things  already  arisen  are  brought  to  growth  and  fullness.  No  other  thing  than  evil  views  do  I  know,  whereby  to  such  an  extent  the  wholesome  things  not  yet  arisen  are  hindered  in  their  arising,  and  the  wholesome  things  already  arisen  disappear.  No  other  thing  than  evil  views  do  I  know,  whereby  to  such  an  extent  human  beings  at  the  dissolution  of  the  body,  at  death,  are  passing  to  a  way  of  suffering,  into  a  world  of  woe,  into  hell."  Further  in  A.  I,  23:  "Whatever  a  man  filled  with  evil  views  performs  or  undertakes,  or  whatever  he  possesses  of  will,  aspiration,  longing  and  tendencies,  all  these  things  lead  him  to  an  undesirable,  unpleasant  and  disagreeable  state,  to  woe  and  suffering."
From  the  Abhidhamma  (Dhs)  it  may  be  inferred  that  evil  views,  whenever  they  arise,  are  associated  with  greed  (s.  Tab.  I.  22,  23,  26,  27).
Numerous  speculative  opinions  and  theories,  which  at  all  times  have  influenced  and  still  are  influencing  mankind,  are  quoted  in  the  sutta-texts.  Amongst  them,  however,  the  wrong  view  which  everywhere,  and  at  all  times,  has  most  misled  and  deluded  mankind  is  the  personality-belief,  the  ego-illusion.  This  personality-belief  (sakka^ya-ditthi),  or  ego-illusion  (atta-ditthi),  is  of  2  kinds:  eternity-belief  and  annihilation-belief.
Eternity-belief  (sassata-ditthi)  is  the  belief  in  the  existence  of  a  persisting  ego-entity,  soul  or  personality,  existing  independently  of  those  physical  and  mental  processes  that  constitute  life  and  continuing  even  after  death.
Annihilation-belief  (uccheda-ditthi),  on  the  other  hand,  is  the  belief  in  the  existence  of  an  ego-entity  or  personality  as  being  more  or  less  identical  with  those  physical  and  mental  processes,  and  which  therefore,  at  the  dissolution  at  death,  will  come  to  be  annihilated.  -  For  the  20  kinds  of  personality-belief,  see  sakka^ya-ditthi.
Now,  the  Buddha  neither  teaches  a  personality  which  will  continue  after  death,  nor  does  he  teach  a  personality  which  will  be  annihilated  at  death,  but  he  shows  us  that  ”personality”,  ”ego”,  ”individual”,  ”man”,  etc.,  are  nothing  but  mere  conventional  designations  (voha^ra-vacana)  and  that  in  the  ultimate  sense  (s.  paramattha-sacca)  there  is  only  this  self-consuming  process  of  physical  and  mental  phenomena  which  continually  arise  and  again  disappear  immediately.  -  For  further  details,  s.  anatta^,  khandha,  paticcasamuppa^da.
"The  Perfect  One  is  free  from  any  theory  (ditthigata),  for  the  Perfect  One  has  seen  what  corporeality  is,  and  how  it  arises  and  passes  away.  He  has  seen  what  feeling  ...  perception  ...  mental  formations  ...  consciousness  are,  and  how  they  arise  and  pass  away.  Therefore  I  say  that  the  Perfect  One  has  won  complete  deliverance  through  the  extinction,  fading  away,  disappearance,  rejection  and  casting  out  of  all  imaginings  and  conjectures,  of  all  inclination  to  the  ”vain-glory  of  ”I”  and  ”mine."  (M.  72).
The  rejection  of  speculative  views  and  theories  is  a  prominent  feature  in  a  chapter  of  the  Sutta-Nipa^ta,  the  Atthaka-Vagga.
The  so-called  ”evil  views  with  fixed  destiny”  (niyata-miccha^ditthi)  constituting  the  last  of  the  10  unwholesome  courses  of  action  (kammapatha,  q.v.),  are  the  following  three:  (1)  the  fatalistic  ”view  of  the  uncausedness”  of  existence  (ahetukaditthi),  (2)  the  view  of  the  inefficacy  of  action”  (akiriyaditthi),  (3)  nihilism  (natthikaditthi).
(1)  was  taught  by  Makkhali-Gosa^la,  a  contemporary  of  the  Buddha  who  denied  every  cause  for  the  corruptness  and  purity  of  beings,  and  asserted  that  everything  is  minutely  predestined  by  fate.
(2)  was  taught  by  Púrana-Kassapa,  another  contemporary  of  the  Buddha  who  denied  every  karmical  effect  of  good  and  bad  actions:  "To  him  who  kills,  steals,  robs,  etc.,  nothing  bad  will  happen.  For  generosity,  self-restraint  and  truthfulness,  etc.  no  reward  is  to  be  expected."
(3)  was  taught  by  Ajita-Kesakambali,  a  third  contemporary  of  the  Buddha  who  asserted  that  any  belief  in  good  action  and  its  reward  is  a  mere  delusion,  that  after  death  no  further  life  would  follow,  that  man  at  death  would  become  dissolved  into  the  elements,  etc.
For  further  details  about  these  3  views,  s.  D.  2,  M.  60;  commentarial  exposition  in  WHEEL  98/99,  P.  23.
Frequently  mentioned  are  also  the  10  antinomies  (antaga^hika^  miccha^-ditthi):  ”Finite  is  the  world”  or  ”infinite  is  the  world”...”body  and  soul  are  identical”  or  ”body  and  soul  are  different”  (e.g.  M.  63).
In  the  Brahma^jala  Sutta  .(D.1),  62  false  views  are  classified  and  described,  comprising  all  conceivable  wrong  views  and  speculations  about  man  and  world.
See  The  All-Embracing  Net  of  Views  (Brahma^jala  Sutta),  tr.  with  Com.  by  Bhikkhu  Bodhi  (BPS).
Further  s.  D.  15,  23,  24,  28;  M.  11,  12,  25,  60,  63,  72,  76,  101,  102,  110;  A.  II,  16;  X,  93;  S.  XXI,  XXIV;  Pts.M.  Ditthikatha^,.  etc.

Wrong  views  (ditthi)  are  one  of  the  proclivities  (s.  anusaya),  cankers  (s.  a^sava),  clingings  (s.  upa^da^na),  one  of  the  three  modes  of  perversions  (s.  vipalla^sa).  Unwholesome  consciousness  (akusala  citta),  rooted  in  greed,  may  be  either  with  or  without  wrong  views  (ditthigata-sampayutta  or  vippayutta);  s.  Dhs.;  Tab  I.
On  right  view  (samma^-ditthi),  s.  magga  and  M.  9  (Trans.  with  Com.  in  ”R.  Und.”).

南传佛教英文辞典 【57】eating

  knowing  the  measure  in  bhojane  mattan~n~uta^  (q.v.).

英汉对照词典 【58】EFFORT

Effort  ==  精进

See  Vigor.

南传佛教英文辞典 【59】effort

  the  4  right  e.:  samma-ppadha^na;  s.  padha^na.  Right  e.  s.  sacca  (IV  6),  magga  (6)  .  -  5  elements  of  e.:  padha^niyanga  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【60】fixity

  s.  niyama,  tathata^,  dhamma-tthiti-n~a^na.

南传佛教英文辞典 【61】forest

  dweller,  the  ascetic  practice  for  the:  s.  dhutanga.

南传佛教英文辞典 【62】gantha

  ”ties”."There  are  4  ties:  the  bodily  tie  (ka^yagantha)  of  covetousness  (abhijjha^),  of  ill-will  (vya^pa^da),  of  clinging  to  rule  and  ritual  (si^labbata-para^ma^sa),  of  dogmatical  fanaticism  (idamsacca^bhinivesa)"  (D.  33).  -  "These  things  are  ties,  since  they  tie  this  mental  and  material  body"  (Vis.M.  XXII,  54).

南传佛教英文辞典 【63】ghosts

  cf.  peta,  yakkha;  s.  loka.

南传佛教英文辞典 【64】growth

  bodily:  rúpassa  upacaya:  s.  khandha  I.

英汉对照词典 【65】JATAKA

Jataka  ==  本生经

the  sutra  to  narrate  the  birth  stories  of  Shakyamuni  in  present  life,  past  lives,  and  effects  related  to  the  past  lives  and  the  present  lives.

南传佛教英文辞典 【66】khanti

  ”patience”,  forbearance”,  is  one  of  the  10  perfections  (pa^rami^,  q.v.).

英汉对照词典 【67】MANTRA

Mantra  ==  咒

The  Sanskrit  word  is  Dharani,  i.e.  esoteric  incantation.  It  is  a  treatise  with  mystical  meaning,  and  is  regarded  as  every  word  and  deed  of  a  Bodhisattva.  It  is  one  of  the  most  popular  method  of  cultivation  in  Buddhism,  especially  in  Shingon  or  "True  Word"  sect.

英汉对照词典 【68】MATTER

Matter  ==  色

Or  Form  or  Thing.  The  Sanskrit  word  is  Rupa.  It  is  defined  as  that  which  has  resistence,  or  which  changes  and  disappear,  i.e.,  the  phenomenal.  There  are  inner  and  outer  forms  representing  the  organs  and  objects  of  sense  respectively.
Rupa  is  one  of  the  Six  Bahya-ayatanna  or  Six  Gunas  and  also  one  of  the  Five  Skandhas.

南传佛教英文辞典 【69】matter

  (corporeality):  s.  khandha,  rúpa-kala^pa.

南传佛教英文辞典 【70】method

  the  right:  n~a^ya,  is  a  name  for  the  8-fold  path  (s.  magga)

南传佛教英文辞典 【71】metta^

  ”loving-kindness”,  is  one  of  the  4  sublime  abodes  (brahma-viha^ra,  q.v.).

英汉对照词典 【72】MUDITA

mudita  ==  喜心

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