Sanxing
佛教术语。有两义:1、对善、不善等一切法所作的分类,即善、恶(不善)、无记三性。对于现世来世和自他都是顺益的,如信等善心及善心所起的一切善根,是为“善性”。对于现世来世和自他都是违损的,如贪等恶心所起的一切恶业,是为“恶性”(不善性)。非善非恶为中庸之法,是益是损,不可记别,是为“无记性”。无记又有“有覆无记”与“无覆无记”两种。妄惑的势用微弱,虽然没有违损自他的力量,然体是妄惑,能荫覆圣道,又与惑障相俱,自性微弱,于自他都无损益,故名“无覆无记”,如阿赖耶识及内根外器等。
2、对一切法的性相是有、是无、是假、是实所作的分类,并名三相、三自相、三自性。即遍计所执、依他起、圆成实三性。遍计所执性。指凡夫的迷情妄执,认为世间有实物者,谓凡夫的妄情,周遍计度(普遍观察思量)一切法,故名遍计;由此虚妄分别执有实我、实法,称为“所执性”。如见绳而误以为蛇,非有蛇的实体,但妄情迷执为蛇。又如人于内心外境认有实我、实法也是如此。有为万法,都是因缘假合而成,其中无一实我、实法,但有妄情计度而迷执为我为法,因而指有实我实法,谓之遍计所执性。但由妄情嘏存,不能离妄情而有。依他起性。即依因缘而生的一切万法。“他”指因缘,以阿赖耶识中的种子为第一因,借其他种种之肋缘而生的一切法,是离妄情而自存。如绳以麻等因缘而生,故名“依他起性”。圆成实性。即圆满成就的真实性,亦称法性、真如等,是一切有为法的体性,恰如绳的实性是麻,故名圆成实性。
在此三性中,遍计所执性是“妄有”,依他起性是“假有”,圆成实性是“实有”。又遍计所执性是“实无”,依他起性是“似有”,圆成实性是“真有”。此三性于各别事上有,于一事上也能见到。在各别事上,如认为龟毛、兔角及过去未来法是实有,是遍计所执性;于大乘百法中,前九十四法,是依他起性;后六无为,是圆成实性。在一事上,以花为例,如妄情迷执是实有,是遍计所执性;从因缘生,假现花相,是依他起性;花的实体,是圆成实性。(元湛)
”continuity of subconsciousness”; s. santa^na
one-group existence, is the existence of the unconscious beings (asan~n~a-satta, q.v.) as they possess only the corporeality-group. Cf. catu-voka^ra-bhava, pan~ca-voka^ra-bhava.
”abodes of beings”. In the sutta-texts (e.g. D. 33; A.IX, 24) 9 such abodes are mentioned:
"There are, o monks, 9 abodes of beings, namely:
(1) "There are beings who are different in body and different in perception, such as the human beings, some heavenly beings, and some beings living in the world of suffering (vinipa^tika, q.v.).
(2) ””There are beings who are different in body but equal in perception, such as the first-born gods of the Brahma-world (i.e. at the beginning of each new world-formation; s. deva II).
(3) ””There are beings who are equal in body but different in perception, such as the Radiant Gods (a^bhassara, s. deva II).
(4) "There are beings who are equal in body and equal in perception, such as the All-Illuminating Gods (subha-kinha; s. deva II).
(5) "There are beings without perception and feeling, such as the unconscious beings (asan~n~a-satta, q.v.).
(6) "There are beings who, through the complete overcoming of perceptions of matter (rúpa-san~n~a), the disappearance of perceptions of sense-reaction (patigha-san~n~a), and the non-attention to perceptions of variety thinking: ”Boundless is space”, are reborn in the sphere of buundless space (s. deva, III; jha^na, 5).
(7) "There are beings who, through the complete overcoming of the sphere of boundless space, thinking: ”Boundless is consciousness”, are reborn in the sphere of boundless consciousness (s. jha^na 6).
(8) "There are beings who, through the complete overcoming of the sphere of boundless consciousness, thinking: ”Nothing is there, are reborn in the sphere of nothingness (s. jha^na, 7).
(9) "There are beings who, through the complete overcoming of the sphere of nothingness, are reborn in the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception (s. jha^na, 8)" (A. IX, 24).
According to the Com. to A., the beings of the Pure Abodes (suddha^va^sa, q.v.) are not mentioned here, for the reason that they exist only in those world-periods in which Buddhas appear. Cf. vin~n~a^na-tthiti.
古印度佛教遗址。传为释迦牟尼的故乡。亦译劫比罗伐窣堵、迦毗罗婆苏都、迦毗罗蟠窣都、迦毗罗、迦毗梨等。意译妙德城、黄头居处等。释迦族聚居的迦毗罗卫国的国都。中国的法显、玄奘都曾到过此城,但两人对它的位置的记述有所不同。近代以来,虽经专家努力探索,但至今未能确定其原址。
有人认为,今尼泊尔南部的提罗拉科特就是迦毗罗卫。它距相传释迦牟尼诞生地蓝毗尼不远。这是印度考古学家穆吉克根据玄奘的记载,以1895年在尼泊尔泰雷地区发现的阿育王拘那舍牟尼佛石柱及1896年在蓝毗尼发现的阿育王释迦牟尼佛诞生石柱为线索,于1899年在提罗拉科特试掘后认定的。近年来,发掘工作已扩展到提罗拉科特周围地区,并发现了一些城垒和佛教遗址、文物,但尚不能完全确证该地就是迦毗罗卫古城。
另有一些人认为,迦毗罗卫的遗址应在今印度北方邦北部,距尼泊尔边境1公里处的庇浦拉瓦。它距蓝毗尼和提罗拉科特都不远。早在1898年,英人佩普曾在此地一佛塔中发现一个滑石制的舍利壶,上有婆罗迹字体的铭文:“这是释迦族的佛世尊的遗骨容器,是有名誉的兄弟及姐妹、妻子们(奉祀)的。”不少学者认为这可能就是在所谓“八分舍利”时释迦族分得的那一份。1972年印度考古局在上述同一佛塔的下层,又发现两个形态与质料同上述舍利壶完全一样的舍利壶,但两壶的大小不同,且无铭文。从出土情况判断,安放这两个壶的年代约在公元前5~前4世纪。不久,又在佛塔旁的僧院遗址中发现了四十多枚赤陶制的印章和钵盖,其中一枚印章上有婆罗迷字体刻文:“奄!迦毗罗卫的提婆跋陀罗僧陀的比丘僧伽(所有)”。另一枚印章上为“大迦毗罗卫的比丘僧伽(所有)”。在一个钵盖上也刻有迦毗罗卫的字样。另在附近发现有若干用大砖砌成的建筑物和其他一些文物。据研究,庇浦拉瓦的地下文化可发4期,最古老的一期约属公元前8~前6世纪。因此,近来沙学者认为这里就是迦毗罗卫遗址,但仍不能确证。(方广 )
”four-group existence”, is the existence in the immaterial world (arúpa-loka; s. loka), since only the four mental groups (feeling, perception, mental formations, consciousness, s. khandha) are found there, the corporeality group being absent. Cf. pan~ca-voka^ra-bhava, eka-voka^ra-bhava. (App.: voka^ra).
This term is first used in Pts.M. while the subject in question is often treated in the old sutta texts (e.g. M. 28, 62, 140, etc.). Cf. sammasana.
”analysis (or determining) of the 4 elements”, is described in Vis.M. XI, 2, as the last of the 40 mental exercises (s. bha^vana^). In a condensed form this exercise is handed down in D. 22 and M. 10 (s. satipattha^na), but in detail explained in M. 28, 62, 140. The simile of the butcher in M. 10 ("Just, o monks, as a skilled butcher or butcher”s apprentice, after having slaughtered a cow and divided it into separate portions, should sit down at the junction of four highroads; just so does the disciple contemplate this body with regard to the elements") is thus explained in Vis.M. XI.: "To the butcher, who rears the cow, brings it to the slaughter-house, ties it, puts it there, slaughters it, or looks at the slaughtered and dead cow, the idea ”cow” does not disappear as long as he has not yet cut the body open and taken it to pieces. As soon, however, as he sits down, after having cut it open and taken it to pieces, the idea ”cow” disappears to him, and the idea ”meat” arises. And he does not think: ”A cow do I sell, or ”A cow do they buy.” Just so, when the monk formerly was still an ignorant worldling, layman or a homeless one, the ideas ”living being” or ”man” or ”individual” had not yet disappeared as long as he had not taken this body, whatever position or direction it had, to pieces and analysed it piece by piece. As soon, however, as he analysed this body into its elements, the idea ”living being” disappeared to him, and his mind became established in the contemplation of the elements." - (App.).
”indulging in grief”; s. manopavica^ra.
”indulging in gladness”; s. mano-pavica^ra.
Lianhuasheng
印度僧人。8世纪后半期把佛教密宗传入西藏,藏传佛教尊称他为洛本仁波且(轨范师宝)、古如仁波天(师尊宝)、乌金仁波且(乌仗那宝)。通称白麦迥乃(莲花生)。据多罗那他于1610年所著《莲花生传》所载,约于摩揭陀国天护王时出生于乌苌国王族。一说系乌苌国英迪拉菩提(印度金刚乘始祖,著有《秘密集会》)之子。初名莲花光明,后通晓声明及各种明处,得名莲花金刚。旋又依一真言阿阇黎寂色学事、行、瑜伽三部密法得密号为莲花生。其后又从瑜伽师乐天及瑜伽母乐持学无上部法。他曾周游印度广访密法大师,成为佛吉祥智的四个证得现法涅槃的弟子之一(另外三人为燃灯贤、极寂友、王种罗睺罗)。他又从吉禅师子学法。据智慧海王所著《莲花生传》载,他又从吉祥师子学大圆满法以后曾到中国的五台山学习天文历数。他的上师佛吉祥智也曾立志朝礼五台,他的同学无垢友也到过汉地。所莲花生一派传授的教法有很浓厚的汉地禅宗色彩。吐蕃赤德祖赞即位后,由寂护举荐入藏传法。他入藏的时间,近代学者多方考证,结论不一。据智慧海王所述年月推算,他于750年由印度启行至尼泊尔,752年至拉萨,秋季开始建桑耶寺,754年建成。761~774年组织翻译。约于804年离藏,在印度的达罗毗荼传法建寺达12年之久。晚年不知所终。由于他对藏传佛教所作的巨大贡献,受到各宗派的共同敬仰。他在吐蕃培养造就人才很多,传说其中得到密宗悉地的,有赞普和臣民25人,如虚空藏、佛智、遍照、玉扎宁波、智童、柱德积等人均为当时有名的译师。
著述收入甘珠尔及丹珠尔的有8种。宁玛派的密部经典由他主译的很多。后世掘藏派在山岩石窟中发现的经典多数题为他的著作,但只由本派传授,未收入藏文大藏经。(郭元兴)
”retrospective knowledge”, refers to the recollected mental image obtained in concentration, or to any inner experience just passed, as for instance, any absorption (jha^na q.v.), or any supermundane path, or fruition of the path, etc. (s. ariya-puggala). As it is said: "At the end of fruitional consciousness, consciousness sinks into the subconscious stream of existence (bhavanga-sota, q.v.). Then, breaking off the stream of existence, mental advertence (manodva^ra^vajjana) arises at the mind-door, for the purpose of retrospecting the (just passed) path-moment. Now, as soon as this stage has passed, 7 moments of impulsive consciousness (javana-citta), one after the other, flash up while retrospecting the path. After they again have sunk into the subconscious stream, there arise, for the purpose of retrospecting the fruition of the path the moments of advertence and impulsion, during whose arising the monk is retrospecting the path, retrospecting the fruition, retrospecting the abandoned defilements, retrospecting the still remaining defilements, retrospecting Nibba^na as object ....”This blessing have I attained”....”This and that defilement still remains in me”....”This object have I beheld in my mind”, etc." (Vis.M. XXII).
”purity of reflection”, is a name for wise consideration in using the 4 requisites allowed to the monk, i.e. robes, food, dwelling, and medicine; s. si^la (4).
”five-group existence”, is a name for existence in the sensuous sphere (ka^ma^vacara), or in the fine-material sphere (rúpa^vacara, s. avacara), since all the 5 groups of existence (khandha, q.v.) are found there. In the immaterial sphere (arúpa^vacara, s. avacara), however, only the 4 mental groups are found, and in the world of unconscious beings (asan~n~a^-satta, q.v.) only the one corporeality group. Cf eka-voka^ra-bhava and catu-pan~ca-voka^ra-bhava; further s. avacara. - (App.: voka^ra).
Sukhavativyuha Sutra == 无量寿经
It is one of the main Sutras for Pure Land Sect. It stipulates the Forty-eight Vows of Amitabha Buddha, which give rise to the characteristic of the Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss in the West.
Six Heavens of Desire == 六欲天
see Three Realms.
These 2 compound terms belong exclusively to the exegetical literature, while the term bhavanga is several times, briefly and unexplained, mentioned in the Patth. of the Abh. Canon, as though already known at that time.
ninefold vital group; s. rúpa-kala^pa.