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aviha bhava a^sava Avi^ci favour javana avacara avijja^ craving navanga SRAVAKA vibhava aversion bhavanga avihimsa^ avikkhepa avya^kata behaviour avya^pa^da bhava^sava ka^ma^sava punabbhava therava^da upavica^ra arúpa bhava ka^ma bhava kamma bhava khi^na^sava vavattha^na a^savakkhaya bhava ditthi bhava tanha^ HEAVENLY EYE manopavica^ra 大史(Mahavamsa) 岛史(Diqavamsa) 鹿野苑(Mrgadava) 舍卫城(Sravasti) AVALOKITESVARA upapatti bhava vibhava tanha^ avigata paccaya pathavi^ dha^tu pathavi^ kasina 极乐世界(sukhavati) AVATAMSAKA SUTRA nava satta^va^sa sensuous craving upekkhopavica^ra 三性(tri-svabhava) bhavanga santa^na eka voka^ra bhava satta^va^sa nava 迦毗罗卫(Kapilavastu) catu voka^ra bhava dha^tu vavattha^na domanassupavica^ra somanassúpavica^ra 莲花生(Padmasambhava) paccavekkhana n~a^na paccavekkhana suddhi pan~ca voka^ra bhava SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA SIX HEAVENS OF DESIRE bhavanga sota^, citta ji^vita navaka kala^pa 超戒寺(Vikramasilavihara) 楞伽经(Lankavatara-sutra) catu dha^tu vavattha^na 不空(Amoghavajra 705-774) 大日经(Mahavairocana-sutra) avoidance and performance 清辨(Bhavaviveka 约490~570) paranimmita vasavatti deva a^di^nava^nupassana^ n~a^na 观无量寿经(Amitayurbhavana-sutra) VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA 大毗婆沙论(Abhidharma-mahavibhasa-sastra) 华严经(Bud dhavatamsaka-mahavai pul yasutra) 大方等大集经(Mahavai pul ya-mahasanni-pata-sutra) 阿弥陀经(Sukhavati-v yuha-sutra,Amitayur-v yuha-sutra) 李斯·戴维斯,T·W·(Thomas Williams Rhys Davids 1843~1922) ▲ 收起
中国百科全书 【55】三性(tri-svabhava)

  Sanxing

  佛教术语。有两义:1、对善、不善等一切法所作的分类,即善、恶(不善)、无记三性。对于现世来世和自他都是顺益的,如信等善心及善心所起的一切善根,是为“善性”。对于现世来世和自他都是违损的,如贪等恶心所起的一切恶业,是为“恶性”(不善性)。非善非恶为中庸之法,是益是损,不可记别,是为“无记性”。无记又有“有覆无记”与“无覆无记”两种。妄惑的势用微弱,虽然没有违损自他的力量,然体是妄惑,能荫覆圣道,又与惑障相俱,自性微弱,于自他都无损益,故名“无覆无记”,如阿赖耶识及内根外器等。

  2、对一切法的性相是有、是无、是假、是实所作的分类,并名三相、三自相、三自性。即遍计所执、依他起、圆成实三性。遍计所执性。指凡夫的迷情妄执,认为世间有实物者,谓凡夫的妄情,周遍计度(普遍观察思量)一切法,故名遍计;由此虚妄分别执有实我、实法,称为“所执性”。如见绳而误以为蛇,非有蛇的实体,但妄情迷执为蛇。又如人于内心外境认有实我、实法也是如此。有为万法,都是因缘假合而成,其中无一实我、实法,但有妄情计度而迷执为我为法,因而指有实我实法,谓之遍计所执性。但由妄情嘏存,不能离妄情而有。依他起性。即依因缘而生的一切万法。“他”指因缘,以阿赖耶识中的种子为第一因,借其他种种之肋缘而生的一切法,是离妄情而自存。如绳以麻等因缘而生,故名“依他起性”。圆成实性。即圆满成就的真实性,亦称法性、真如等,是一切有为法的体性,恰如绳的实性是麻,故名圆成实性。

  在此三性中,遍计所执性是“妄有”,依他起性是“假有”,圆成实性是“实有”。又遍计所执性是“实无”,依他起性是“似有”,圆成实性是“真有”。此三性于各别事上有,于一事上也能见到。在各别事上,如认为龟毛、兔角及过去未来法是实有,是遍计所执性;于大乘百法中,前九十四法,是依他起性;后六无为,是圆成实性。在一事上,以花为例,如妄情迷执是实有,是遍计所执性;从因缘生,假现花相,是依他起性;花的实体,是圆成实性。(元湛)

南传佛教英文辞典 【56】bhavanga santa^na

”continuity  of  subconsciousness”;  s.  santa^na

南传佛教英文辞典 【57】eka voka^ra bhava

  one-group  existence,  is  the  existence  of  the  unconscious  beings  (asan~n~a-satta,  q.v.)  as  they  possess  only  the  corporeality-group.  Cf.  catu-voka^ra-bhava,  pan~ca-voka^ra-bhava.

南传佛教英文辞典 【58】satta^va^sa nava

”abodes  of  beings”.  In  the  sutta-texts  (e.g.  D.  33;  A.IX,  24)  9  such  abodes  are  mentioned:
"There  are,  o  monks,  9  abodes  of  beings,  namely:
(1)  "There  are  beings  who  are  different  in  body  and  different  in  perception,  such  as  the  human  beings,  some  heavenly  beings,  and  some  beings  living  in  the  world  of  suffering  (vinipa^tika,  q.v.).
(2)  ””There  are  beings  who  are  different  in  body  but  equal  in  perception,  such  as  the  first-born  gods  of  the  Brahma-world  (i.e.  at  the  beginning  of  each  new  world-formation;  s.  deva  II).
(3)  ””There  are  beings  who  are  equal  in  body  but  different  in  perception,  such  as  the  Radiant  Gods  (a^bhassara,  s.  deva  II).
(4)  "There  are  beings  who  are  equal  in  body  and  equal  in  perception,  such  as  the  All-Illuminating  Gods  (subha-kinha;  s.  deva  II).
(5)  "There  are  beings  without  perception  and  feeling,  such  as  the  unconscious  beings  (asan~n~a-satta,  q.v.).
(6)  "There  are  beings  who,  through  the  complete  overcoming  of  perceptions  of  matter  (rúpa-san~n~a),  the  disappearance  of  perceptions  of  sense-reaction  (patigha-san~n~a),  and  the  non-attention  to  perceptions  of  variety  thinking:  ”Boundless  is  space”,  are  reborn  in  the  sphere  of  buundless  space  (s.  deva,  III;  jha^na,  5).
(7)  "There  are  beings  who,  through  the  complete  overcoming  of  the  sphere  of  boundless  space,  thinking:  ”Boundless  is  consciousness”,  are  reborn  in  the  sphere  of  boundless  consciousness  (s.  jha^na  6).
(8)  "There  are  beings  who,  through  the  complete  overcoming  of  the  sphere  of  boundless  consciousness,  thinking:  ”Nothing  is  there,  are  reborn  in  the  sphere  of  nothingness  (s.  jha^na,  7).
(9)  "There  are  beings  who,  through  the  complete  overcoming  of  the  sphere  of  nothingness,  are  reborn  in  the  sphere  of  neither-perception-nor-non-perception  (s.  jha^na,  8)"  (A.  IX,  24).
According  to  the  Com.  to  A.,  the  beings  of  the  Pure  Abodes  (suddha^va^sa,  q.v.)  are  not  mentioned  here,  for  the  reason  that  they  exist  only  in  those  world-periods  in  which  Buddhas  appear.  Cf.  vin~n~a^na-tthiti.

中国百科全书 【59】迦毗罗卫(Kapilavastu)

  古印度佛教遗址。传为释迦牟尼的故乡。亦译劫比罗伐窣堵、迦毗罗婆苏都、迦毗罗蟠窣都、迦毗罗、迦毗梨等。意译妙德城、黄头居处等。释迦族聚居的迦毗罗卫国的国都。中国的法显、玄奘都曾到过此城,但两人对它的位置的记述有所不同。近代以来,虽经专家努力探索,但至今未能确定其原址。

  有人认为,今尼泊尔南部的提罗拉科特就是迦毗罗卫。它距相传释迦牟尼诞生地蓝毗尼不远。这是印度考古学家穆吉克根据玄奘的记载,以1895年在尼泊尔泰雷地区发现的阿育王拘那舍牟尼佛石柱及1896年在蓝毗尼发现的阿育王释迦牟尼佛诞生石柱为线索,于1899年在提罗拉科特试掘后认定的。近年来,发掘工作已扩展到提罗拉科特周围地区,并发现了一些城垒和佛教遗址、文物,但尚不能完全确证该地就是迦毗罗卫古城。

  另有一些人认为,迦毗罗卫的遗址应在今印度北方邦北部,距尼泊尔边境1公里处的庇浦拉瓦。它距蓝毗尼和提罗拉科特都不远。早在1898年,英人佩普曾在此地一佛塔中发现一个滑石制的舍利壶,上有婆罗迹字体的铭文:“这是释迦族的佛世尊的遗骨容器,是有名誉的兄弟及姐妹、妻子们(奉祀)的。”不少学者认为这可能就是在所谓“八分舍利”时释迦族分得的那一份。1972年印度考古局在上述同一佛塔的下层,又发现两个形态与质料同上述舍利壶完全一样的舍利壶,但两壶的大小不同,且无铭文。从出土情况判断,安放这两个壶的年代约在公元前5~前4世纪。不久,又在佛塔旁的僧院遗址中发现了四十多枚赤陶制的印章和钵盖,其中一枚印章上有婆罗迷字体刻文:“奄!迦毗罗卫的提婆跋陀罗僧陀的比丘僧伽(所有)”。另一枚印章上为“大迦毗罗卫的比丘僧伽(所有)”。在一个钵盖上也刻有迦毗罗卫的字样。另在附近发现有若干用大砖砌成的建筑物和其他一些文物。据研究,庇浦拉瓦的地下文化可发4期,最古老的一期约属公元前8~前6世纪。因此,近来沙学者认为这里就是迦毗罗卫遗址,但仍不能确证。(方广  )

南传佛教英文辞典 【60】catu voka^ra bhava

”four-group  existence”,  is  the  existence  in  the  immaterial  world  (arúpa-loka;  s.  loka),  since  only  the  four  mental  groups  (feeling,  perception,  mental  formations,  consciousness,  s.  khandha)  are  found  there,  the  corporeality  group  being  absent.  Cf.  pan~ca-voka^ra-bhava,  eka-voka^ra-bhava.  (App.:  voka^ra).

南传佛教英文辞典 【61】dha^tu vavattha^na

  This  term  is  first  used  in  Pts.M.  while  the  subject  in  question  is  often  treated  in  the  old  sutta  texts  (e.g.  M.  28,  62,  140,  etc.).  Cf.  sammasana.

南传佛教英文辞典 【62】dha^tu vavattha^na

”analysis  (or  determining)  of  the  4  elements”,  is  described  in  Vis.M.  XI,  2,  as  the  last  of  the  40  mental  exercises  (s.  bha^vana^).  In  a  condensed  form  this  exercise  is  handed  down  in  D.  22  and  M.  10  (s.  satipattha^na),  but  in  detail  explained  in  M.  28,  62,  140.  The  simile  of  the  butcher  in  M.  10  ("Just,  o  monks,  as  a  skilled  butcher  or  butcher”s  apprentice,  after  having  slaughtered  a  cow  and  divided  it  into  separate  portions,  should  sit  down  at  the  junction  of  four  highroads;  just  so  does  the  disciple  contemplate  this  body  with  regard  to  the  elements")  is  thus  explained  in  Vis.M.  XI.:  "To  the  butcher,  who  rears  the  cow,  brings  it  to  the  slaughter-house,  ties  it,  puts  it  there,  slaughters  it,  or  looks  at  the  slaughtered  and  dead  cow,  the  idea  ”cow”  does  not  disappear  as  long  as  he  has  not  yet  cut  the  body  open  and  taken  it  to  pieces.  As  soon,  however,  as  he  sits  down,  after  having  cut  it  open  and  taken  it  to  pieces,  the  idea  ”cow”  disappears  to  him,  and  the  idea  ”meat”  arises.  And  he  does  not  think:  ”A  cow  do  I  sell,  or  ”A  cow  do  they  buy.”  Just  so,  when  the  monk  formerly  was  still  an  ignorant  worldling,  layman  or  a  homeless  one,  the  ideas  ”living  being”  or  ”man”  or  ”individual”  had  not  yet  disappeared  as  long  as  he  had  not  taken  this  body,  whatever  position  or  direction  it  had,  to  pieces  and  analysed  it  piece  by  piece.  As  soon,  however,  as  he  analysed  this  body  into  its  elements,  the  idea  ”living  being”  disappeared  to  him,  and  his  mind  became  established  in  the  contemplation  of  the  elements."  -  (App.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【63】domanassupavica^ra

  ”indulging  in  grief”;  s.  manopavica^ra.

南传佛教英文辞典 【64】somanassúpavica^ra

  ”indulging  in  gladness”;  s.  mano-pavica^ra.

中国百科全书 【65】莲花生(Padmasambhava)

Lianhuasheng

  

  印度僧人。8世纪后半期把佛教密宗传入西藏,藏传佛教尊称他为洛本仁波且(轨范师宝)、古如仁波天(师尊宝)、乌金仁波且(乌仗那宝)。通称白麦迥乃(莲花生)。据多罗那他于1610年所著《莲花生传》所载,约于摩揭陀国天护王时出生于乌苌国王族。一说系乌苌国英迪拉菩提(印度金刚乘始祖,著有《秘密集会》)之子。初名莲花光明,后通晓声明及各种明处,得名莲花金刚。旋又依一真言阿阇黎寂色学事、行、瑜伽三部密法得密号为莲花生。其后又从瑜伽师乐天及瑜伽母乐持学无上部法。他曾周游印度广访密法大师,成为佛吉祥智的四个证得现法涅槃的弟子之一(另外三人为燃灯贤、极寂友、王种罗睺罗)。他又从吉禅师子学法。据智慧海王所著《莲花生传》载,他又从吉祥师子学大圆满法以后曾到中国的五台山学习天文历数。他的上师佛吉祥智也曾立志朝礼五台,他的同学无垢友也到过汉地。所莲花生一派传授的教法有很浓厚的汉地禅宗色彩。吐蕃赤德祖赞即位后,由寂护举荐入藏传法。他入藏的时间,近代学者多方考证,结论不一。据智慧海王所述年月推算,他于750年由印度启行至尼泊尔,752年至拉萨,秋季开始建桑耶寺,754年建成。761~774年组织翻译。约于804年离藏,在印度的达罗毗荼传法建寺达12年之久。晚年不知所终。由于他对藏传佛教所作的巨大贡献,受到各宗派的共同敬仰。他在吐蕃培养造就人才很多,传说其中得到密宗悉地的,有赞普和臣民25人,如虚空藏、佛智、遍照、玉扎宁波、智童、柱德积等人均为当时有名的译师。

  著述收入甘珠尔及丹珠尔的有8种。宁玛派的密部经典由他主译的很多。后世掘藏派在山岩石窟中发现的经典多数题为他的著作,但只由本派传授,未收入藏文大藏经。(郭元兴)

南传佛教英文辞典 【66】paccavekkhana n~a^na

”retrospective  knowledge”,  refers  to  the  recollected  mental  image  obtained  in  concentration,  or  to  any  inner  experience  just  passed,  as  for  instance,  any  absorption  (jha^na  q.v.),  or  any  supermundane  path,  or  fruition  of  the  path,  etc.  (s.  ariya-puggala).  As  it  is  said:  "At  the  end  of  fruitional  consciousness,  consciousness  sinks  into  the  subconscious  stream  of  existence  (bhavanga-sota,  q.v.).  Then,  breaking  off  the  stream  of  existence,  mental  advertence  (manodva^ra^vajjana)  arises  at  the  mind-door,  for  the  purpose  of  retrospecting  the  (just  passed)  path-moment.  Now,  as  soon  as  this  stage  has  passed,  7  moments  of  impulsive  consciousness  (javana-citta),  one  after  the  other,  flash  up  while  retrospecting  the  path.  After  they  again  have  sunk  into  the  subconscious  stream,  there  arise,  for  the  purpose  of  retrospecting  the  fruition  of  the  path  the  moments  of  advertence  and  impulsion,  during  whose  arising  the  monk  is  retrospecting  the  path,  retrospecting  the  fruition,  retrospecting  the  abandoned  defilements,  retrospecting  the  still  remaining  defilements,  retrospecting  Nibba^na  as  object  ....”This  blessing  have  I  attained”....”This  and  that  defilement  still  remains  in  me”....”This  object  have  I  beheld  in  my  mind”,  etc."  (Vis.M.  XXII).

南传佛教英文辞典 【67】paccavekkhana suddhi

”purity  of  reflection”,  is  a  name  for  wise  consideration  in  using  the  4  requisites  allowed  to  the  monk,  i.e.  robes,  food,  dwelling,  and  medicine;  s.  si^la  (4).

南传佛教英文辞典 【68】pan~ca voka^ra bhava

”five-group  existence”,  is  a  name  for  existence  in  the  sensuous  sphere  (ka^ma^vacara),  or  in  the  fine-material  sphere  (rúpa^vacara,  s.  avacara),  since  all  the  5  groups  of  existence  (khandha,  q.v.)  are  found  there.  In  the  immaterial  sphere  (arúpa^vacara,  s.  avacara),  however,  only  the  4  mental  groups  are  found,  and  in  the  world  of  unconscious  beings  (asan~n~a^-satta,  q.v.)  only  the  one  corporeality  group.  Cf  eka-voka^ra-bhava  and  catu-pan~ca-voka^ra-bhava;  further  s.  avacara.  -  (App.:  voka^ra).

英汉对照词典 【69】SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA

Sukhavativyuha  Sutra  ==  无量寿经

It  is  one  of  the  main  Sutras  for  Pure  Land  Sect.  It  stipulates  the  Forty-eight  Vows  of  Amitabha  Buddha,  which  give  rise  to  the  characteristic  of  the  Pure  Land  of  Ultimate  Bliss  in  the  West.

英汉对照词典 【70】SIX HEAVENS OF DESIRE

Six  Heavens  of  Desire  ==  六欲天

see  Three  Realms.

南传佛教英文辞典 【71】bhavanga sota^, citta

  These  2  compound  terms  belong  exclusively  to  the  exegetical  literature,  while  the  term  bhavanga  is  several  times,  briefly  and  unexplained,  mentioned  in  the  Patth.  of  the  Abh.  Canon,  as  though  already  known  at  that  time.

南传佛教英文辞典 【72】ji^vita navaka kala^pa

  ninefold  vital  group;  s.  rúpa-kala^pa.

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