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aviha bhava a^sava Avi^ci favour javana avacara avijja^ craving navanga SRAVAKA vibhava aversion bhavanga avihimsa^ avikkhepa avya^kata behaviour avya^pa^da bhava^sava ka^ma^sava punabbhava therava^da upavica^ra arúpa bhava ka^ma bhava kamma bhava khi^na^sava vavattha^na a^savakkhaya bhava ditthi bhava tanha^ HEAVENLY EYE manopavica^ra 大史(Mahavamsa) 島史(Diqavamsa) 鹿野苑(Mrgadava) 舍衛城(Sravasti) AVALOKITESVARA upapatti bhava vibhava tanha^ avigata paccaya pathavi^ dha^tu pathavi^ kasina 極樂世界(sukhavati) AVATAMSAKA SUTRA nava satta^va^sa sensuous craving upekkhopavica^ra 叁性(tri-svabhava) bhavanga santa^na eka voka^ra bhava satta^va^sa nava 迦毗羅衛(Kapilavastu) catu voka^ra bhava dha^tu vavattha^na domanassupavica^ra somanassúpavica^ra 蓮花生(Padmasambhava) paccavekkhana n~a^na paccavekkhana suddhi pan~ca voka^ra bhava SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA SIX HEAVENS OF DESIRE bhavanga sota^, citta ji^vita navaka kala^pa 超戒寺(Vikramasilavihara) 楞伽經(Lankavatara-sutra) catu dha^tu vavattha^na 不空(Amoghavajra 705-774) 大日經(Mahavairocana-sutra) avoidance and performance 清辨(Bhavaviveka 約490~570) paranimmita vasavatti deva a^di^nava^nupassana^ n~a^na 觀無量壽經(Amitayurbhavana-sutra) VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA 大毗婆沙論(Abhidharma-mahavibhasa-sastra) 華嚴經(Bud dhavatamsaka-mahavai pul yasutra) 大方等大集經(Mahavai pul ya-mahasanni-pata-sutra) 阿彌陀經(Sukhavati-v yuha-sutra,Amitayur-v yuha-sutra) 李斯·戴維斯,T·W·(Thomas Williams Rhys Davids 1843~1922) ▲ 收起
中國百科全書 【55】叁性(tri-svabhava)

  Sanxing

  佛教術語。有兩義:1、對善、不善等一切法所作的分類,即善、惡(不善)、無記叁性。對于現世來世和自他都是順益的,如信等善心及善心所起的一切善根,是爲“善性”。對于現世來世和自他都是違損的,如貪等惡心所起的一切惡業,是爲“惡性”(不善性)。非善非惡爲中庸之法,是益是損,不可記別,是爲“無記性”。無記又有“有覆無記”與“無覆無記”兩種。妄惑的勢用微弱,雖然沒有違損自他的力量,然體是妄惑,能蔭覆聖道,又與惑障相俱,自性微弱,于自他都無損益,故名“無覆無記”,如阿賴耶識及內根外器等。

  2、對一切法的性相是有、是無、是假、是實所作的分類,並名叁相、叁自相、叁自性。即遍計所執、依他起、圓成實叁性。遍計所執性。指凡夫的迷情妄執,認爲世間有實物者,謂凡夫的妄情,周遍計度(普遍觀察思量)一切法,故名遍計;由此虛妄分別執有實我、實法,稱爲“所執性”。如見繩而誤以爲蛇,非有蛇的實體,但妄情迷執爲蛇。又如人于內心外境認有實我、實法也是如此。有爲萬法,都是因緣假合而成,其中無一實我、實法,但有妄情計度而迷執爲我爲法,因而指有實我實法,謂之遍計所執性。但由妄情嘏存,不能離妄情而有。依他起性。即依因緣而生的一切萬法。“他”指因緣,以阿賴耶識中的種子爲第一因,借其他種種之肋緣而生的一切法,是離妄情而自存。如繩以麻等因緣而生,故名“依他起性”。圓成實性。即圓滿成就的真實性,亦稱法性、真如等,是一切有爲法的體性,恰如繩的實性是麻,故名圓成實性。

  在此叁性中,遍計所執性是“妄有”,依他起性是“假有”,圓成實性是“實有”。又遍計所執性是“實無”,依他起性是“似有”,圓成實性是“真有”。此叁性于各別事上有,于一事上也能見到。在各別事上,如認爲龜毛、兔角及過去未來法是實有,是遍計所執性;于大乘百法中,前九十四法,是依他起性;後六無爲,是圓成實性。在一事上,以花爲例,如妄情迷執是實有,是遍計所執性;從因緣生,假現花相,是依他起性;花的實體,是圓成實性。(元湛)

南傳佛教英文辭典 【56】bhavanga santa^na

”continuity  of  subconsciousness”;  s.  santa^na

南傳佛教英文辭典 【57】eka voka^ra bhava

  one-group  existence,  is  the  existence  of  the  unconscious  beings  (asan~n~a-satta,  q.v.)  as  they  possess  only  the  corporeality-group.  Cf.  catu-voka^ra-bhava,  pan~ca-voka^ra-bhava.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【58】satta^va^sa nava

”abodes  of  beings”.  In  the  sutta-texts  (e.g.  D.  33;  A.IX,  24)  9  such  abodes  are  mentioned:
"There  are,  o  monks,  9  abodes  of  beings,  namely:
(1)  "There  are  beings  who  are  different  in  body  and  different  in  perception,  such  as  the  human  beings,  some  heavenly  beings,  and  some  beings  living  in  the  world  of  suffering  (vinipa^tika,  q.v.).
(2)  ””There  are  beings  who  are  different  in  body  but  equal  in  perception,  such  as  the  first-born  gods  of  the  Brahma-world  (i.e.  at  the  beginning  of  each  new  world-formation;  s.  deva  II).
(3)  ””There  are  beings  who  are  equal  in  body  but  different  in  perception,  such  as  the  Radiant  Gods  (a^bhassara,  s.  deva  II).
(4)  "There  are  beings  who  are  equal  in  body  and  equal  in  perception,  such  as  the  All-Illuminating  Gods  (subha-kinha;  s.  deva  II).
(5)  "There  are  beings  without  perception  and  feeling,  such  as  the  unconscious  beings  (asan~n~a-satta,  q.v.).
(6)  "There  are  beings  who,  through  the  complete  overcoming  of  perceptions  of  matter  (rúpa-san~n~a),  the  disappearance  of  perceptions  of  sense-reaction  (patigha-san~n~a),  and  the  non-attention  to  perceptions  of  variety  thinking:  ”Boundless  is  space”,  are  reborn  in  the  sphere  of  buundless  space  (s.  deva,  III;  jha^na,  5).
(7)  "There  are  beings  who,  through  the  complete  overcoming  of  the  sphere  of  boundless  space,  thinking:  ”Boundless  is  consciousness”,  are  reborn  in  the  sphere  of  boundless  consciousness  (s.  jha^na  6).
(8)  "There  are  beings  who,  through  the  complete  overcoming  of  the  sphere  of  boundless  consciousness,  thinking:  ”Nothing  is  there,  are  reborn  in  the  sphere  of  nothingness  (s.  jha^na,  7).
(9)  "There  are  beings  who,  through  the  complete  overcoming  of  the  sphere  of  nothingness,  are  reborn  in  the  sphere  of  neither-perception-nor-non-perception  (s.  jha^na,  8)"  (A.  IX,  24).
According  to  the  Com.  to  A.,  the  beings  of  the  Pure  Abodes  (suddha^va^sa,  q.v.)  are  not  mentioned  here,  for  the  reason  that  they  exist  only  in  those  world-periods  in  which  Buddhas  appear.  Cf.  vin~n~a^na-tthiti.

中國百科全書 【59】迦毗羅衛(Kapilavastu)

  古印度佛教遺址。傳爲釋迦牟尼的故鄉。亦譯劫比羅伐窣堵、迦毗羅婆蘇都、迦毗羅蟠窣都、迦毗羅、迦毗梨等。意譯妙德城、黃頭居處等。釋迦族聚居的迦毗羅衛國的國都。中國的法顯、玄奘都曾到過此城,但兩人對它的位置的記述有所不同。近代以來,雖經專家努力探索,但至今未能確定其原址。

  有人認爲,今尼泊爾南部的提羅拉科特就是迦毗羅衛。它距相傳釋迦牟尼誕生地藍毗尼不遠。這是印度考古學家穆吉克根據玄奘的記載,以1895年在尼泊爾泰雷地區發現的阿育王拘那舍牟尼佛石柱及1896年在藍毗尼發現的阿育王釋迦牟尼佛誕生石柱爲線索,于1899年在提羅拉科特試掘後認定的。近年來,發掘工作已擴展到提羅拉科特周圍地區,並發現了一些城壘和佛教遺址、文物,但尚不能完全確證該地就是迦毗羅衛古城。

  另有一些人認爲,迦毗羅衛的遺址應在今印度北方邦北部,距尼泊爾邊境1公裏處的庇浦拉瓦。它距藍毗尼和提羅拉科特都不遠。早在1898年,英人佩普曾在此地一佛塔中發現一個滑石製的舍利壺,上有婆羅迹字體的銘文:“這是釋迦族的佛世尊的遺骨容器,是有名譽的兄弟及姐妹、妻子們(奉祀)的。”不少學者認爲這可能就是在所謂“八分舍利”時釋迦族分得的那一份。1972年印度考古局在上述同一佛塔的下層,又發現兩個形態與質料同上述舍利壺完全一樣的舍利壺,但兩壺的大小不同,且無銘文。從出土情況判斷,安放這兩個壺的年代約在公元前5~前4世紀。不久,又在佛塔旁的僧院遺址中發現了四十多枚赤陶製的印章和缽蓋,其中一枚印章上有婆羅迷字體刻文:“奄!迦毗羅衛的提婆跋陀羅僧陀的比丘僧伽(所有)”。另一枚印章上爲“大迦毗羅衛的比丘僧伽(所有)”。在一個缽蓋上也刻有迦毗羅衛的字樣。另在附近發現有若幹用大磚砌成的建築物和其他一些文物。據研究,庇浦拉瓦的地下文化可發4期,最古老的一期約屬公元前8~前6世紀。因此,近來沙學者認爲這裏就是迦毗羅衛遺址,但仍不能確證。(方廣  )

南傳佛教英文辭典 【60】catu voka^ra bhava

”four-group  existence”,  is  the  existence  in  the  immaterial  world  (arúpa-loka;  s.  loka),  since  only  the  four  mental  groups  (feeling,  perception,  mental  formations,  consciousness,  s.  khandha)  are  found  there,  the  corporeality  group  being  absent.  Cf.  pan~ca-voka^ra-bhava,  eka-voka^ra-bhava.  (App.:  voka^ra).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【61】dha^tu vavattha^na

  This  term  is  first  used  in  Pts.M.  while  the  subject  in  question  is  often  treated  in  the  old  sutta  texts  (e.g.  M.  28,  62,  140,  etc.).  Cf.  sammasana.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【62】dha^tu vavattha^na

”analysis  (or  determining)  of  the  4  elements”,  is  described  in  Vis.M.  XI,  2,  as  the  last  of  the  40  mental  exercises  (s.  bha^vana^).  In  a  condensed  form  this  exercise  is  handed  down  in  D.  22  and  M.  10  (s.  satipattha^na),  but  in  detail  explained  in  M.  28,  62,  140.  The  simile  of  the  butcher  in  M.  10  ("Just,  o  monks,  as  a  skilled  butcher  or  butcher”s  apprentice,  after  having  slaughtered  a  cow  and  divided  it  into  separate  portions,  should  sit  down  at  the  junction  of  four  highroads;  just  so  does  the  disciple  contemplate  this  body  with  regard  to  the  elements")  is  thus  explained  in  Vis.M.  XI.:  "To  the  butcher,  who  rears  the  cow,  brings  it  to  the  slaughter-house,  ties  it,  puts  it  there,  slaughters  it,  or  looks  at  the  slaughtered  and  dead  cow,  the  idea  ”cow”  does  not  disappear  as  long  as  he  has  not  yet  cut  the  body  open  and  taken  it  to  pieces.  As  soon,  however,  as  he  sits  down,  after  having  cut  it  open  and  taken  it  to  pieces,  the  idea  ”cow”  disappears  to  him,  and  the  idea  ”meat”  arises.  And  he  does  not  think:  ”A  cow  do  I  sell,  or  ”A  cow  do  they  buy.”  Just  so,  when  the  monk  formerly  was  still  an  ignorant  worldling,  layman  or  a  homeless  one,  the  ideas  ”living  being”  or  ”man”  or  ”individual”  had  not  yet  disappeared  as  long  as  he  had  not  taken  this  body,  whatever  position  or  direction  it  had,  to  pieces  and  analysed  it  piece  by  piece.  As  soon,  however,  as  he  analysed  this  body  into  its  elements,  the  idea  ”living  being”  disappeared  to  him,  and  his  mind  became  established  in  the  contemplation  of  the  elements."  -  (App.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【63】domanassupavica^ra

  ”indulging  in  grief”;  s.  manopavica^ra.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【64】somanassúpavica^ra

  ”indulging  in  gladness”;  s.  mano-pavica^ra.

中國百科全書 【65】蓮花生(Padmasambhava)

Lianhuasheng

  

  印度僧人。8世紀後半期把佛教密宗傳入西藏,藏傳佛教尊稱他爲洛本仁波且(軌範師寶)、古如仁波天(師尊寶)、烏金仁波且(烏仗那寶)。通稱白麥迥乃(蓮花生)。據多羅那他于1610年所著《蓮花生傳》所載,約于摩揭陀國天護王時出生于烏苌國王族。一說系烏苌國英迪拉菩提(印度金剛乘始祖,著有《秘密集會》)之子。初名蓮花光明,後通曉聲明及各種明處,得名蓮花金剛。旋又依一真言阿阇黎寂色學事、行、瑜伽叁部密法得密號爲蓮花生。其後又從瑜伽師樂天及瑜伽母樂持學無上部法。他曾周遊印度廣訪密法大師,成爲佛吉祥智的四個證得現法涅槃的弟子之一(另外叁人爲燃燈賢、極寂友、王種羅睺羅)。他又從吉禅師子學法。據智慧海王所著《蓮花生傳》載,他又從吉祥師子學大圓滿法以後曾到中國的五臺山學習天文曆數。他的上師佛吉祥智也曾立志朝禮五臺,他的同學無垢友也到過漢地。所蓮花生一派傳授的教法有很濃厚的漢地禅宗色彩。吐蕃赤德祖贊即位後,由寂護舉薦入藏傳法。他入藏的時間,近代學者多方考證,結論不一。據智慧海王所述年月推算,他于750年由印度啓行至尼泊爾,752年至拉薩,秋季開始建桑耶寺,754年建成。761~774年組織翻譯。約于804年離藏,在印度的達羅毗荼傳法建寺達12年之久。晚年不知所終。由于他對藏傳佛教所作的巨大貢獻,受到各宗派的共同敬仰。他在吐蕃培養造就人才很多,傳說其中得到密宗悉地的,有贊普和臣民25人,如虛空藏、佛智、遍照、玉紮甯波、智童、柱德積等人均爲當時有名的譯師。

  著述收入甘珠爾及丹珠爾的有8種。甯瑪派的密部經典由他主譯的很多。後世掘藏派在山岩石窟中發現的經典多數題爲他的著作,但只由本派傳授,未收入藏文大藏經。(郭元興)

南傳佛教英文辭典 【66】paccavekkhana n~a^na

”retrospective  knowledge”,  refers  to  the  recollected  mental  image  obtained  in  concentration,  or  to  any  inner  experience  just  passed,  as  for  instance,  any  absorption  (jha^na  q.v.),  or  any  supermundane  path,  or  fruition  of  the  path,  etc.  (s.  ariya-puggala).  As  it  is  said:  "At  the  end  of  fruitional  consciousness,  consciousness  sinks  into  the  subconscious  stream  of  existence  (bhavanga-sota,  q.v.).  Then,  breaking  off  the  stream  of  existence,  mental  advertence  (manodva^ra^vajjana)  arises  at  the  mind-door,  for  the  purpose  of  retrospecting  the  (just  passed)  path-moment.  Now,  as  soon  as  this  stage  has  passed,  7  moments  of  impulsive  consciousness  (javana-citta),  one  after  the  other,  flash  up  while  retrospecting  the  path.  After  they  again  have  sunk  into  the  subconscious  stream,  there  arise,  for  the  purpose  of  retrospecting  the  fruition  of  the  path  the  moments  of  advertence  and  impulsion,  during  whose  arising  the  monk  is  retrospecting  the  path,  retrospecting  the  fruition,  retrospecting  the  abandoned  defilements,  retrospecting  the  still  remaining  defilements,  retrospecting  Nibba^na  as  object  ....”This  blessing  have  I  attained”....”This  and  that  defilement  still  remains  in  me”....”This  object  have  I  beheld  in  my  mind”,  etc."  (Vis.M.  XXII).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【67】paccavekkhana suddhi

”purity  of  reflection”,  is  a  name  for  wise  consideration  in  using  the  4  requisites  allowed  to  the  monk,  i.e.  robes,  food,  dwelling,  and  medicine;  s.  si^la  (4).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【68】pan~ca voka^ra bhava

”five-group  existence”,  is  a  name  for  existence  in  the  sensuous  sphere  (ka^ma^vacara),  or  in  the  fine-material  sphere  (rúpa^vacara,  s.  avacara),  since  all  the  5  groups  of  existence  (khandha,  q.v.)  are  found  there.  In  the  immaterial  sphere  (arúpa^vacara,  s.  avacara),  however,  only  the  4  mental  groups  are  found,  and  in  the  world  of  unconscious  beings  (asan~n~a^-satta,  q.v.)  only  the  one  corporeality  group.  Cf  eka-voka^ra-bhava  and  catu-pan~ca-voka^ra-bhava;  further  s.  avacara.  -  (App.:  voka^ra).

英漢對照詞典 【69】SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA

Sukhavativyuha  Sutra  ==  無量壽經

It  is  one  of  the  main  Sutras  for  Pure  Land  Sect.  It  stipulates  the  Forty-eight  Vows  of  Amitabha  Buddha,  which  give  rise  to  the  characteristic  of  the  Pure  Land  of  Ultimate  Bliss  in  the  West.

英漢對照詞典 【70】SIX HEAVENS OF DESIRE

Six  Heavens  of  Desire  ==  六欲天

see  Three  Realms.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【71】bhavanga sota^, citta

  These  2  compound  terms  belong  exclusively  to  the  exegetical  literature,  while  the  term  bhavanga  is  several  times,  briefly  and  unexplained,  mentioned  in  the  Patth.  of  the  Abh.  Canon,  as  though  already  known  at  that  time.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【72】ji^vita navaka kala^pa

  ninefold  vital  group;  s.  rúpa-kala^pa.

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