Sanxing
佛教術語。有兩義:1、對善、不善等一切法所作的分類,即善、惡(不善)、無記叁性。對于現世來世和自他都是順益的,如信等善心及善心所起的一切善根,是爲“善性”。對于現世來世和自他都是違損的,如貪等惡心所起的一切惡業,是爲“惡性”(不善性)。非善非惡爲中庸之法,是益是損,不可記別,是爲“無記性”。無記又有“有覆無記”與“無覆無記”兩種。妄惑的勢用微弱,雖然沒有違損自他的力量,然體是妄惑,能蔭覆聖道,又與惑障相俱,自性微弱,于自他都無損益,故名“無覆無記”,如阿賴耶識及內根外器等。
2、對一切法的性相是有、是無、是假、是實所作的分類,並名叁相、叁自相、叁自性。即遍計所執、依他起、圓成實叁性。遍計所執性。指凡夫的迷情妄執,認爲世間有實物者,謂凡夫的妄情,周遍計度(普遍觀察思量)一切法,故名遍計;由此虛妄分別執有實我、實法,稱爲“所執性”。如見繩而誤以爲蛇,非有蛇的實體,但妄情迷執爲蛇。又如人于內心外境認有實我、實法也是如此。有爲萬法,都是因緣假合而成,其中無一實我、實法,但有妄情計度而迷執爲我爲法,因而指有實我實法,謂之遍計所執性。但由妄情嘏存,不能離妄情而有。依他起性。即依因緣而生的一切萬法。“他”指因緣,以阿賴耶識中的種子爲第一因,借其他種種之肋緣而生的一切法,是離妄情而自存。如繩以麻等因緣而生,故名“依他起性”。圓成實性。即圓滿成就的真實性,亦稱法性、真如等,是一切有爲法的體性,恰如繩的實性是麻,故名圓成實性。
在此叁性中,遍計所執性是“妄有”,依他起性是“假有”,圓成實性是“實有”。又遍計所執性是“實無”,依他起性是“似有”,圓成實性是“真有”。此叁性于各別事上有,于一事上也能見到。在各別事上,如認爲龜毛、兔角及過去未來法是實有,是遍計所執性;于大乘百法中,前九十四法,是依他起性;後六無爲,是圓成實性。在一事上,以花爲例,如妄情迷執是實有,是遍計所執性;從因緣生,假現花相,是依他起性;花的實體,是圓成實性。(元湛)
”continuity of subconsciousness”; s. santa^na
one-group existence, is the existence of the unconscious beings (asan~n~a-satta, q.v.) as they possess only the corporeality-group. Cf. catu-voka^ra-bhava, pan~ca-voka^ra-bhava.
”abodes of beings”. In the sutta-texts (e.g. D. 33; A.IX, 24) 9 such abodes are mentioned:
"There are, o monks, 9 abodes of beings, namely:
(1) "There are beings who are different in body and different in perception, such as the human beings, some heavenly beings, and some beings living in the world of suffering (vinipa^tika, q.v.).
(2) ””There are beings who are different in body but equal in perception, such as the first-born gods of the Brahma-world (i.e. at the beginning of each new world-formation; s. deva II).
(3) ””There are beings who are equal in body but different in perception, such as the Radiant Gods (a^bhassara, s. deva II).
(4) "There are beings who are equal in body and equal in perception, such as the All-Illuminating Gods (subha-kinha; s. deva II).
(5) "There are beings without perception and feeling, such as the unconscious beings (asan~n~a-satta, q.v.).
(6) "There are beings who, through the complete overcoming of perceptions of matter (rúpa-san~n~a), the disappearance of perceptions of sense-reaction (patigha-san~n~a), and the non-attention to perceptions of variety thinking: ”Boundless is space”, are reborn in the sphere of buundless space (s. deva, III; jha^na, 5).
(7) "There are beings who, through the complete overcoming of the sphere of boundless space, thinking: ”Boundless is consciousness”, are reborn in the sphere of boundless consciousness (s. jha^na 6).
(8) "There are beings who, through the complete overcoming of the sphere of boundless consciousness, thinking: ”Nothing is there, are reborn in the sphere of nothingness (s. jha^na, 7).
(9) "There are beings who, through the complete overcoming of the sphere of nothingness, are reborn in the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception (s. jha^na, 8)" (A. IX, 24).
According to the Com. to A., the beings of the Pure Abodes (suddha^va^sa, q.v.) are not mentioned here, for the reason that they exist only in those world-periods in which Buddhas appear. Cf. vin~n~a^na-tthiti.
古印度佛教遺址。傳爲釋迦牟尼的故鄉。亦譯劫比羅伐窣堵、迦毗羅婆蘇都、迦毗羅蟠窣都、迦毗羅、迦毗梨等。意譯妙德城、黃頭居處等。釋迦族聚居的迦毗羅衛國的國都。中國的法顯、玄奘都曾到過此城,但兩人對它的位置的記述有所不同。近代以來,雖經專家努力探索,但至今未能確定其原址。
有人認爲,今尼泊爾南部的提羅拉科特就是迦毗羅衛。它距相傳釋迦牟尼誕生地藍毗尼不遠。這是印度考古學家穆吉克根據玄奘的記載,以1895年在尼泊爾泰雷地區發現的阿育王拘那舍牟尼佛石柱及1896年在藍毗尼發現的阿育王釋迦牟尼佛誕生石柱爲線索,于1899年在提羅拉科特試掘後認定的。近年來,發掘工作已擴展到提羅拉科特周圍地區,並發現了一些城壘和佛教遺址、文物,但尚不能完全確證該地就是迦毗羅衛古城。
另有一些人認爲,迦毗羅衛的遺址應在今印度北方邦北部,距尼泊爾邊境1公裏處的庇浦拉瓦。它距藍毗尼和提羅拉科特都不遠。早在1898年,英人佩普曾在此地一佛塔中發現一個滑石製的舍利壺,上有婆羅迹字體的銘文:“這是釋迦族的佛世尊的遺骨容器,是有名譽的兄弟及姐妹、妻子們(奉祀)的。”不少學者認爲這可能就是在所謂“八分舍利”時釋迦族分得的那一份。1972年印度考古局在上述同一佛塔的下層,又發現兩個形態與質料同上述舍利壺完全一樣的舍利壺,但兩壺的大小不同,且無銘文。從出土情況判斷,安放這兩個壺的年代約在公元前5~前4世紀。不久,又在佛塔旁的僧院遺址中發現了四十多枚赤陶製的印章和缽蓋,其中一枚印章上有婆羅迷字體刻文:“奄!迦毗羅衛的提婆跋陀羅僧陀的比丘僧伽(所有)”。另一枚印章上爲“大迦毗羅衛的比丘僧伽(所有)”。在一個缽蓋上也刻有迦毗羅衛的字樣。另在附近發現有若幹用大磚砌成的建築物和其他一些文物。據研究,庇浦拉瓦的地下文化可發4期,最古老的一期約屬公元前8~前6世紀。因此,近來沙學者認爲這裏就是迦毗羅衛遺址,但仍不能確證。(方廣 )
”four-group existence”, is the existence in the immaterial world (arúpa-loka; s. loka), since only the four mental groups (feeling, perception, mental formations, consciousness, s. khandha) are found there, the corporeality group being absent. Cf. pan~ca-voka^ra-bhava, eka-voka^ra-bhava. (App.: voka^ra).
This term is first used in Pts.M. while the subject in question is often treated in the old sutta texts (e.g. M. 28, 62, 140, etc.). Cf. sammasana.
”analysis (or determining) of the 4 elements”, is described in Vis.M. XI, 2, as the last of the 40 mental exercises (s. bha^vana^). In a condensed form this exercise is handed down in D. 22 and M. 10 (s. satipattha^na), but in detail explained in M. 28, 62, 140. The simile of the butcher in M. 10 ("Just, o monks, as a skilled butcher or butcher”s apprentice, after having slaughtered a cow and divided it into separate portions, should sit down at the junction of four highroads; just so does the disciple contemplate this body with regard to the elements") is thus explained in Vis.M. XI.: "To the butcher, who rears the cow, brings it to the slaughter-house, ties it, puts it there, slaughters it, or looks at the slaughtered and dead cow, the idea ”cow” does not disappear as long as he has not yet cut the body open and taken it to pieces. As soon, however, as he sits down, after having cut it open and taken it to pieces, the idea ”cow” disappears to him, and the idea ”meat” arises. And he does not think: ”A cow do I sell, or ”A cow do they buy.” Just so, when the monk formerly was still an ignorant worldling, layman or a homeless one, the ideas ”living being” or ”man” or ”individual” had not yet disappeared as long as he had not taken this body, whatever position or direction it had, to pieces and analysed it piece by piece. As soon, however, as he analysed this body into its elements, the idea ”living being” disappeared to him, and his mind became established in the contemplation of the elements." - (App.).
”indulging in grief”; s. manopavica^ra.
”indulging in gladness”; s. mano-pavica^ra.
Lianhuasheng
印度僧人。8世紀後半期把佛教密宗傳入西藏,藏傳佛教尊稱他爲洛本仁波且(軌範師寶)、古如仁波天(師尊寶)、烏金仁波且(烏仗那寶)。通稱白麥迥乃(蓮花生)。據多羅那他于1610年所著《蓮花生傳》所載,約于摩揭陀國天護王時出生于烏苌國王族。一說系烏苌國英迪拉菩提(印度金剛乘始祖,著有《秘密集會》)之子。初名蓮花光明,後通曉聲明及各種明處,得名蓮花金剛。旋又依一真言阿阇黎寂色學事、行、瑜伽叁部密法得密號爲蓮花生。其後又從瑜伽師樂天及瑜伽母樂持學無上部法。他曾周遊印度廣訪密法大師,成爲佛吉祥智的四個證得現法涅槃的弟子之一(另外叁人爲燃燈賢、極寂友、王種羅睺羅)。他又從吉禅師子學法。據智慧海王所著《蓮花生傳》載,他又從吉祥師子學大圓滿法以後曾到中國的五臺山學習天文曆數。他的上師佛吉祥智也曾立志朝禮五臺,他的同學無垢友也到過漢地。所蓮花生一派傳授的教法有很濃厚的漢地禅宗色彩。吐蕃赤德祖贊即位後,由寂護舉薦入藏傳法。他入藏的時間,近代學者多方考證,結論不一。據智慧海王所述年月推算,他于750年由印度啓行至尼泊爾,752年至拉薩,秋季開始建桑耶寺,754年建成。761~774年組織翻譯。約于804年離藏,在印度的達羅毗荼傳法建寺達12年之久。晚年不知所終。由于他對藏傳佛教所作的巨大貢獻,受到各宗派的共同敬仰。他在吐蕃培養造就人才很多,傳說其中得到密宗悉地的,有贊普和臣民25人,如虛空藏、佛智、遍照、玉紮甯波、智童、柱德積等人均爲當時有名的譯師。
著述收入甘珠爾及丹珠爾的有8種。甯瑪派的密部經典由他主譯的很多。後世掘藏派在山岩石窟中發現的經典多數題爲他的著作,但只由本派傳授,未收入藏文大藏經。(郭元興)
”retrospective knowledge”, refers to the recollected mental image obtained in concentration, or to any inner experience just passed, as for instance, any absorption (jha^na q.v.), or any supermundane path, or fruition of the path, etc. (s. ariya-puggala). As it is said: "At the end of fruitional consciousness, consciousness sinks into the subconscious stream of existence (bhavanga-sota, q.v.). Then, breaking off the stream of existence, mental advertence (manodva^ra^vajjana) arises at the mind-door, for the purpose of retrospecting the (just passed) path-moment. Now, as soon as this stage has passed, 7 moments of impulsive consciousness (javana-citta), one after the other, flash up while retrospecting the path. After they again have sunk into the subconscious stream, there arise, for the purpose of retrospecting the fruition of the path the moments of advertence and impulsion, during whose arising the monk is retrospecting the path, retrospecting the fruition, retrospecting the abandoned defilements, retrospecting the still remaining defilements, retrospecting Nibba^na as object ....”This blessing have I attained”....”This and that defilement still remains in me”....”This object have I beheld in my mind”, etc." (Vis.M. XXII).
”purity of reflection”, is a name for wise consideration in using the 4 requisites allowed to the monk, i.e. robes, food, dwelling, and medicine; s. si^la (4).
”five-group existence”, is a name for existence in the sensuous sphere (ka^ma^vacara), or in the fine-material sphere (rúpa^vacara, s. avacara), since all the 5 groups of existence (khandha, q.v.) are found there. In the immaterial sphere (arúpa^vacara, s. avacara), however, only the 4 mental groups are found, and in the world of unconscious beings (asan~n~a^-satta, q.v.) only the one corporeality group. Cf eka-voka^ra-bhava and catu-pan~ca-voka^ra-bhava; further s. avacara. - (App.: voka^ra).
Sukhavativyuha Sutra == 無量壽經
It is one of the main Sutras for Pure Land Sect. It stipulates the Forty-eight Vows of Amitabha Buddha, which give rise to the characteristic of the Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss in the West.
Six Heavens of Desire == 六欲天
see Three Realms.
These 2 compound terms belong exclusively to the exegetical literature, while the term bhavanga is several times, briefly and unexplained, mentioned in the Patth. of the Abh. Canon, as though already known at that time.
ninefold vital group; s. rúpa-kala^pa.