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sel sex alms dosa ends gems lust rise sati ties adosa ASURA asura bases bonds cause chaos doors issa^ RAKSA rules sacca sagga sakka satta sekha sense shame si^la sloth space STUPA subha SUDRA sukha SUTRA vasi^ YAKSA yokes a^sava abodes access asekha beings BHIKSU biases course elders escape floods forest ghosts gnosis groups jewels kasina kilesa kusala misery phassa planes powers samma^ sangha SANJNA sarana sexual stains suddha sugati sukkha SUMERU taints truths tusita usages VAISYA WISDOM wisdom a^ka^sa absence ahimsa^ AKUSALA akusala anusaya arising cankers desana^ destiny disease factors fetters HSU YUN insight KUSHALA mastery message nissaya obha^sa remorse sa^sana sa^vaka saddha^ SAMADHI samatha sammuti SAMSARA samseva sassata sikkha^ sitting skilful sobhana spheres SRAVAKA sublime sun~n~a 戒(sila) AKUSHALA anussati aversion BHIKSUNI bondages cetasika delusion elements extremes fatalism gladness grasping influxes interest KSATRIYA not self opposite postures progress sakka^ya sama^dhi sambodhi sammatta sampada^ samsa^ra SAMSKARA san~n~a^ sankappa sankhata santa^na scruples sensuous serenity signless sucarita suchness upa^saka uposatha upstream vimamsa^ visuddhi 谛(satya) 空(sunya) asankhata avihimsa^ boundless cosmogony domanassa dwellings EMPTINESS emptiness existence faculties FIVE EYES happiness impulsion lightness mind base obstacles SAHA LAND sammasana samphassa samyojana sankha^ra SARIPUTRA sena^sana SENSATION SIX DUSTS SIX GUNAS SIX PATHS SIX ROOTS somanassa something suffering ti sarana treasures upa^sika^ vanishing YASODHARA a^bhassara abhisamaya absorption aggregates ALMSGIVING antinomies appendants asmi ma^na bhava^sava BODHISATTA Bodhisatta compassion conditions dibba sota elasticity enthusiasm expression few wishes FOUR SEALS hindrances impression impurities ka^ma^sava low speech MAHASATTVA messengers obduracies para^ma^sa patisandhi repression sa^man~n~a sama^patti sensuality SEVEN GEMS SHAKYAMUNI si^labbata SIX PLACES sota^panna sota^patti standstill stinginess successive SUDDHODANA ta^vatimsa TEN POWERS tendencies TWO DEATHS unshakable upakkilesa vesa^rajja vipalla^sa vipassana^ 不害(ahimsa) abstentions ahosi kamma alms giving ANAPANASATI anupassana^ ariya sacca ariya vamsa association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA chaste life co nascence corruptions defilements destruction dissolution dosa carita earnestness egolessness EIGHT WINDS foundations inseparable intoxicants khi^na^sava kusala múla LOTUS SUTRA manasika^ra mindfulness NINE REALMS perfections personality perversions pure abodes sala^yatana sama si^si^ samuttha^na san~cetana^ san~n~ojana si^vathika^ sikkha^pada supernormal tejo kasina THREE ROOTS THREE SEALS unwholesome uprightness wrongnesses 定 (samadhi) 結集(samgiti) 輪回(samsara) a^savakkhaya body witness covetousness dispensation dissociation dry visioned FIVE WISDOMS FOUR VIRTUES harmlessness homelessness inclinations ka^ya sakkhi karma result kilesa ka^ma light kasina nesajjikanga ni^la kasina noble abodes pakati si^la pan~ca si^la pasa^da rúpa patisandhika petti visaya pi^ta kasina pleasantness proclivities purisindriya radiant gods recollectons restlessness RIGHT SPEECH sacca n~a^na SAKRADAGAMIN sambojjhanga samma^ magga sampajan~n~a santutthita^ SIX INDRIYAS SIX PARAMITA SROTA-APANNA stream entry subconscious suddha^va^sa supermundane THREE DOGMAS THREE JEWELS THREE REALMS THREE WISDOM TWELVE BASES viveka sukha 佛教(Buddhism) 僧伽製度(samgha) 鐵薩羅(Tissara) a^loka kasina Abbreviations abhisankha^ra attentiveness BHAISAJYAGURU birth process companionship comprehension consciousness contentedness dasa pa^rami^ deathlessness demons’ realm disappearance FIVE BHIKSHUS FIVE OFFENCES FIVE PRECEPTS FIVE SKANDHAS FIVE VEHICLES fixed destiny higher wisdom imperfections investigating investigation karma process loathsomeness lohita kasina noble persons oda^ta kasina patisambhida^ patisankha^na post nascence sa^vaka bodhi sakada^ga^mi^ sammuti sacca samvara si^la sasankha^rika satipattha^na shamelessness silent buddha SIX ENTRANCES stream winner subha nimitta susa^nik’anga THREE POISONS THREE SHASTRA THREE STUDIES THREE VIRTUES TIEN TAI SECT TWELVE PLACES TWO OBSTACLES understanding voha^ra sacca 大史(Mahavamsa) 島史(Diqavamsa) 迦膩色迦(Kaniska) 馬鳴(Asvaghosa) 舍衛城(Sravasti) a^ka^sa dha^tu altruistic joy AMITABHA SUTRA asan~n~a satta AVALOKITESVARA Buddha sa^sana buddha^nussati citta santa^na citta visuddhi dasaka kala^pa desirelessness devata^nussati dhamma desana^ dhamma^nussati eka^sanik’anga foolish babble frivolous talk kusala vipa^ka marana^nussati saddha^nusa^ri sahetuka citta samudaya sacca samvara suddhi samvatta kappa samvega vatthu sangaha vatthu SIX FULFILMENT stupid natured TEN DIRECTIONS TEN GOOD DEEDS transformation transitoriness TWELVE NIDANAS upekkha^ sukha va^ritta si^la visible object 大圓滿(mahasanti) 二谛(twi-satyas) 叁谛(tri-satyas) a^loka san~n~a^ a^na^pa^na sati akusala vitakka anicca san~n~a^ appama^na subha characteristics citta sankha^ra dhamma^nusa^ri^ ditthi visuddhi EIGHT NEGATIONS EIGHTEEN FIELDS FIVE MESSENGERS FOUR GREAT VOWS gustatory organ indriya samatta ka^ya passaddhi loving kindness misapprehension naya vipassana^ nihilistic view nissaya paccaya pamsukúlik’anga pathavi^ kasina sakka^ya ditthi samatha ya^nika samma^ sambodhi sankhitta citta sapada^nik’anga sappatigha rúpa sceptical doubt self confidence SHATIKA SHASTRA sota^pattiyanga SPIRITUAL GHOST stored up karma TAKING PRECEPTS THREE DELUSIONS THREE OBSTACLES tranquilisation upasama^nussati vaci^ sankha^ra vaya^nupassana^ voha^ra desana^ 百論(Sata-sastra) 法護(Dharmaraksa) 極樂世界(sukhavati) 支婁迦谶(Lokaksema) a^sevana paccaya abbhoka^sik’anga anatta^ san~n~a^ appana^ sama^dhi assa^sa passa^sa AVATAMSAKA SUTRA citta vipalla^sa citta^nupassana^ cognitive series EIGHT SUFFERINGS FOUR HOLY REALMS ka^ya gata^ sati ka^ya^nupassana^ karma formations khandha santa^na khaya^nupassana^ maha^ vipassana^ mano san~cetana^ monks’ community nava satta^va^sa nissaya nissita reversible merit samma^ ppadha^na samvara padha^na santi^rana citta sensuous craving SIX SENSE-ORGANS streams of merit sukkha vipassaka supportive karma THIRTY-TWO FORMS THREE EVIL PATHS THREE GOOD PATHS THREE SUFFERINGS 經量部(Sautrantike) 六度(sad-paramita) 律經(Vinaya-sutra) 叁性(tri-svabhava) 釋迦牟尼 (Sakyamuni) 四谛(catur-satyas) adhisi^la sikkha^ anatta^nupassana^ anicca^nupassana^ ascending insight bhavanga santa^na cetaso vinibandha cittass’ekaggata^ destructive karma dhamma^nupassana^ disinterestedness ditthi vipalla^sa dukkha^nupassana^ eye consciousness FIVE COMMANDMENTS FOREMOST PARAMITA FOUR FEARLESSNESS FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS FOURFOLD ASSEMBLY highest knowledge immaterial sphere kusala kammapatha manopadosika deva na^natta san~n~a^ nissarana paha^na NO STRIFE SAMADHI non disappearance pa^risuddhi si^la pakati upanissaya pan~n~atti si^la paricchinna^ka^sa paticcasamuppa^da sahaja^ta paccaya santa^na santati sati sambojjhanga sati sampajan~n~a satta^va^sa nava sensuous clinging SINGALOVADA SUTRA SIX CONSCIOUSNESS SIX PSYCHIC POWER sudassa sudassi^ suppressive karma TEN DHARMA REALMS TEN WHOLESOMENESS upaca^ra sama^dhi vedana^nupassana^ 迦毗羅衛(Kapilavastu) 叁學(tisrah siksah) 桑奇大塔(Sanch Stupa) ahetu patisandhika asankha^rika citta cycle of existence domanassupavica^ra full comprehension hasituppa^da citta marana^sanna kamma meritorious action nirodha sama^patti nirodha^nupassana^ parikamma sama^dhi patikkúla san~n~a^ reflex perceptions samatha vipassana^ sampayutta paccaya samuccheda paha^na self mortification SIDDHARTHA GOUTAMA SIX EXTERNAL BASES SIX INTERNAL BASES somanassúpavica^ra SPHERE OF NO-THING TWO FORMS OF DEATH unconscious beings upanissaya paccaya vipassanúpakkilesa vira^ga^nupassana^ wheel of existence yoniso manasika^ra 蓮花生(Padmasambhava) 無著(Asanga 約4或5世紀) 最澄(Saicho 767~822) anabhirati san~n~a^ animitta^nupassana^ answering questions ANUPADISESA-NIBBANA attha patisambhida^ death consciousness discursive thinking FOUR GREAT ELEMENTS fruits of monk life gradual instruction kilesa parinibba^na lofty consciousness maha^purisa vitakka one group existence red kasina exercise RIGHT UNDERSTANDING samanantara paccaya sampaticchana citta san~n~a^ vipalla^sa sattakkhattu parama SATYASIDDHI SHASTRA spiritual faculties sun~n~ata^ vimokkha superiority conceit suta maya^ pan~n~a^ TEN GREAT KING VOWS viriya sambojjhanga 阿底峽(Atisa 982~1054) 大乘經(Mahayana sutra) 寂天(Santideva 約7世紀) 六足論(Satpada sastra) 清淨道論(Visuddhimagga) 說一切有部(Sarvastivada) access concentration cemetery meditations dhamma patisambhida^ ditthi nissita si^la five group existence four group existence greedy consciousness ka^mesu miccha^ca^ra MANJUSRI BODHISATTVA NIRVANA WITH RESIDUE paccavekkhana suddhi pubbeniva^sa^nussati pun~n~a^bhisankha^ra regenerating process sama^dhi parikkha^ra samvejani^ya ttha^na SA-UPADISESA-NIBBANA SIX FIELDS OF SENSES SUDDEN ENLIGHTENMENT SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA sun~n~ata^nupassana^ tanha^ nissita si^la TEN TITLES OF BUDDHA THREE ENLIGHTENMENTS ti hetu patisandhika VAST AND LONG TONGUE vivattana^nupassana^ yatha^santhatik’anga 大乘論(Mahayana sastra) 榮西(Eisai 1141~1215) 小乘論(Hinayana sastra) 源信(Genshin 942~1017) a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana anupa^disesa nibba^na apun~n~a^bhisankha^ra deluded consciousness DVADASHAMUKHA SHASTRA dvi hetuka patisandhi indriya samvara si^la n’eva sekha n’a^sekha nine abodes of beings ninefold dispensation nirutti patisambhida^ patipassaddhi paha^na questions and answers REALM OF FORMLESSNESS sacca^nulomika n~a^na sama^dhi sambojjhanga SIX HEAVENS OF DESIRE sota^pannassa anga^ni TEN MERITORIOUS DEEDS THREE CLASSIFICATIONS THREE PERIODS OF TIME transference of merit upekkha^ sambojjhanga visesa bha^giya si^la 朝鮮佛教(Korean Buddhism) 梵網經(Brahmajala-sutra) 覺音(Buddhaghosa 5世紀中葉) 蓮花戒(Kamalasila ?~780) 世親(Vasubandhu 約4或5世紀) 印度佛教(Indian Buddhism) 中論(Madhyamika-sastra) abhisama^ca^rika si^la bhavanga sota^, citta catu pa^risuddhi si^la citta samuttha^na rúpa desire for deliverance desireless deliverance FIVE FORMS OF DECAYING FLOWER ADORNMENT SUTRA FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA kamma samuttha^na rúpa khidda padosika^ deva^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi orambha^giya samyojana passaddhi sambojjhanga prescribed moral rules resistance perceptions sa upa^disesa nibba^na sensitive corporeality SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS substrata of existence THREE UNIVERSAL TRUTHS unshakable deliverance viparina^ma^nupassana^ 長阿含經(Dirghagama-sutra) 超戒寺(Vikramasilavihara) 楞伽經(Lankavatara-sutra) 親鸾(Shinran 1173~1262) 緣起(pratitya-samutpada) 中國佛教(Chinese Buddhism) dasa (tatha^gata ) bala FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS FOUR IMMEASURABLE MINDS NIRVANA WITHOUT RESIDUE patinissagga^nupassana^ receptive consciousness retrospective knowledge sabbúpadhi patinissagga sankha^rupekkha^ n~a^na si^la sama^dhi pan~n~a^ SIX STATES OF EXISTENCE VISVABHADRA BODHISATTVA 八正道(aryastangika-marga) 成實論(Satyasiddhi-sastra) 大乘佛教(Mahayana Byddhism) 境行果(sthana-carya-phala) 日本佛教(Japanese Buddhism) a^dibrahmacariyaka si^la ANNUTARA-SAMYAK-SAMBODHI asankha^ra parinibba^yi^ bhanga^nupassana^ n~a^na clarity of consciousness corporeality perceptions ka^ma sukh’allika^nuyoga multiformity perceptions paccaya sannissita si^la paricchinna^ka^sa kasina patibha^na patisambhida^ REALM OF SENSUOUS DESIRE sacchikarani^ya^ dhamma^ uddhambha^giya samyojana verbal functions of mind 部派佛部(Sectarian Buddhism) 大日經(Mahavairocana-sutra) 寂護(Santiraksita 705~762) 戒日王(Siladitya 約590~647) 戒賢(Silabhadra 約528~651 ) 摩诃僧祇律(Mahasangha-vinaya) 尼泊爾佛教(Nepalese Buddhism) 十誦律(Sarvastivada-vinaya) 實叉難陀(Siksananda 652~710) 無量壽經(Aparimitayur-sutra) 原始佛教(primitive Buddhism) 雜阿含經(Samyuktagama-sutra) a^ji^va pa^risuddhi si^la adukkha m asukha^ vedana^ hate rooted consciousness indriyesu gutta dva^rata^ kankha^ vitarana visuddhi nibbida^nupassana^ n~a^na pa^risuddhi padha^niyanga pa^timokkha samvara si^la registering consciousness sama^dhi vippha^ra^ iddhi SAMANTABHADRA BODHISATTVA sasankha^ra parinibba^yi^ spontaneously born beings support decisive support TEN STAGES OF BODHISATTVA vanishing and reappearing VIMALAKIRTI-NIVDESA SUTRA 佛教文學(Buddhist literature) 摩诃菩提會(Maha Bodhi Society) 昙無谶(Dharmaksema 385~433) 增一阿含經(Ekottaragama-sutra) 中阿含經(Madh yamagama-sutra) a^ha^re patikkúla san~n~a^ ability to acquire insight analysis of the 4 elements dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu dhamma vicaya sambojjhanga functions of consciousness happy courses of existence impersonality of existence MAHA-PRAJNA-PARAMITA-SUTRA mind consciousness element paranimmita vasavatti deva parassa ceto pariya n~a^na TEN VEHICLES OF MEDITATION uddhamsota akanitthaga^mi^ 發智論(Jnanaprasthana-sastra) 俱舍論(Abhidharmakosa-sastra) 越南佛教(Vietnamese Buddhism) a^di^nava^nupassana^ n~a^na balance of mental faculties PURE LAND OF ULTIMATE BLISS yatha^ bhúta n~a^na dassana 佛教建築(Buddhist architecture) akusala sa^dha^rana cetasika NINE STAGES OF LOTUS FLOWERS patisankha^nupassana^ n~a^na seven rebirths at the utmost SIX PERIODS OF DAY AND NIGHT udayabbaya^nupassana^ n~a^na 常樂我淨(nitya-sukha-atma-subha) 大般涅槃經(Mahaparinirvana-sutra) 觀無量壽經(Amitayurbhavana-sutra) 楞嚴經(surangama-samadhi-sutra) 菩薩戒本(Bodhisattva-pratimoksa) 乞[口*栗]雙提贊Khri-Sron-Lde-bTsan 瑜伽師地論(Yogacara-bhumi-sastra) EIGHTEEN DIFFERENT CHARACTERS EVIL TIME OF FIVE TURBIDITIES THREE MEDITATIONS OF ONE MIND vuttha^na ga^mini^ vipassana^ 斯裏蘭卡佛教(Buddhism in Sri Lanka) 中國佛教美術(Buddhist art in China) adhipan~n~a^ dhamma vipassana^ ascetic purification practices imperturbable karma formations sabba loke anabhirati san~n~a^ VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA 維摩經(Vimalakirti-nirdesa-sutra) equilibrium of mental faculties SIX DIRECTIONS OF REINCARNATION subha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi sukha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi THREE UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS 村上專精(Murakami Senjo 1851~1928) 大般若經(Mahaprajna-paramita-sutra) 鈴木大拙(Suzuki Daisetsu 1870~1966) 妙法蓮華經(Saddharmapundarika-sutra) 中國佛教音樂(Buddhist music in China) patipada^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi 大智度論(Mahaprajna-paramita-sastra) 冢本善隆(Tsukamoto Zenryu 1898~1980) anan~n~a^tan~ n~assa^mi^t’indriya citta ja (citta samuttha^na) rúpa FOUR ASPECTS (OF BUDDHIST DHARMA) n’eva san~n~a^ n’a^san~n~a^yatana 勝鬘經(Srimala-devi simhanada-sutra) 望月信亨(Mochizuki Shinko 1869~1948) a^ha^ra ja (or-samuttha^na) - rúpa magga^magga n~a^nadassana visuddhi NIRVANA OF PURE, CLEAR SELF-NATURE 成唯識論(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-sastra) 東南亞佛教(Buddhism in South East Asia) EIGHT DIVISIONS OF GODS AND DRAGONS 高楠順次郎(Takakusu Junjiro 1866~1945) 解深密經(Sandhinir-mokcana-vyuha-sutra) 攝大乘論(Mahayana-samuparigraha-sastra) 中國佛學院(The Chinese Buddhist Academy) 達斯,S·C·(Sarat Chandra Das 1849~1917) 大乘起信論(Maha yana-Sraddhotpada-sastra) 大毗婆沙論(Abhidharma-mahavibhasa-sastra) 歐美佛教(Buddhism in America and Europe) a^rammana^dhipati a^rammanupanissaya FIVE CATEGORIES OF UNTRANSLATED TERMS TWELVE LINKS OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION 般若波羅蜜多心經(Prajna-paramita-hrdaya-sutra) FOUR WAYS (OF LEARNING BUDDHIST DHARMA) 雜阿毗昙心論(Samyuktabhidharma-hrdaya-sastra) TEN GREAT DISCIPLES OF SKAKYAMUNI BUDDHA 金剛經(Vajracchedika-prajna-paramita-sutra) 異部宗輪論(Samayabhedo-paracanacak-ra-sastra) 華嚴經(Bud dhavatamsaka-mahavai pul yasutra) 叁十七菩提分(saptatrimsadbodhi-paksika-dharmah) 中國佛教協會(The Buddhist Association of China) karmically wholesome, unwholesome, neutral thiti bha^giya si^la, sama^dhi, pan~n~a^ FOUR RELIANCE (TO LEARNING BUDDHIST DHARMA) 大方等大集經(Mahavai pul ya-mahasanni-pata-sutra) SPHERE OF NEITHER-PERCEPTION-NOR-NON-PERCEPTION 阿彌陀經(Sukhavati-v yuha-sutra,Amitayur-v yuha-sutra) 李斯·戴維斯,T·W·(Thomas Williams Rhys Davids 1843~1922) 唯識二十論(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-vimsa-kakarika-sastra) 唯識叁十頌(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-trimsai-kakarika-sastra) 馬拉拉塞克拉,G·P·(Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera 1899~1973) 國際佛教研究協會(The International Association of Buddhist Studies) sura^meraya majja ppama^dattha^na^ veramani^ sikkha^padam sama^diya^mi ▲ 收起
英漢對照詞典 【703】TEN TITLES OF BUDDHA

Ten  Titles  of  Buddha  ==  十佛名號

represent  the  characteristics  of  Buddha  
1.Tathagata  -  the  Thus  Come  Ones  
2.Arhat  -  worthy  of  offerings  
3.Samyak-sambuddha  -  of  proper  and  universal  knowledge  
4.Vidyacarna-sampauna  -  perfect  in  understanding  and  conduct  
5.Sugata  -  skilful  in  leaving  the  world  through  liberation  
6.Lokavid  -  perfect  and  complete  understanding  of  all  worldly  Dharma  
7.Anuttara  -  unsurpassed  knights  
8.Purusa-damya-sarathi  -  taming  heroes  
9.Sasta  deramanusyanam  -  teachers  of  gods  and  people  
10.Buddha-lokanatha  or  Bhagaran  -  Buddha,  the  World  Honored  Ones

英漢對照詞典 【704】THREE ENLIGHTENMENTS

Three  Enlightenments  ==  叁覺

the  three  kinds  of  Enlightenment:  
1.Enlightenment  for  self  
2.Enlightenment  for  others  
3.Perfect  enlightenment  and  accomplishment  
The  first  is  Arhat.  The  second  is  Bodhisattva.  When  all  the  three  have  been  attained,  the  being  becomes  a  Buddha.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【705】ti hetu patisandhika

  s.  patisandhi.

英漢對照詞典 【706】VAST AND LONG TONGUE

Vast  and  Long  Tongue  ==  廣長舌相

one  of  the  thirty-two  monks  of  Buddha,  big  enough  to  cover  his  face;  it  is  also  one  of  the  "marvels"  in  the  Lotus  Sutra.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【707】vivattana^nupassana^

  is  already  mentioned  in  Pts.M.,  together  with  the  remaining  17  kinds  of  vipassana^.  In  the  old  texts  it  is  not  found.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【708】vivattana^nupassana^

  ”contemplation  of  the  turning  away”,  is  one  of  the  18  chief  kinds  of  insight  (vipassana^,  q.v.).  -  (App.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【709】yatha^santhatik’anga

  ”the  practice  of  being  satisfied  with  whatever  dwelling”,  is  one  of  the  ascetical  means  of  purification;  s.  dhutanga  (12).

中國百科全書 【710】大乘論(Mahayana sastra)

  Dachenglun

  大乘佛學所屬論書的總稱。又稱大乘阿毗昙、菩薩對法藏等。相對于小乘論而言。一般把闡發大乘佛教修習的六度和諸法性空等義理以及注解大乘經的著作,都稱爲大乘論。

  大乘論是大乘佛學發展到龍樹時代(約2~3世紀)才出現的。《瑜伽師地論釋》稱:“佛涅槃後,魔事紛起,部執競興,多著有見。龍猛菩薩,證極喜地,采集大乘無相空教,造《中論》等,究暢真要,除彼有見。聖提婆等諸大論師,造《百論》等弘闡大義。”龍猛即龍樹。這一時期所出之論書,主要有他解釋《大品般若》等經的《大智度論》,組織自宗學說的《菩提資糧論》,對部派小乘及其他學派進行破斥而顯示自宗的論戰性著作《中論》,以及解釋《中論》根本道理的《十二門論》等。還有提婆駁斥印度古代哲學流派數論、勝論觀點,論證世界萬有“畢竟空”之理的《百論》。這些論是以後構成中觀派的重要依據。隨後又有發揮唯識思想的各種論書問世。其中主要有相傳爲彌勒口述、無著記錄(藏譯本作無著撰)的《瑜伽師地論》,無著的《攝大乘論》、《大乘莊嚴經論》、《大乘阿毗達磨集論》,世親的《辯中邊論》、《大乘成業論》、《唯識叁十頌》、《唯識二十論》等。這些論是以後構成瑜伽行派的重要依據。此後還有許多論師陸續撰述不少論書。其中瑜伽行派有安慧的《大乘廣五蘊論》、《大乘阿毗達磨雜集論》,陳那的《觀所緣緣論》,護法的《廣百論釋》和護法等著的《成唯識論》等。中觀派則有佛護的《根本中論注》,清辨的《大乘掌珍論》等。從此大乘佛學空、有兩派,各立門戶,長期紛爭。

  以上各類論書,對以後大乘佛學的發展有重大影響。中國從鸠摩羅什起,以後有菩提流支、真谛、玄奘、施護等,相繼傳譯大乘論,並由此演變出各種學派和宗派。漢譯大乘論數量甚多,《曆代叁寶記》卷十五載李廓魏世《衆經目錄》有大乘論29部。《開元釋教錄》卷十九分大乘論爲“釋教論”及“集義論”兩類,前者21部,155卷;後者76部,363卷。《至元法寶勘同總錄》卷八亦分大乘論爲兩部分:“釋經論”有21部,155卷;“集義論”有96部,474卷。《閱藏知津目錄》卷四,則將大乘論分爲“釋經論”、“宗經論”及“諸論釋”叁部分。後《頻伽藏》亦沿用此分法。(高振農)

中國百科全書 【711】榮西(Eisai 1141~1215)

Rongxi
  日本佛教臨濟宗創始人。俗姓賀陽,號明庵。備中國(今岡山縣)吉備郡人。幼年從父學佛,14歲在本郡安養寺從靜心落發,旋登比睿山受大乘戒。19歲于比睿山就有辯學天臺教義,又到伯耆(今島取)的大山從基好學密教。後又還比睿山精讀藏經。1168年到中國求法,先到明州(今浙江甯波)訪廣慧寺,繼往天臺山巡禮聖迹,得天臺章疏等30余部回國。1187年再次入宋,原擬去天竺(印度)巡禮佛迹,未獲當地知府許可,即上天臺山谒萬年寺虛庵懷敞,後隨虛庵至甯波天童寺,繼承臨濟正宗的法脈。在天臺山時曾舍衣缽之資,修理智者大師塔院,到天童寺又贊助重修千佛閣工程,1191年回國。1196年于博多建聖福寺,弘揚臨濟禅風,爲日本禅寺之始。1202年將軍源賴家于京都創建仁寺,請榮西爲開山,遭到南都和北嶺諸宗反對,乃作《興禅護國論》3卷,駁斥諸宗的謗難,名聲大振。翌年,建仁寺設立真言院和止觀院,作爲傳播天臺、真言、禅叁宗的基地。後應將軍源實朝之請,至鐮倉創壽福寺,初傳禅宗于關東。他融合天臺、真言、禅叁宗,形成日本臨濟宗。著作還有《契茶養生記》、《出家大綱》等。

中國百科全書 【712】小乘論(Hinayana sastra)

  Xiaochenglun

  小乘佛學所屬論書的總稱。又稱小乘阿毗達磨、小乘阿毗昙等。相對大乘論而言。在小乘佛教興起之後,各個部派對原始佛教的基本經典——阿含的教說進行了種種的注釋、整理和組織,進一步發揮了原始佛教的教義,出現很多阿毗達磨(即“法的研究”)的論書。據傳小乘的各個部派都有自己的論藏。但目前流傳下來的只有南傳上座部和北傳說一切有部的論典。

  據覺音所編南傳上座部論書有7種:《法聚論》、《分別論》、《界論》、《人施設施》、《論事》、《雙論》和《發趣論》,另有頗多的注疏和複注。這7部論書常被認爲是南傳上座部佛學的基本理論著作。以後,還出現闡述上座部教理特別是修持方法的《解脫道論》;覺音又在《解脫道論》的基礎上著《清淨道論》,被譽爲小乘佛教叁藏典籍和義疏精要。北傳說一切有部的基本論書有所謂“六足”與“一身”。“六足”指《集異門足論》、《法蘊足論》、《施設足論》、《識身足論》、《界身足論》、《品類足論》;“一身”即迦多衍尼子著《發智論》(異譯《八犍度論》),因其論義廣博,故稱爲“身”。

  相傳以後又有以脅尊者爲首的五百論師在迦濕彌羅費時12年編集的《大毗婆沙論》,爲詳細解釋《發智論》及破斥異部所執的著作。稍後,法勝著《阿毗昙心論》,對《大毗婆沙論》進行評釋。把有部複雜多歧的學說組成爲一個體系。而法救的《雜阿毗昙心論》又對《阿毗昙心論》作了解釋和補充。《雜阿毗昙心論》之後,又有世親所著《俱舍論》出,它以《雜阿毗昙心論》爲基礎,結合當時各種學說,對說一切有部《大毗婆沙論》作了批判性的總結。隨後有衆賢精心研究《俱舍論》12年,著《順正理論》及《顯宗論》,對世親的《俱舍論》作了批判性的注解。另有诃黎跋摩所著的《成實論》,亦屬小乘論書。因其內容講到我法二空之理,被看作是小乘空宗走向大乘空宗的一部過渡性論書。屬于小乘論書的還有:說一切有部世友所著的《異部宗輪論》(又名《十八部論》、《部執異論》),賢胄部世賢所著的《叁法度論》,未詳作者的《叁彌底部論》,經量部鸠摩羅多著的《喻鬘論》、《癡鬘論》、《顯了論》等。

  漢譯小乘論較多,《曆代叁寶記》卷十五載李廓撰魏世《衆經目錄》列有小乘論6部。《開元釋教錄》卷二十載有小乘論36部,698卷。《頻伽藏》則列有46部,732卷。這些論書一經譯出,許多佛教學者和僧人競相研習。東晉時,道安、慧遠等提倡毗昙之學,經幾代傳承,逐漸演變成爲毗昙學派。後秦時鸠摩羅什譯出《成實論》,宋、齊、梁、陳各代,弘傳頗盛,最後形成成實學派。《俱舍論》在中國兩次翻譯,研習弘揚者尤衆,多家爲之作注疏釋,如唐代普光《俱舍論記》,法寶和神泰分別作《俱舍論疏》,世稱“俱舍叁大部”。日僧道昭、智通、智達、玄昉也于唐代先後來中國向玄奘和智周學法,將《俱舍論》傳入日本,形成俱舍宗,並著有疏鈔多種。(高振農)

中國百科全書 【713】源信(Genshin 942~1017)

  日本佛教天臺宗僧人。淨土宗教祖之一。俗姓蔔部,大和國(今奈良縣)人。幼喪父,在比睿山師事良源。15歲任講師,精通顯密。後屏居橫川慧心院教授,精修淨業,從事著述,時人稱“慧心僧都”。986年將所撰《往生要集》3卷托便船送往中國,由臺州商人周文德持贈天臺山國清寺。後期弟子寂照赴華時,他提出有關天臺宗疑義27條,轉請四明(今浙江甯波)延慶寺天臺學者知劄解疑知禮驚其造詣之深,作答釋寄還。後被補爲“內供奉”十禅師之一。曾于首楞嚴院東南建花臺院,安置丈六的阿彌陀佛像供人禮拜。後被尊爲日本淨土真宗的第六祖。在日本天臺宗內,其法系稱爲“慧心流”。著作共有70余部,150余卷。主要有宣說天臺宗教義的《一乘要訣》;宣傳天臺宗“觀念念佛”和善導等“稱名念佛”理論的《往生要集》,爲後世日本淨土宗重要教典。他的淨土教思想爲鐮倉時期的新佛教奠定了基礎。近代有《慧心僧都會集》行世。(林子青)

南傳佛教英文辭典 【714】a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana

  ”sphere  of  boundless  space”,  is  identical  with  the  1st  absorption  in  the  immaterial  sphere;  s.  jha^na  (6).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【715】anupa^disesa nibba^na

  see  Nibba^na,  upa^di.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【716】apun~n~a^bhisankha^ra

  s.  sankha^ra.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【717】deluded consciousness

  s.  Tab.  I.  32,  33.

英漢對照詞典 【718】DVADASHAMUKHA SHASTRA

Dvadashamukha  Shastra  ==  十二門論

One  of  the  Three  Shastra  of  Madhyamika  School,  composed  by  Nagarjuna,  translated  by  Kumarajiva  A.D.  408.  There  are  several  works  on  it.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【719】dvi hetuka patisandhi

  s.  patisandhi.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【720】indriya samvara si^la

”morality  consisting  of  purity  of  restraint  of  the  senses”;  s.  si^la.

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