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utu atta both catu gati hate hetu lust meat path peta sati talk ties tree unit agati amata ARHAT atta^ citta death doubt faith great ja^ti light merit METTA mirth pi^ti right satta sloth STUPA SUTRA vatta water " action ANATTA Arahat atappa beauty carita dha^tu ditthi eating EFFORT effort fixity forest gantha ghosts growth JATAKA khanti MANTRA MATTER matter method metta^ MUDITA object purity stains sugati taints tanha^ terror torpor trance truths tusita vatthu virati virtue agility anatta^ cetana^ CHARITY conceit control counter created destiny devotee duggati emotion factors fetters HUA TOU insight ji^vita lahuta^ mastery matured mudita^ muduta^ neutral nimitta okkanti ottappa patched patigha perfect rapture reality rebirth samatha sammuti sassata sitting thought turning vimutti vipatti vitakka vivatta a^yatana adherent AMITABHA anussati atima^na ca^ritta cemetery cetasika departed DEVOTION dhutanga dogmatic elements eternity exertion extremes fatalism fruition gotrabhú impurity interest kammanta KSATRIYA maintain MAITREYA MORALITY morality nibbatti not self opposite PARAMITA PATIENCE patience postures practice reaction sammatta sankhata santa^na serenity sucarita Table II tathata^ te vijja thinking training ujukata^ uposatha upstream virility vitality VOLITION volition 谛(satya) 慧 (Mati) acinteyya adhicitta akanittha anottappa asankhata attention avya^kata beautiful breathing cetokhila character CONDITION deva dúta deviation dhuta^nga duccarita dukkhata^ EMPTINESS emptiness existence faculties formation immediate intention lightness lokuttara mahaggata micchatta nutriment obstacles pariyatti patipada^ patipatti pativedha proximity ready wit SARIPUTRA SENSATION SIX DUSTS SIX PATHS SIX ROOTS something ti pitaka ti ratana ti sarana TRAILOKYA treasures TRIPITAKA vinipa^ta aberration absorption ADHITTHANA advertence aggregates analytical antinomies appendants awakenment BODHISATTA Bodhisatta conception conditions contiguity continuity cuti citta detachment dibba sota ego entity elasticity enthusiasm equanimity EXTINCTION extinction femininity foundation functional generation impurities inducement intimation liberality liberation MAHASATTVA MEDITATION meditation mutability opapa^tika paramattha patisandhi pattida^na productive puthujjana reflection repetition RIGHT VIEW sama^patti sensuality si^labbata sota^panna sota^patti standstill stinginess ta^vatimsa tatha^gata TEN POWERS tendencies therava^da TWO DEATHS vin~n~atti wrong path 無常(anitya) a^nantariya a^po dha^tu abandonment abstentions adhittha^na ANAPANASATI appicchata^ association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA chaste life contentment corruptions cutúpapa^ta defilements destruction determining development dissolution dosa carita earnestness EIGHT WINDS enlightened foundations immortality indifferent infatuation inoperative intoxicants itthindriya kamma patha kamma vatta LOTUS SUTRA maha^ bhúta mana^yatana mano dha^tu MIDDLE PATH middle path mind object origination pa^timokkha paritta^bha patipannaka patti da^na penetration perfections personality preparatory realization RECOGNITION rúpa^yatana sala^yatana samuttha^na san~cetana^ si^vathika^ tejo dha^tu tejo kasina temperature THREE ROOTS THREE SEALS ti lakkhana unthinkable uprightness vavattha^na 結集(samgiti) 無我(anatman) 真如(tathata) abhinibbatti accumulation adaptability bhava ditthi bhava tanha^ body witness ceto vimutti citta kkhana citta vi^thi conventional corporeality covetousness dispensation dissociation fire element FOUR VIRTUES hate natured heat element hiri ottappa inclinations intoxicating ka^ma tanha^ kammattha^na karma result light kasina lobha carita mental image mind element momentaneity pa^tiha^riya pakati si^la patisandhika petti visaya pi^ta kasina pleasantness proclivities purification ra^ga carita radiant gods recollectons RENUNCIATION restlessness RIGHT ACTION RIGHT EFFORT RIGHT SPEECH santutthita^ SIX PARAMITA SROTA-APANNA stream entry TEN PARAMITA THREE DOGMAS THREE JEWELS THREE REALMS THREE WISDOM tranquillity TWELVE BASES twin miracle va^yo dha^tu vatthu ka^ma wind element 叁界(tridhatu) 鐵薩羅(Tissara) Abbreviations ahetuka citta anatta^ va^da anuloma citta attentiveness atthi paccaya birth process cakkhu dha^tu concentration CONTEMPLATION contemplation contentedness deathlessness determination dhamma dha^tu dhamma^yatana ditthi ppatta earth element ENLIGHTENMENT enlightenment FIVE PRECEPTS fixed destiny FOUR FRUITION hadaya vatthu imperfections investigating investigation ka^ya lahuta^ kamman~n~ata^ kammattha^na^ loathsomeness lohita kasina material food mental action nimma^na rati oda^ta kasina pa^gun~n~ata^ patisambhida^ patisankha^na post nascence RIGHT THOUGHT sammuti sacca satipattha^na silent buddha SIX ENTRANCES stream winner subha nimitta tanha^ kkhaya THREE POISONS THREE SHASTRA THREE STUDIES THREE VIRTUES TIEN TAI SECT tittha^yatana TWELVE PLACES TWO OBSTACLES unconditioned understanding verbal action vipacitan~n~u vivatta kappa water element weighty karma 阿旃陀石窟(Ajanta) 舍衛城(Sravasti) 因明(Hetuvidya) a^ka^sa dha^tu abhibha^yatana ahetuka ditthi akiriya ditthi altruistic joy AMITABHA SUTRA asan~n~a satta atta kilamatha auditory organ AVALOKITESVARA buddha^nussati citt’ekaggata^ citta santa^na citta visuddhi devata^nussati dhamma^nussati EIGHTFOLD PATH eightfold path frivolous talk greedy natured habitual karma kalya^na mitta katatta^ kamma marana^nussati natthi paccaya niyata puggala path condition relative truth sahetuka citta samvatta kappa samvega vatthu sangaha vatthu SIX FULFILMENT stupid natured TEN DIRECTIONS TEN GOOD DEEDS transformation transitoriness TWELVE NIDANAS uccheda ditthi uggaha nimitta ugghatitan~n~u upapatti bhava va^ritta si^la vibhava tanha^ vigata paccaya visible object 大圓滿(mahasanti) 二谛(twi-satyas) 叁谛(tri-satyas) a^na^pa^na sati akusala vitakka avigata paccaya cakkh’ a^yatana characteristics citta sankha^ra deluded natured ditth’upa^da^na ditthi visuddhi EIGHT NEGATIONS EIGHTEEN FIELDS eternity belief FOUR GREAT VOWS gotrabhú n~a^na gustatory organ indriya samatta mental function mental obduracy natthika ditthi nihilistic view olfactory organ pathavi^ dha^tu pathavi^ kasina PRATYEKA-BUDDHA sakka^ya ditthi samatha ya^nika sankhitta citta sappatigha rúpa sceptical doubt SHATIKA SHASTRA sota^pattiyanga SPIRITUAL GHOST stored up karma tadanga paha^na TAKING PRECEPTS tatha^gata bala THREE DELUSIONS THREE OBSTACLES tranquilisation upasama^nussati vitakka vica^ra 百論(Sata-sastra) 大藏經（tri-pitaka）法界(dharmadhatu) 極樂世界(sukhavati) adhipati paccaya anantara paccaya anatta^ san~n~a^ atthangika magga AVATAMSAKA SUTRA citta vipalla^sa citta^nupassana^ cognitive series dukkha patipada^ EIGHT SUFFERINGS equality conceit faithful natured immaterial world ka^ya gata^ sati ka^ya vin~n~atti karma formations khandha santa^na life infatuation mano san~cetana^ mental formation monks’ community natural morality nava satta^va^sa neyyattha dhamma ni^tattha dhamma nissaya nissita pan~n~a^ vimutti pindapa^tik’anga reversible merit RIGHT LIVELIHOOD round of rebirth santi^rana citta streams of merit supportive karma te ci^varik’anga THIRTY-TWO FORMS THREE EVIL PATHS THREE GOOD PATHS THREE SUFFERINGS tiraccha^na yoni vaci^ vin~n~atti votthapana citta wheel of the law 經量部(Sautrantike) 六度(sad-paramita) 律經(Vinaya-sutra) 叁性(tri-svabhava) 四谛(catur-satyas) 吳哥古迹(Angkor Vat) a^nantarika kamma a^nupubbi^ katha^ ahirika anottappa anatta^nupassana^ animitta vimokkha ascending insight bhavanga santa^na cetaso vinibandha cittass’ekaggata^ destructive karma disinterestedness ditthi vipalla^sa FIVE COMMANDMENTS FOREMOST PARAMITA FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS highest knowledge immaterial sphere ineffective karma kusala kammapatha mental advertence n~a^ta parin~n~a^ na^natta san~n~a^ NO STRIFE SAMADHI pakati upanissaya pan~n~atti si^la parikamma nimitta paticcasamuppa^da patta pindik’anga pureja^ta paccaya RIGHT REMEMBRANCE sahaja^ta paccaya santa^na santati sati sambojjhanga sati sampajan~n~a satta^va^sa nava SINGALOVADA SUTRA tatramajjhattata^ TEN DHARMA REALMS TEN WHOLESOMENESS upagha^taka kamma vin~n~a^na tthiti youth infatuation 迦毗羅衛(Kapilavastu) 叁學(tisrah siksah) 桑奇大塔(Sanch Stupa) ahetu patisandhika an~n~a^ta^vindriya asankha^rika citta atta va^dupa^da^na catu voka^ra bhava ceto pariya n~a^na corporeality group cycle of existence dha^tu vavattha^na hasituppa^da citta health infatuation karma accumulation maturity knowledge meritorious action nirodha sama^patti patibha^ga nimitta patikkúla san~n~a^ reflex perceptions regenerative karma ruminating natured samatha vipassana^ sampayutta paccaya self mortification SIDDHARTHA GOUTAMA SIX EXTERNAL BASES SIX INTERNAL BASES SPHERE OF NO-THING tada^rammana citta tatra majjhattata^ ti^rana parin~n~a^ tiraccha^na katha^ TWO FORMS OF DEATH vippayutta paccaya wheel of existence 佛所行贊(Buddhacarita) 解脫道論(Vimuttimagga) 四大(caturmahabhuta) 五種姓(panca-gotrani) alcohol prohibition anabhirati san~n~a^ analytical doctrine animitta^nupassana^ answering questions appanihita vimokkha attha patisambhida^ counteractive karma death consciousness discursive thinking FOUR GREAT ELEMENTS FOUR UNLIMITED MIND fruits of monk life gradual instruction inferiority conceit intelligent natured lofty consciousness maha^purisa vitakka majjhima^ patipada^ one group existence RIGHT CONCENTRATION RIGHT UNDERSTANDING samanantara paccaya sampaticchana citta sattakkhattu parama SATYASIDDHI SHASTRA spiritual faculties sun~n~ata^ vimokkha superiority conceit suta maya^ pan~n~a^ TEN GREAT KING VOWS upatthambhaka kamma yamaka pa^tiha^riya 阿底峽(Atisa 982~1054) 大乘經(Mahayana sutra) 寂天(Santideva 約7世紀) 六足論(Satpada sastra) 說一切有部(Sarvastivada) a^kin~can~n~a^yatana access concentration adaptation knowledge akuppa^ ceto vimutti cemetery meditations cinta^ maya pan~n~a^ derived corporeality dhamma patisambhida^ dhamma tthiti n~a^na ditthi nissita si^la five group existence four group existence MANJUSRI BODHISATTVA manovinn~a^na dha^tu NIRVANA WITH RESIDUE niyata miccha^ditthi pa^rami^ pa^ramita^ paccha^ja^ta paccaya parami^ = pa^ramita^ pubbeniva^sa^nussati regenerating process samvejani^ya ttha^na SUDDEN ENLIGHTENMENT SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA sun~n~ata^nupassana^ tanha^ nissita si^la TEN TITLES OF BUDDHA THREE ENLIGHTENMENTS ti hetu patisandhika UNCONDITIONED DHARMA VAST AND LONG TONGUE vivattana^nupassana^ yatha^santhatik’anga 大乘論(Mahayana sastra) 小乘論(Hinayana sastra) 中道(madhyamapratipad) a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana animitta ceto vimutti antara^ parinibba^yi^ bhojane mattan~n~uta^ corporeality and mind death proximate karma dependent origination DVADASHAMUKHA SHASTRA dvi hetuka patisandhi germinating once more mind and corporeality ninefold dispensation nirutti patisambhida^ patipassaddhi paha^na produced corporeality pun~n~a kiriya vatthu questions and answers sota^pannassa anga^ni TEN MERITORIOUS DEEDS THREE CLASSIFICATIONS THREE PERIODS OF TIME transference of merit ubhato bha^ga vimutta vi^thi = citta vi^thi vin~n~a^nan~ca^yatana 梵網經(Brahmajala-sutra) 中論(Madhyamika-sastra) appama^na ceto vimutti bhavanga sota^, citta catu pa^risuddhi si^la citta samuttha^na rúpa doctrine of the Buddha FLOWER ADORNMENT SUTRA FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA ji^vita navaka kala^pa kamma samuttha^na rúpa resistance perceptions sensitive corporeality SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS substrata of existence THREE UNIVERSAL TRUTHS yatha^kammúpaga n~a^na 長阿含經(Dirghagama-sutra) 楞伽經(Lankavatara-sutra) 緣起(pratitya-samutpada) bhayatupattha^na n~a^na catu dha^tu vavattha^na dasa (tatha^gata ) bala determining the reality FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS muccitu kamyata^ n~a^na NIRVANA WITHOUT RESIDUE patinissagga^nupassana^ receptive consciousness retrospective knowledge sabbúpadhi patinissagga SIX STATES OF EXISTENCE VISVABHADRA BODHISATTVA 八正道(aryastangika-marga) 成實論(Satyasiddhi-sastra) 法稱(Dharmakirti 約6~7世紀) 佛性(buddhata, buddhatva) 境行果(sthana-carya-phala) 毗尼多流支(Vinitaruci ?~594) 四分律(Dharmagupta-vinaya) 月稱(Candrakirti 約7世紀中葉) ANNUTARA-SAMYAK-SAMBODHI attainment concentration clarity of consciousness corporeality perceptions ego idea, ego perception multiformity perceptions pa^na^tipa^ta^ veramani^ paccaya sannissita si^la patibha^na patisambhida^ reflecting contemplation verbal functions of mind 部派佛部(Sectarian Buddhism) 大日經(Mahavairocana-sutra) 寂護(Santiraksita 705~762) 戒日王(Siladitya 約590~647) 十誦律(Sarvastivada-vinaya) 無量壽經(Aparimitayur-sutra) 原始佛教(primitive Buddhism) 雜阿含經(Samyuktagama-sutra) hate rooted consciousness independently enlightened indriyesu gutta dva^rata^ kankha^ vitarana visuddhi pa^timokkha samvara si^la registering consciousness SAMANTABHADRA BODHISATTVA spontaneously born beings support decisive support TEN STAGES OF BODHISATTVA VIMALAKIRTI-NIVDESA SUTRA 佛教文學(Buddhist literature) 摩诃菩提會(Maha Bodhi Society) 增一阿含經(Ekottaragama-sutra) 中阿含經（Madh yamagama-sutra） a^ha^re patikkúla san~n~a^ a^kin~can~n~a ceto vimutti ability to acquire insight analysis of the 4 elements dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu functions of consciousness happy courses of existence impersonality of existence khalu paccha^ bhattik’anga MAHA-PRAJNA-PARAMITA-SUTRA mind consciousness element paranimmita vasavatti deva parassa ceto pariya n~a^na TEN VEHICLES OF MEDITATION THREEFOLD BODY OF A BUDDHA uddhamsota akanitthaga^mi^ 發智論(Jnanaprasthana-sastra) 俱舍論(Abhidharmakosa-sastra) 越南佛教（Vietnamese Buddhism） balance of mental faculties karma produced corporeality neighbourhood concentration origination of corporeality PURE LAND OF ULTIMATE BLISS thought thought conception yatha^ bhúta n~a^na dassana 佛教建築(Buddhist architecture) akusala sa^dha^rana cetasika LAW OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION NINE STAGES OF LOTUS FLOWERS patisankha^nupassana^ n~a^na seven rebirths at the utmost SIX PERIODS OF DAY AND NIGHT 常樂我淨(nitya-sukha-atma-subha) 大般涅槃經(Mahaparinirvana-sutra) 觀無量壽經(Amitayurbhavana-sutra) 楞嚴經(surangama-samadhi-sutra) 菩薩戒本(Bodhisattva-pratimoksa) 乞[口*栗]雙提贊Khri－Sron－Lde－bTsan 瑜伽師地論(Yogacara-bhumi-sastra) dittha dhamma vedani^ya kamma EIGHTEEN DIFFERENT CHARACTERS EVIL TIME OF FIVE TURBIDITIES THREE MEDITATIONS OF ONE MIND vuttha^na ga^mini^ vipassana^ 中國佛教美術（Buddhist　art　in　China） ascetic purification practices imperturbable karma formations sabba loke anabhirati san~n~a^ VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA 維摩經(Vimalakirti-nirdesa-sutra) equilibrium of mental faculties lahuta^ muduta^, kamman~n~ata^ pariyatti patipatti, pativedha SIX DIRECTIONS OF REINCARNATION subha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi sukha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi THREE UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS 大般若經(Mahaprajna-paramita-sutra) 鈴木大拙(Suzuki Daisetsu 1870~1966) 妙法蓮華經(Saddharmapundarika-sutra) 中國佛教音樂(Buddhist music in China) karmically acquired corporeality patipada^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi 大智度論(Mahaprajna-paramita-sastra) 冢本善隆(Tsukamoto Zenryu 1898~1980) anan~n~a^tan~ n~assa^mi^t’indriya citta ja (citta samuttha^na) rúpa ▲ 收起

南傳佛教英文辭典【703】tatramajjhattata^

　　occurs　　probably　　for　　the　　first　　time　　in　　the　　Abh.　　Canon　　(e.g.　　Patth.;　　cf.　　Guide　　110).

英漢對照詞典【704】TEN DHARMA REALMS

Ten　　Dharma　　Realms　　==　　十法界

also　　known　　as　　ten　　states　　of　　existence,　　which　　are　　
1.Hell　　
2.Ghost　　
3.Animal　　
4.Asura　　
5.Man　　
6.Deva　　
7.Sravaka　　(Sound-Hearer　　Arhat)　　
8.Praetyka-Buddha　　
9.Bodhisattva　　
10.Buddha　　
Each　　Dharma　　realm　　has　　its　　own　　characteristics,　　and　　its　　existence　　is　　attributed　　to　　the　　retribution　　of　　the　　beings.　　The　　lowest　　six　　realms　　(1-6)　　are　　known　　as　　the　　Six　　Paths　　or　　Six　　Realms.　　These　　six　　states　　of　　existence　　are　　subjected　　to　　birth　　and　　death,　　and　　then　　rebirth　　for　　many　　lives.　　The　　upper　　four　　realms　　are　　known　　as　　the　　Four　　Holy　　Realms.　　These　　four　　states　　of　　existence　　are　　beyond　　birth　　and　　death　　and　　liberated　　from　　the　　Samsara

英漢對照詞典【705】TEN WHOLESOMENESS

Ten　　Wholesomeness　　==　　十善

see　　Ten　　Good　　Deeds.

南傳佛教英文辭典【706】upagha^taka kamma

”destructive　　karma”;　　s.　　karma.

南傳佛教英文辭典【707】vin~n~a^na tthiti

”abodes　　or　　supports　　of　　consciousness”.　　The　　texts　　describe　　7　　such　　abodes　　(e.g.　　A.　　VII,　　41):
(1)　　"There　　are　　beings　　who　　are　　different　　in　　body　　and　　different　　in　　perception,　　such　　as　　men,　　some　　heavenly　　beings,　　and　　some　　beings　　living　　in　　states　　of　　suffering　　(s.　　apa^ya).　　This　　is　　the　　1st　　abode　　of　　consciousness.
(2)　　"There　　are　　beings　　who　　are　　different　　in　　body　　but　　equal　　in　　perception,　　such　　as　　the　　first-born　　gods　　of　　the　　Brahmaworld　　(s.　　deva　　II).　　This　　is　　the　　2nd　　abode　　of　　consciousness.
(3)　　"There　　are　　beings　　who　　are　　equal　　in　　body　　but　　different　　in　　perception,　　such　　as　　the　　Radiant　　Gods　　(a^bhassara-deva).　　This　　is　　the　　3rd　　abode　　of　　consciousness.
(4)　　””There　　are　　beings　　who　　are　　equal　　in　　body　　and　　equal　　in　　perception,　　such　　as　　the　　All-illuminating　　Gods　　(subhakinha-deva).　　This　　is　　the　　4th　　abode　　of　　consciousness.
(5)　　"There　　are　　beings　　...　　reborn　　in　　the　　sphere　　of　　boundless　　space.　　This　　is　　the　　5th　　abode　　of　　consciousness.
(6)　　"There　　are　　beings　　...　　reborn　　in　　the　　sphere　　of　　boundless　　consciousness.　　This　　is　　the　　6th　　abode　　of　　consciousness.
(7)　　There　　are　　beings...　　reborn　　in　　the　　sphere　　of　　nothingness.　　This　　is　　the　　7th　　abode　　of　　consciousness"
About　　the　　3　　last-named　　spheres,　　s.　　jha^na　　(5-7).　　Cf.　　satta^va^sa.
In　　D.　　33　　there　　are　　mentioned　　4　　vin~n~a^na-tthiti,　　apparently　　in　　the　　sense　　of　　”bases”　　of　　consciousness,　　namely:　　corporeality,　　feeling,　　perception,　　mental　　formations,　　which　　in　　S.　　XXII,　　53　　are　　further　　explained.

南傳佛教英文辭典【708】youth infatuation

　　s.　　mada.

中國百科全書【709】迦毗羅衛(Kapilavastu)

　　古印度佛教遺址。傳爲釋迦牟尼的故鄉。亦譯劫比羅伐窣堵、迦毗羅婆蘇都、迦毗羅蟠窣都、迦毗羅、迦毗梨等。意譯妙德城、黃頭居處等。釋迦族聚居的迦毗羅衛國的國都。中國的法顯、玄奘都曾到過此城，但兩人對它的位置的記述有所不同。近代以來，雖經專家努力探索，但至今未能確定其原址。

　　有人認爲，今尼泊爾南部的提羅拉科特就是迦毗羅衛。它距相傳釋迦牟尼誕生地藍毗尼不遠。這是印度考古學家穆吉克根據玄奘的記載，以1895年在尼泊爾泰雷地區發現的阿育王拘那舍牟尼佛石柱及1896年在藍毗尼發現的阿育王釋迦牟尼佛誕生石柱爲線索，于1899年在提羅拉科特試掘後認定的。近年來，發掘工作已擴展到提羅拉科特周圍地區，並發現了一些城壘和佛教遺址、文物，但尚不能完全確證該地就是迦毗羅衛古城。

　　另有一些人認爲，迦毗羅衛的遺址應在今印度北方邦北部，距尼泊爾邊境1公裏處的庇浦拉瓦。它距藍毗尼和提羅拉科特都不遠。早在1898年，英人佩普曾在此地一佛塔中發現一個滑石製的舍利壺，上有婆羅迹字體的銘文：“這是釋迦族的佛世尊的遺骨容器，是有名譽的兄弟及姐妹、妻子們（奉祀）的。”不少學者認爲這可能就是在所謂“八分舍利”時釋迦族分得的那一份。1972年印度考古局在上述同一佛塔的下層，又發現兩個形態與質料同上述舍利壺完全一樣的舍利壺，但兩壺的大小不同，且無銘文。從出土情況判斷，安放這兩個壺的年代約在公元前5~前4世紀。不久，又在佛塔旁的僧院遺址中發現了四十多枚赤陶製的印章和缽蓋，其中一枚印章上有婆羅迷字體刻文：“奄！迦毗羅衛的提婆跋陀羅僧陀的比丘僧伽（所有）”。另一枚印章上爲“大迦毗羅衛的比丘僧伽（所有）”。在一個缽蓋上也刻有迦毗羅衛的字樣。另在附近發現有若幹用大磚砌成的建築物和其他一些文物。據研究，庇浦拉瓦的地下文化可發4期，最古老的一期約屬公元前8~前6世紀。因此，近來沙學者認爲這裏就是迦毗羅衛遺址，但仍不能確證。（方廣　　）

中國百科全書【710】叁學(tisrah siksah)

　　Sanxue

　　佛教教義。學佛者必須修持的叁種基本學業，即戒、定、慧。

　　戒　　亦稱增上（卓越）戒學，指戒律。即防止行爲、語言、思想叁方面的過失。由于大小乘的不同，其戒律也有所不同。另外對出家的僧侶和在家的居士也有所區別。例如小乘有五戒、八戒、二百五十戒等；大乘有叁聚淨戒、十重四十八輕戒等。小乘五戒爲：殺生、偷盜、邪淫、妄語、飲酒。八戒爲：在五戒外另加臥高廣大床、花鬘璎珞、歌舞戲樂。二百五十戒：即二百五十項應戒的言行細目，合並爲五項時，稱五篇門。大乘叁聚淨戒爲：攝律儀戒、攝善法戒、攝衆生戒。十重禁戒爲：殺生、偷盜、邪淫、妄語、飲酒、說過罪、自贊毀他、悭、瞋、謗叁寶。四十八輕戒爲：不敬師長、不舉教忏、背正向邪、不瞻病苦等四十八項具體戒條。

　　定　　亦稱增上心學，指禅定。即擯除雜念，專心致志，觀悟四谛。小乘有四禅，大乘有九種在禅、百八叁昧等。小乘四禅爲：1、初禅。即禅定的初級階段，這時沈思于專一，擯除情欲、消除不善心，這就是“離”。由此漸進而生喜樂，即欣喜與慰安。但此時尚有思慮，尚未達到表象的沈靜，故稱初禅。2、二神。由初禅進而安住一想，達到表象的沈靜，獲得一種更高的喜樂。3、叁禅。由二禅進而舍離喜樂而達到完全安靜境地，獲得輕安的妙樂。這時已産生了智慧，達到了正念和正智的階段。但此時尚有身體上妙樂的感覺，所以對涅槃境地來說還有一段距離。4、四禅。由叁禅再進一步，完全超脫苦、樂，連自身的存在都已忘卻，達到舍念清淨的境界。即涅槃境界。九種大禅爲：自性禅、一切禅、難禅、一切門禅、善人禅、一切行禅、除煩惱禅、此世他世樂禅、清淨禅。百八叁昧爲：般若經典中所說的一百零八種禅定，《大智度論》卷五有詳細說明。

　　慧　　又稱增上慧學，亦即智慧。慧就是有厭、無欲、見真。擯除一切欲望和煩惱，專思四谛、十二因緣，以窺見法，獲得智慧解脫。

　　叁學概括了全部佛教教義，也包含六度、叁十七菩提分等全部修行法門。叁學中以慧最重要，戒和定都是獲得慧的手段。只有獲得慧，才能達到最終解脫的涅槃境界。（高振農）

中國百科全書【711】桑奇大塔(Sanch Stupa)

　　古印度著名大佛塔。在今印度中央邦馬爾瓦地區波保爾附近。塔直徑36.6米，高約16.5米，雄渾古樸，莊嚴宏偉。塔中心半圓形的覆缽，最初是公元前250年左右由阿育王修建的。後在巽伽王朝時代由當地富商資助的一個僧團繼續擴建，在覆缽土墩外面壘砌磚石，頂上增修一個方形平臺和叁層傘蓋，底部構築了石砌的基壇和圍欄。公元前1世紀後半葉到公元1世紀初葉，安達羅王朝又在圍欄四方陸續依次建造南、北、東、西四座砂石的塔門牌坊。每座牌坊由叁道橫梁和兩根立柱構成，並飾以左右對稱的浮雕嵌板和圓雕構件。浮雕嵌板的內容多爲佛傳故事和本生故事。由于當時佛教雕刻尚禁忌出現佛陀本身的形象，故只有法輪、寶座、菩提樹等象征物表示釋迦牟尼的存在。圓雕人物的代表作是東門牌坊橫梁與立柱相交處的著名的樹神藥叉女像。她雙臂攀援芒果樹枝，縱身向外傾斜，淩空懸挂于整個建築結構之外，富有節奏感的S型體態，健壯豐滿，被譽爲印度標准女性美的雛形和始祖。印度把這種塔門牌坊稱作“陀蘭那”(Torana)，故後代把這種雕刻藝術稱作“陀蘭那藝術”。（方廣　　）

南傳佛教英文辭典【712】ahetu patisandhika

　　s.　　patisandhi.

南傳佛教英文辭典【713】an~n~a^ta^vindriya

　　”the　　faculty　　of　　one　　who　　knows”;　　s.　　indriya,　　22.

南傳佛教英文辭典【714】asankha^rika citta

　　an　　Abhidhamma　　term　　signifying　　a　　”state　　of　　consciousness　　arisen　　spontaneously”,　　i.　　e.　　without　　previous　　deliberation,　　preparation,　　or　　prompting　　by　　others;　　hence:　　”unprepared,　　unprompted”.　　This　　term　　and　　its　　counterpart　　(sasankha^rikacitta,　　q.v.),　　probably　　go　　back　　to　　a　　similar　　distinction　　made　　in　　the　　Suttas　　(A.　　IV,　　171;"Path"　　184).　　See　　Tab.　　I;　　examples　　in　　Vis.M.　　XIV,　　84f.

南傳佛教英文辭典【715】atta va^dupa^da^na

”attachment　　to　　the　　ego-belief”,　　is　　one　　of　　the　　4　　kinds　　of　　clinging　　(upa^da^na,　　q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典【716】catu voka^ra bhava

”four-group　　existence”,　　is　　the　　existence　　in　　the　　immaterial　　world　　(arúpa-loka;　　s.　　loka),　　since　　only　　the　　four　　mental　　groups　　(feeling,　　perception,　　mental　　formations,　　consciousness,　　s.　　khandha)　　are　　found　　there,　　the　　corporeality　　group　　being　　absent.　　Cf.　　pan~ca-voka^ra-bhava,　　eka-voka^ra-bhava.　　(App.:　　voka^ra).

南傳佛教英文辭典【717】ceto pariya n~a^na

”penetrating　　knowledge　　of　　the　　mind　　(of　　others)”,　　is　　one　　of　　the　　6　　higher　　powers　　(abhin~n~a^　　3,　　q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典【718】corporeality group

　　rúpa-kkhandha:　　s.　　khandha.

南傳佛教英文辭典【719】cycle of existence

　　s.　　samsara^,　　vatta.

南傳佛教英文辭典【720】dha^tu vavattha^na

　　This　　term　　is　　first　　used　　in　　Pts.M.　　while　　the　　subject　　in　　question　　is　　often　　treated　　in　　the　　old　　sutta　　texts　　(e.g.　　M.　　28,　　62,　　140,　　etc.).　　Cf.　　sammasana.

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