is the name of a class of heavenly beings in the fine-material world; s. deva.
”self-confidence” of a Buddha is fourfold. He is confident: 1. to have attained to a perfect Enlightenment of which it cannot be said that it omits anything essential to it; 2. to have destroyed all cankers (a^sava), leaving none that can be said to be undestroyed by him; 3. that what were declared by him as obstacles to liberation are undeniably such; 4. that his teaching fulfils its purpose of actually leading to final liberation from suffering. See A. IV, 8; VII, 58; M. 12.
”consciousness”, is one of the 5 groups of existence (aggregates; khandha, q.v.); one of the 4 nutriments (a^ha^ra, q.v.); the 3rd link of the dependent origination (paticcasamuppa^da, q.v.); the 5th in the sixfold division of elements (dha^tu, q.v.).
Viewed as one of the 5 groups (khandha), it is inseparably linked with the 3 other mental groups (feeling, perception and formations) and furnishes the bare cognition of the object, while the other 3 contribute more specific functions. Its ethical and karmic character, and its greater or lesser degree of intensity and clarity, are chiefly determined by the mental formations associated with it.
Just like the other groups of existence, consciousness is a flux (vin~n~a^na-sota^, ”stream of c.”) and does not constitute an abiding mind-substance; nor is it a transmigrating entity or soul. The 3 characteristies (s. ti-lakkhana), impermanence, suffering and no-self, are frequently applied to it in the texts (e.g., in the Anattalakkhana Sutta, S.XXII, 59). The Buddha often stressed that "apart from conditions, there is no arising of consciousness” (M 38); and all these statements about its nature hold good for the entire range of consciousness, be it "past, future or presently arisen, gross or subtle, in oneself or external, inferior or lofty, far or near" (S. XXII, 59).
According to the 6 senses it divides into 6 kinds, viz. eye- (or visual) consciousness (cakkhu-v.), etc. About the dependent arising of these 6 kinds of consciousness, Vis.M. XV, 39 says: ”Conditioned through the eye, the visible object, light and attention, eye-consciousness arises. Conditioned through the ear, the audible object, the ear-passage and attention, ear-consciousness arises. Conditioned, through the nose, the olfactive object, air and attention, nose-consciousness arises. Conditioned through the tongue, the gustative object, humidity and attention, tongue-consciousness arises. Condlitioned through the body, bodily impression, the earth-element and attention, body-consciousness arises. Conditioned through the subconscious mind (bhavanga-mano), the mind-object and attention, mind-consciousness arises."
The Abhidhamma literature distinguishes 89 crasses of consciousness, being either karmically wholesome, unwholesome or neutral, and belonging either to the sense-sphere, the fine-material or the immaterial sphere, or to supermundane consciousness. See Table I.
(lit.”making known”) ”intimation”, is an Abhidhamma term for bodily expression (ka^ya-vin~n~atti) and verbal expression (vaci^-vin~n~atti), both belonging to the corporeality-group. They are produced by the co-nascent volition, and are therefore, as such, purely physical and not to be confounded with karma (q.v.), which as such is something mental. Cf. Kath. 80, 100, 101, 103, 194 (s. Guide V). - (App.).
"One speaks of ”bodily expression”, because it makes known an intention by means of bodily movement, and can itself be understood by the bodily movement which is said to be corporeal.
"”Verbal expression” is so called because it makes known an intention by means of a speech-produced noise" (Vis.M. XIV).
ka^ya- and vaci^-v., seem to occur for the first time in Dhs. (§§ 665,718) of the Abh. Canon.
”perversions” or ”distortions”. - ””There are 4 perversions which may be either of perception (san~n~a^-vipalla^sa), of consciousness (citta v.) or of views (ditthi-v.). And which are these four? To regard what is impermanent (anicca) as permanent; what is painful (dukkha) as pleasant (or happiness-yielding); what is without a self (anatta^) as a self; what is impure (ugly: asubha) as pure or beautiful”” (A. IV, 49). - See Manual of Insight, by Ledi Sayadaw (WHEEL 31/32). p.5.
"Of the perversions, the following are eliminated by the 1st path-knowledge (sota^patti): the perversions of perception, consciousness and views, that the impermanent is permanent and what is not a self is a self; further, the perversion of views that the painful is pleasant, and the impure is pure. By the 3rd path-knowledge (ana^ga^mita^) are eliminated: the perversions of perception and consciousness that the impure is pure. By the 4th path-knowledge (arahatta) are eliminated the perversions of perception and consciousness that the painful is pleasant" (Vis.M. XXII, 68).
ya^nika = sukkha-vipassaka (q.v.).
is frequently found in the older sutta texts (e.g. A. II, 32; S. XLV, 159), also together with samatha. The 9 and 18 insight-knowledges (vipassana^-n~a^na and maha^-vipassana^), however, occur in the Sutta Pitaka only in the Pts.M., n~a^nakatha^, where they are enumerated and explained, though without any group name being attached to them.
”insight”, is the intuitive light flashing forth and exposing the truth of the impermanency, the suffering and the impersonal and unsubstantial nature of all corporeal and mental phenomena of existence. It is insight-wisdom (vipassana^-pan~n~a^) that is the decisive liberating factor in Buddhism, though it has to be developed along with the 2 other trainings in morality and concentration. The culmination of insight practice (s. visuddhi VI) leads directly to the stages of holiness (s. visuddhi VII).
Insight is not the result of a mere intellectual understanding, but is won through direct meditative observation of one”s own bodily and mental processes. In the commentaries and the Vis.M., the sequene in developing insight-meditation is given as follows: 1. discernment of the corporeal (rúpa), 2. of the mental (na^ma), 3. contemplation of both (na^marúpa; i.e. of their pairwise occurrence in actual events, and their interdependence), 4. both viewed as conditioned (application of the dependent origination, paticcasamuppa^da), 5. application of the 3 characteristics (impermanency, etc.) to mind-and-body-cum-conditions.
The stages of gradually growing insight are described in the 9insight- knowledges (vipassana^-n~a^na), constituting the 6th stage of purification: beginning with the ”knowledge of rise and fall” and ending with the ”adaptation to Truth”. For details, see visuddhi VI and Vis.M. XXI.
Eighteen chief kinds of insight-knowledge (or principal insights, maha^-vipassana^) are listed and described in Vis.M. XXII, 113: (1) contemplation of impermanence (anicca^nupassana^), (2) of suffering (dukkha^nupassana^), (3) of no self (anatta^nupnupassana^), (4) of aversion (nibbida^nupassana^). (5) of detachment (vira^ga^nupassana^), (6) of extinction (nirodha^nupassana^), (7) of abandoning (patinissagga^nupassana^), (8) of waning (khaya^nupassana^), (9) of vanishing (vaya^nupassana^), (10) of change (viparina^ma^nupassana^), (11) of the unconditioned (or signless, animitta^nupassana^), (12) of desirelessness (apanihita^nupassana^), (13) of emptiness (sun~n~ata^upassana^), (14) insight into phenomena which is higher wisdom (adhipan~n~a^-dhamma-vipassana^), (15) knowledge and vision according to reality (yatha^-bhúta-n~a^nadassana), (16) contemplation of misery (or danger, a^di^nava^nupassana^), (17) reflecting contemplation (patisankha^nupassana^), (18) contemplation of turning away (vivattana^nupassana^).
Through these 18, the adverse ideas and views are overcome, for which reason this way of overcoming is called ”overcoming by the opposite” (tadanga-paha^na, overcoming this factor by that). Thus (1) dispels the idea of permanence. (2) the idea of happiness, (3) the idea of self, (4) lust, (5) greed, (6) origination, (7) grasping, (8) the idea of compactness, (9) karma-accumulation, (10) the idea of lastingness, (11) the conditions, (12) delight, (13) adherence, (14) grasping and adherence to the idea of substance, (15) attachment and adherence, (17) thoughtlessness, (18) dispels entanglement and clinging.
Insight may be either mundane (lokiya, q.v.) or supermundane (lokuttara, q.v.). Supermundane insight is of 3 kinds: (1) joined with one of the 4 supermundane paths, (2) joined with one of the fruitions of these paths, (3) regarding the extinction, or rather suspension, of consciousness (s. nirodha-sama^patti).
See samatha-vipassana^, visuddhi, III-VII.
Literature: Manual of Insight, by Ledi Sayadaw (WHEL 31/32). Practical Insight Meditation, Progress of Insight, both by Maha^si Sayadaw (BPS). The Experience of Insight, by Joseph Goldstein (BPS).
miccha^-magga (q.v.).
are a kind of heavenly beings of the sensuous world; s. deva.
s. samatha-vipassana^, last paragraph.
Buhai
佛教戒律和行持的一个原则。原意为不杀生或不伤害,即对一切有生命的物类不加伤害。不害一词最早见于印度的《广森林奥义》,“奥义书”列为再生族(婆罗门、刹帝利和吠舍种性)断灭轮回的五种解脱方法之一。耆那教特别重视不杀信条,谓在一切生命中都有着灵魂,因此不害是信徒“正行”之一。佛教沿用这一概念,但视植物为“非情”,不作为不害的对象。《大乘广五蕴论》说:“云何不害?谓害对治,以悲为性。谓由悲故,不害群生,是无瞋分,不损恼为业。”说一切有部列为“大善地法”之一,小乘把杀人列为出家比丘四波罗夷戒(四重禁戒)之第三。按戒律条文规定,不杀的对象只限于人类;法相宗视不害为“善法”之一。大乘因强调慈悲为怀,普度众生,比小乘更重视不害的思想,故范围扩大到一切生命,要求做到身口意三业无犯,并在显教菩萨戒的十重戒(十波罗夷戒)中列杀生为首条。不害也是在家佛教徒必须遵行的五戒和沙弥的十戒之一。现代的印度甘地继承了这种不害的思想,构成他非暴力主义的哲学原则,认为不害不仅是“一切生命的原则”,也是“人类的基本法则”。(黄心川)
shi
佛教术语。梵文vi(分析、分割)和jnana(智)的合成语,意指对对象进行分析、分类所起的认识作用。在佛教教义中有多种含义:1、一切精神活动的主体,是“心”、“意”的异名。《俱舍论》卷第四谓“心、意、识体一”,随义建立种种名相”,“集起故名心,思量故名意,了别故名识”;2、以的一种特殊功能,与“心”、“意”略有不同。谓能缘之心对所缘之境有了别作用。《成唯识论》卷五称“识以了境为自性”;3、五蕴中之“识蕴”,即小乘所讲“六识”和大乘所说“八识”的心王;4、十二因缘中之“识支”。《俱舍论》卷九有“于母胎等正结生时一刹那位五蕴名识”之说。
识是佛学的中心思想之一, 其说遍于大小乘、显密教、性相宗。有一识、二识、三识、五识、六识、八识、九识、十识等不同学说。
八识 瑜伽行派和法相宗主张八识,即眼识、耳识、鼻识、舌识、身识、意识、末那识、阿赖耶识。前五识属于感觉,第六识既管思维,也管感觉。第七识以“恒审思量”即不停顿地起思虑作用为其特性,其作用胜过第六识,并联系第八识与前六识,名为末那。第八阿赖耶识也叫藏识,具有能藏、所藏、执藏三义。以含藏一切诸法种子,为有漏无漏一切有为法的根本。一些大乘派别多沿用八识说,但稍有变化。《大乘义章》卷三所讲八识,其中第七识名阿陀那识,第八识名阿梨耶识。
九识 性宗主张九识。即于八识之外,另立证有无为的真如识。梁真谛译《摄大乘论》,将第九识名为庵摩罗识,又名无垢识或清净识。但唐玄奘译《摄大乘论》仍用八识,以第九识为第八识异名。谓第八识有染净二分,取染分的有为有漏名阿赖耶识,取净分的无为无漏名庵摩罗识。
十识 密宗依《释摩诃衍论》讲十识。其第九识名多一识,第十识名一一心识,又称一切一心识。
十一识 梁真谛译世亲《摄论释》卷五,将识分为十一种:1、身识。眼、耳、鼻、舌、身五根;2、身者识。即染污识;3、受者识,谓意根;4、应受识。色、声、香、味、触、法六尘;5、正受识。眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意六根;6、世识。生死相续不绝之识;7、数识。一乃至阿僧祇数之识;8、处识。器世界;9、言说识。依于见闻觉知的一切言说;10、自他差别识。谓自身他身依止上之差别;11、善恶两道差别识。指生死多种之差别。
一识 成实学派及经部只讲一识、谓一识依于六根而缘六境。密教亦有主张一识之说。
二识 《大乘起信论》说有二识:1、阿梨耶识,又名无没识;2、分别事识,又名意识。即依阿梨耶识而生,能分别色声等六境的眼耳等六识,合称分别事识。
五识 《大乘起信论》又根据识的作用立五识:1、业识。谓依根本无明之惑而始动本心之识;2、转识。即转业识而生能见作用之识;3、现识。随能见的作用而现所见的幻妄境界之识;4、知识。对自心所现之境而生种种邪分别之识;5、相续识。由邪分别而于爱境生乐觉,于不爱境生苦觉,苦乐之念连续不断,并依之而起惑业,使生产死相续之识。前三识相当于《成唯识论》中阿赖耶识的自体分、见分和相分;后二识属于意识的作用。
此外,尚有主张五识或六识的,其含义与八识之前五识、前六识略同。而显密两教皆主张有无量识,认为外境无量无边,如来智慧又甚深无量,故识亦是无量。(元湛)
wuchang
佛教教义。三法印之一。指世界万有(一切事物和思维概念)都是生灭变化无常的。佛教认为,宇宙间一切现象,都是此生彼生、此灭彼灭的相互依存关系,没有永恒的实体的存在。所以任何现象都是无常的,表现为刹那刹那生灭的。佛典中常提到的有:1、刹那无常。谓一切有为法,刹那之间,有生、住、异、灭的变化;2、相续无常。谓一切有为法在一期相续之上有生、住、异、灭之四相。佛教不仅认为一切事物和现象的变化是普遍存在的,而且还认为有其发展的过程,可分为四个连续相承的阶段或呈现为四种相状,所谓“四相迁流”,即生、住、异、灭,一种现象的生起称生,事物或现象形成后有其相对的稳定性称住,在相对稳定中又无时不在变异称异,现象的消灭称灭。任何事物和现象在一刹那中都具有生、住、异、灭四相。但有时又将无常分为:1、众生无常。谓人生都是无常的,终归要变化以至于消灭的;2、世界无常。谓世界上一切现象都是无常的,无时无刻不在流动变迁中,最后归于消灭;3、诸念无常。谓人们的思维概念都是瞬息万变的,所谓“念念生灭”。佛教这种无常学说,主要是为反对当时婆罗门教主张宇宙的最高主宰---梵是永恒常住的理论而提出的。
the ”Immediacy”, ...
the ”Immediacy”, is a name for that concentration of mind which is associated with such insight (vipassana^, q.v.) as is present in any one of the 4 kinds of supermundane path consciousness (s. ariya-puggala), and which therefore is the cause of the immediately following consciousness as its result or ”fruition” (phala, q.v.).
According to the Abhidhamma, the path (of the Sota^panna, etc.) is generated by the insight into the impermanence, misery and impersonality of existence, flashing up at that very moment and transforming and ennobling one”s nature forever.
It is mentioned under the name of a^nantarika-sama^dhi in the Ratana Sutta (Sn.v.22) and in Pts.M.1, n~a^nakatha^.
”water-element”; s. dha^tu.
contemplation of: patinissagga^nupassana^, is one of the 18 chief kinds of insight; s. vipassana^, further a^na^pa^nasati (16).