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in age eye ill joy LAW law one sel sex utu ZEN aeon alms atta BALA bala body both catu chie deva dosa ends envy fine food gati gems grie hate hell hetu loka lust mada mala mano MARK meat mind moha múla ogha oja^ once open pain path peta rise RUPA rúpa sati talk ties tree unit view void will yoga yoni ZEAL adosa agati ALAYA amata amoha anger ARANA ARHAN ARHAT ASURA asura atta^ aviha bases being belie bhava bodhi bonds cause chaos citta death doors doubt dread faith great greed iddhi image issa^ ja^ti jara^ ji^va ka^ma kalpa kamma KARMA karma kicca kriya kuppa light lobha lower ma^na Ma^ra MAGGA magga merit METTA mirth moral na^ma neyya nicca noble phala pi^ti ra^ga RAKSA right rules sacca sagga sakka satta sekha sense shame si^la sloth space STUPA subha SUDRA sukha SUTRA va^yo vasi^ vatta VIGOR water world wrong YAKSA yokes " a^sava abodes access action alobha ANATTA ANICCA anicca Arahat asekha atappa Avi^ci beauty beings bha^va BHIKSU biases bodily BUDDHA Buddha cakkhu carana carita change course dha^tu dhamma DHARMA ditthi divine dukkha eating EFFORT effort elders ENERGY energy escape favour fixity floods forest friend gantha ghosts GIVING giving gnosis groups growth grudge hearer iriya^ JATAKA javana jewels KARUNA kasina khanti kilesa kiriya kusala lokiya MANTRA marana marvel MATTER matter method metta^ middha misery MUDITA niraya object oma^na phassa picked planes powers PRAJNA purity RAHULA refuge samma^ sangha SANJNA sarana sexual stains suddha sugati sukkha SUMERU taints tanha^ terror torpor trance truths tusita upa^di upadhi usages va^ca^ VAISYA vatthu VEDANA vijja^ virati viriya virtue viveka WISDOM wisdom woeful a^ha^ra a^ji^va a^ka^sa a^ruppa absence agility ahimsa^ AKALIKA AKALIKO AKUSALA akusala ANAGAMI anatta^ anusaya arising avacara avijja^ bhikkhu BRAHMIN cankers cetana^ CHARITY conceit control counter craving created decline desana^ destiny devotee disease duggati emotion factors feeling fetters freedom HSU YUN HUA TOU INDRIYA indriya insight ji^vita kala^pa karuna^ killing KUSHALA lahuta^ mangala mastery matured meaning message miccha^ miracle mudita^ muduta^ mundane navanga neutral nimitta nirodha NIRVANA nirvana nissaya niya^ma obha^sa okkanti old age ottappa patched patigha perfect Preface puggala pun~n~a rapture reality rebirth remorse sa^sana sa^vaka saddha^ SAMADHI samatha sammuti SAMSARA samseva sassata sikkha^ sitting skilful sobhana spheres SRAVAKA sublime sun~n~a thought turning upacaya UPEKKHA vedana^ vibhava vica^ra viha^ra vimutti vipa^ka vipatti vira^ga vitakka vivatta voda^na voka^ra worldly 戒(sila) a^nen~ja a^yatana acquired adherent AKUSHALA AMITABHA ANAGAMIN anussati Appendix atima^na aversion bhavanga BHIKSUNI bondages ca^ritta cemetery cetasika clinging deciding delusion departed DEVOTION dhutanga dogmatic drinking elements eternity exertion extremes fatalism fivefold fruition gladness gotrabhú grasping HINAYANA HUI NENG ill will impurity influxes interest kammanta kin~cana KSATRIYA kukkucca lakkhana learning MAHAMAYA MAHAYANA maintain MAITREYA monkhood MORALITY morality Nibba^na nibba^na nibbatti nibbedha not self opposite PARAMITA PATIENCE patience postures practice progress reaction sakka^ya sama^dhi sambodhi sammatta sampada^ samsa^ra SAMSKARA san~n~a^ sankappa sankhata santa^na scruples sensuous serenity signless sucarita suchness Table II tathata^ te vijja thinking training uddhacca ujukata^ upa^saka upaca^ra upekkha^ uposatha upstream vimamsa^ vimokkha virility visuddhi vitality VOLITION volition 谛(satya) 慧 (Mati) 空(sunya) 业(karma) 瑜伽(yoga) a^rammana a^vajjana abhijjha^ acinteyya adherence adhicitta akanittha anottappa appama^da asankhata attention avihimsa^ avikkhepa avya^kata beautiful behaviour bha^vana^ BOJJHANGA bojjhanga boundless breathing cetokhila character CONDITION cosmogony cowardice deva dúta deviation dhuta^nga domanassa duccarita dukkhata^ dwellings EMPTINESS emptiness ENDURANCE existence eye organ faculties FIVE EYES formation happiness IGNORANCE ignorance immediacy immediate impulsion indulging intention knowledge kolankola lightness lokuttara mahaggata micchatta mind base NAGARJUNA nekkhamma ni^varana nutriment obstacles palibodha parikamma pariyatti patipada^ patipatti pativedha pondering proximity PURE LAND ready wit rúpa loka SAHA LAND sammasana samphassa samyojana sankha^ra SARIPUTRA sena^sana SENSATION SIX DUSTS SIX GUNAS SIX PATHS SIX ROOTS somanassa something suffering ti pitaka ti ratana ti sarana TRAILOKYA treasures TRIPITAKA upa^da^na upa^sika^ vanishing vinipa^ta vya^pa^da worldling YASODHARA 阿含(agama) 法(dharma) a^bhassara aberration abhin~n~a^ abhisamaya absorption adhimokkha ADHITTHANA advertence aggregates ALMSGIVING Ana^ga^mi^ analytical antinomies appendants asmi ma^na avya^pa^da awakenment bhava^sava BODHISATTA Bodhisatta compassion conception conditions confidence contiguity continuity cuti citta detachment DHAMMAPADA dibba loka dibba sota DIVINE EYE ego belief ego entity eka bi^ji^ elasticity enthusiasm equanimity expression EXTINCTION extinction femininity few wishes foundation FOUR PHALA FOUR SEALS functional generation hindrances impression impurities individual inducement intimation ka^ma guna ka^ma loka ka^ma^sava liberality liberation low speech macchariya MAHASATTVA mano kamma MEDITATION meditation messengers MIDDLE WAY mutability obduracies opapa^tika overcoming para^ma^sa paramattha parin~n~a^ patisandhi pattida^na permanency productive punabbhava puthujjana reflection repetition repression repugnance RIGHT VIEW rúpa ka^ya sa^man~n~a sama^patti sensuality SEVEN GEMS SHAKYAMUNI si^labbata SIX PLACES sota^panna sota^patti standstill stinginess successive SUDDHODANA ta^vatimsa tatha^gata TEN POWERS tendencies therava^da TWO DEATHS unprepared unshakable upakkilesa upavica^ra vehapphala vesa^rajja vin~n~a^na vin~n~atti vipalla^sa vipassana^ wrong path ya^ma deva yuganaddha 不害(ahimsa) 识(Vijnana) 无常(anitya) a^nantariya a^po dha^tu abandonment abstentions adhittha^na ahosi kamma alms giving anabhijjha^ ANAPANASATI anupassana^ appicchata^ ariya iddhi ariya magga ariya sacca ariya vamsa arúpa bhava association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA brahma loka chaste life co nascence contentment corruptions cutúpapa^ta defilements deliverance destruction determining development dissolution dosa carita earnestness egolessness EIGHT WINDS enlightened fading away forbearance foundations human world iddhi pa^da immortality indifferent infatuation inoperative inseparable intoxicants itthindriya ka^ma bhava ka^ma ra^ga ka^ya kamma kamma bhava kamma patha kamma vatta karma round khi^na^sava kusala múla loka dhamma LOTUS SUTRA maha^ bhúta mana^yatana manasika^ra mano dha^tu MIDDLE PATH middle path mind object mindfulness na^ma ka^ya NINE REALMS nippapan~ca noble power origination pa^timokkha pada parama PARINIRVANA paritta^bha patipannaka patti da^na penetration perfections performance personality perversions preparatory proficiency pure abodes realization RECOGNITION remembrance rúpa^vacara rúpa^yatana sala^yatana sama si^si^ samuttha^na san~cetana^ san~n~ojana si^vathika^ sikkha^pada supernormal tejo dha^tu tejo kasina temperature THREE ROOTS THREE SEALS ti lakkhana unthinkable unwholesome uprightness vaci^ kamma vavattha^na vicikiccha^ wrongnesses 定 (samadhi) 结集(samgiti) 轮回(samsara) 涅槃(Nirvana) 无我(anatman) 真如(tathata) a^savakkhaya abhinibbatti accumulation adaptability an~n~indriya appaman~n~a^ arúpa^vacara bahula kamma bhava ditthi bhava tanha^ body witness ceto vimutti citta kkhana citta vi^thi conventional corporeality covetousness dhamma cakka DHARMA-WHEEL dibba cakkhu dispensation dissociation divine abode dry visioned fire element FIVE WISDOMS FOUR VIRTUES garuka kamma harmlessness hate natured heat element HEAVENLY EYE hiri ottappa homelessness impermanence inclinations intoxicating janaka kamma ka^ma tanha^ ka^ma^vacara ka^ya sakkhi kamma^yúhana kammaja rúpa kammattha^na karma result kilesa ka^ma light kasina lobha carita mental image mind element momentaneity nesajjikanga ni^la kasina noble abodes non violence pa^tiha^riya pakati si^la pan~ca si^la parinibba^na pasa^da rúpa patisandhika petti visaya pi^ta kasina pleasantness predominance proclivities purification purisindriya ra^ga carita radiant gods recollectons RENUNCIATION restlessness RIGHT ACTION RIGHT EFFORT RIGHT SPEECH rúpa jjha^na rúpa kala^pa rúpa^rammana sacca n~a^na SAKRADAGAMIN sambojjhanga samma^ magga sampajan~n~a santutthita^ SIX INDRIYAS SIX PARAMITA SROTA-APANNA stream entry ▲ 收起
南传佛教英文辞典 【775】vehapphala

  is  the  name  of  a  class  of  heavenly  beings  in  the  fine-material  world;  s.  deva.

南传佛教英文辞典 【776】vesa^rajja

  ”self-confidence”  of  a  Buddha  is  fourfold.  He  is  confident:  1.  to  have  attained  to  a  perfect  Enlightenment  of  which  it  cannot  be  said  that  it  omits  anything  essential  to  it;  2.  to  have  destroyed  all  cankers  (a^sava),  leaving  none  that  can  be  said  to  be  undestroyed  by  him;  3.  that  what  were  declared  by  him  as  obstacles  to  liberation  are  undeniably  such;  4.  that  his  teaching  fulfils  its  purpose  of  actually  leading  to  final  liberation  from  suffering.  See  A.  IV,  8;  VII,  58;  M.  12.

南传佛教英文辞典 【777】vin~n~a^na

  ”consciousness”,  is  one  of  the  5  groups  of  existence  (aggregates;  khandha,  q.v.);  one  of  the  4  nutriments  (a^ha^ra,  q.v.);  the  3rd  link  of  the  dependent  origination  (paticcasamuppa^da,  q.v.);  the  5th  in  the  sixfold  division  of  elements  (dha^tu,  q.v.).
Viewed  as  one  of  the  5  groups  (khandha),  it  is  inseparably  linked  with  the  3  other  mental  groups  (feeling,  perception  and  formations)  and  furnishes  the  bare  cognition  of  the  object,  while  the  other  3  contribute  more  specific  functions.  Its  ethical  and  karmic  character,  and  its  greater  or  lesser  degree  of  intensity  and  clarity,  are  chiefly  determined  by  the  mental  formations  associated  with  it.
Just  like  the  other  groups  of  existence,  consciousness  is  a  flux  (vin~n~a^na-sota^,  ”stream  of  c.”)  and  does  not  constitute  an  abiding  mind-substance;  nor  is  it  a  transmigrating  entity  or  soul.  The  3  characteristies  (s.  ti-lakkhana),  impermanence,  suffering  and  no-self,  are  frequently  applied  to  it  in  the  texts  (e.g.,  in  the  Anattalakkhana  Sutta,  S.XXII,  59).  The  Buddha  often  stressed  that  "apart  from  conditions,  there  is  no  arising  of  consciousness”  (M  38);  and  all  these  statements  about  its  nature  hold  good  for  the  entire  range  of  consciousness,  be  it  "past,  future  or  presently  arisen,  gross  or  subtle,  in  oneself  or  external,  inferior  or  lofty,  far  or  near"  (S.  XXII,  59).
According  to  the  6  senses  it  divides  into  6  kinds,  viz.  eye-  (or  visual)  consciousness  (cakkhu-v.),  etc.  About  the  dependent  arising  of  these  6  kinds  of  consciousness,  Vis.M.  XV,  39  says:  ”Conditioned  through  the  eye,  the  visible  object,  light  and  attention,  eye-consciousness  arises.  Conditioned  through  the  ear,  the  audible  object,  the  ear-passage  and  attention,  ear-consciousness  arises.  Conditioned,  through  the  nose,  the  olfactive  object,  air  and  attention,  nose-consciousness  arises.  Conditioned  through  the  tongue,  the  gustative  object,  humidity  and  attention,  tongue-consciousness  arises.  Condlitioned  through  the  body,  bodily  impression,  the  earth-element  and  attention,  body-consciousness  arises.  Conditioned  through  the  subconscious  mind  (bhavanga-mano),  the  mind-object  and  attention,  mind-consciousness  arises."
The  Abhidhamma  literature  distinguishes  89  crasses  of  consciousness,  being  either  karmically  wholesome,  unwholesome  or  neutral,  and  belonging  either  to  the  sense-sphere,  the  fine-material  or  the  immaterial  sphere,  or  to  supermundane  consciousness.  See  Table  I.

南传佛教英文辞典 【778】vin~n~atti

  (lit.”making  known”)  ”intimation”,  is  an  Abhidhamma  term  for  bodily  expression  (ka^ya-vin~n~atti)  and  verbal  expression  (vaci^-vin~n~atti),  both  belonging  to  the  corporeality-group.  They  are  produced  by  the  co-nascent  volition,  and  are  therefore,  as  such,  purely  physical  and  not  to  be  confounded  with  karma  (q.v.),  which  as  such  is  something  mental.  Cf.  Kath.  80,  100,  101,  103,  194  (s.  Guide  V).  -  (App.).
"One  speaks  of  ”bodily  expression”,  because  it  makes  known  an  intention  by  means  of  bodily  movement,  and  can  itself  be  understood  by  the  bodily  movement  which  is  said  to  be  corporeal.
"”Verbal  expression”  is  so  called  because  it  makes  known  an  intention  by  means  of  a  speech-produced  noise"  (Vis.M.  XIV).

南传佛教英文辞典 【779】vin~n~atti

  ka^ya-  and  vaci^-v.,  seem  to  occur  for  the  first  time  in  Dhs.  (§§  665,718)  of  the  Abh.  Canon.

南传佛教英文辞典 【780】vipalla^sa

  ”perversions”  or  ”distortions”.  -  ””There  are  4  perversions  which  may  be  either  of  perception  (san~n~a^-vipalla^sa),  of  consciousness  (citta  v.)  or  of  views  (ditthi-v.).  And  which  are  these  four?  To  regard  what  is  impermanent  (anicca)  as  permanent;  what  is  painful  (dukkha)  as  pleasant  (or  happiness-yielding);  what  is  without  a  self  (anatta^)  as  a  self;  what  is  impure  (ugly:  asubha)  as  pure  or  beautiful””  (A.  IV,  49).  -  See  Manual  of  Insight,  by  Ledi  Sayadaw  (WHEEL  31/32).  p.5.
"Of  the  perversions,  the  following  are  eliminated  by  the  1st  path-knowledge  (sota^patti):  the  perversions  of  perception,  consciousness  and  views,  that  the  impermanent  is  permanent  and  what  is  not  a  self  is  a  self;  further,  the  perversion  of  views  that  the  painful  is  pleasant,  and  the  impure  is  pure.  By  the  3rd  path-knowledge  (ana^ga^mita^)  are  eliminated:  the  perversions  of  perception  and  consciousness  that  the  impure  is  pure.  By  the  4th  path-knowledge  (arahatta)  are  eliminated  the  perversions  of  perception  and  consciousness  that  the  painful  is  pleasant"  (Vis.M.  XXII,  68).

南传佛教英文辞典 【781】vipassana^

  ya^nika  =  sukkha-vipassaka  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【782】vipassana^

  is  frequently  found  in  the  older  sutta  texts  (e.g.  A.  II,  32;  S.  XLV,  159),  also  together  with  samatha.  The  9  and  18  insight-knowledges  (vipassana^-n~a^na  and  maha^-vipassana^),  however,  occur  in  the  Sutta  Pitaka  only  in  the  Pts.M.,  n~a^nakatha^,  where  they  are  enumerated  and  explained,  though  without  any  group  name  being  attached  to  them.

南传佛教英文辞典 【783】vipassana^

  ”insight”,  is  the  intuitive  light  flashing  forth  and  exposing  the  truth  of  the  impermanency,  the  suffering  and  the  impersonal  and  unsubstantial  nature  of  all  corporeal  and  mental  phenomena  of  existence.  It  is  insight-wisdom  (vipassana^-pan~n~a^)  that  is  the  decisive  liberating  factor  in  Buddhism,  though  it  has  to  be  developed  along  with  the  2  other  trainings  in  morality  and  concentration.  The  culmination  of  insight  practice  (s.  visuddhi  VI)  leads  directly  to  the  stages  of  holiness  (s.  visuddhi  VII).
Insight  is  not  the  result  of  a  mere  intellectual  understanding,  but  is  won  through  direct  meditative  observation  of  one”s  own  bodily  and  mental  processes.  In  the  commentaries  and  the  Vis.M.,  the  sequene  in  developing  insight-meditation  is  given  as  follows:  1.  discernment  of  the  corporeal  (rúpa),  2.  of  the  mental  (na^ma),  3.  contemplation  of  both  (na^marúpa;  i.e.  of  their  pairwise  occurrence  in  actual  events,  and  their  interdependence),  4.  both  viewed  as  conditioned  (application  of  the  dependent  origination,  paticcasamuppa^da),  5.  application  of  the  3  characteristics  (impermanency,  etc.)  to  mind-and-body-cum-conditions.
The  stages  of  gradually  growing  insight  are  described  in  the  9insight-  knowledges  (vipassana^-n~a^na),  constituting  the  6th  stage  of  purification:  beginning  with  the  ”knowledge  of  rise  and  fall”  and  ending  with  the  ”adaptation  to  Truth”.  For  details,  see  visuddhi  VI  and  Vis.M.  XXI.
Eighteen  chief  kinds  of  insight-knowledge  (or  principal  insights,  maha^-vipassana^)  are  listed  and  described  in  Vis.M.  XXII,  113:  (1)  contemplation  of  impermanence  (anicca^nupassana^),  (2)  of  suffering  (dukkha^nupassana^),  (3)  of  no  self  (anatta^nupnupassana^),  (4)  of  aversion  (nibbida^nupassana^).  (5)  of  detachment  (vira^ga^nupassana^),  (6)  of  extinction  (nirodha^nupassana^),  (7)  of  abandoning  (patinissagga^nupassana^),  (8)  of  waning  (khaya^nupassana^),  (9)  of  vanishing  (vaya^nupassana^),  (10)  of  change  (viparina^ma^nupassana^),  (11)  of  the  unconditioned  (or  signless,  animitta^nupassana^),  (12)  of  desirelessness  (apanihita^nupassana^),  (13)  of  emptiness  (sun~n~ata^upassana^),  (14)  insight  into  phenomena  which  is  higher  wisdom  (adhipan~n~a^-dhamma-vipassana^),  (15)  knowledge  and  vision  according  to  reality  (yatha^-bhúta-n~a^nadassana),  (16)  contemplation  of  misery  (or  danger,  a^di^nava^nupassana^),  (17)  reflecting  contemplation  (patisankha^nupassana^),  (18)  contemplation  of  turning  away  (vivattana^nupassana^).
Through  these  18,  the  adverse  ideas  and  views  are  overcome,  for  which  reason  this  way  of  overcoming  is  called  ”overcoming  by  the  opposite”  (tadanga-paha^na,  overcoming  this  factor  by  that).  Thus  (1)  dispels  the  idea  of  permanence.  (2)  the  idea  of  happiness,  (3)  the  idea  of  self,  (4)  lust,  (5)  greed,  (6)  origination,  (7)  grasping,  (8)  the  idea  of  compactness,  (9)  karma-accumulation,  (10)  the  idea  of  lastingness,  (11)  the  conditions,  (12)  delight,  (13)  adherence,  (14)  grasping  and  adherence  to  the  idea  of  substance,  (15)  attachment  and  adherence,  (17)  thoughtlessness,  (18)  dispels  entanglement  and  clinging.
Insight  may  be  either  mundane  (lokiya,  q.v.)  or  supermundane  (lokuttara,  q.v.).  Supermundane  insight  is  of  3  kinds:  (1)  joined  with  one  of  the  4  supermundane  paths,  (2)  joined  with  one  of  the  fruitions  of  these  paths,  (3)  regarding  the  extinction,  or  rather  suspension,  of  consciousness  (s.  nirodha-sama^patti).
See  samatha-vipassana^,  visuddhi,  III-VII.
Literature:  Manual  of  Insight,  by  Ledi  Sayadaw  (WHEL  31/32).  Practical  Insight  Meditation,  Progress  of  Insight,  both  by  Maha^si  Sayadaw  (BPS).  The  Experience  of  Insight,  by  Joseph  Goldstein  (BPS).

南传佛教英文辞典 【784】wrong path

  miccha^-magga  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【785】ya^ma deva

  are  a  kind  of  heavenly  beings  of  the  sensuous  world;  s.  deva.

南传佛教英文辞典 【786】yuganaddha

  s.  samatha-vipassana^,  last  paragraph.

中国百科全书 【787】不害(ahimsa)

  Buhai

  佛教戒律和行持的一个原则。原意为不杀生或不伤害,即对一切有生命的物类不加伤害。不害一词最早见于印度的《广森林奥义》,“奥义书”列为再生族(婆罗门、刹帝利和吠舍种性)断灭轮回的五种解脱方法之一。耆那教特别重视不杀信条,谓在一切生命中都有着灵魂,因此不害是信徒“正行”之一。佛教沿用这一概念,但视植物为“非情”,不作为不害的对象。《大乘广五蕴论》说:“云何不害?谓害对治,以悲为性。谓由悲故,不害群生,是无瞋分,不损恼为业。”说一切有部列为“大善地法”之一,小乘把杀人列为出家比丘四波罗夷戒(四重禁戒)之第三。按戒律条文规定,不杀的对象只限于人类;法相宗视不害为“善法”之一。大乘因强调慈悲为怀,普度众生,比小乘更重视不害的思想,故范围扩大到一切生命,要求做到身口意三业无犯,并在显教菩萨戒的十重戒(十波罗夷戒)中列杀生为首条。不害也是在家佛教徒必须遵行的五戒和沙弥的十戒之一。现代的印度甘地继承了这种不害的思想,构成他非暴力主义的哲学原则,认为不害不仅是“一切生命的原则”,也是“人类的基本法则”。(黄心川)

中国百科全书 【788】识(Vijnana)

  shi

  佛教术语。梵文vi(分析、分割)和jnana(智)的合成语,意指对对象进行分析、分类所起的认识作用。在佛教教义中有多种含义:1、一切精神活动的主体,是“心”、“意”的异名。《俱舍论》卷第四谓“心、意、识体一”,随义建立种种名相”,“集起故名心,思量故名意,了别故名识”;2、以的一种特殊功能,与“心”、“意”略有不同。谓能缘之心对所缘之境有了别作用。《成唯识论》卷五称“识以了境为自性”;3、五蕴中之“识蕴”,即小乘所讲“六识”和大乘所说“八识”的心王;4、十二因缘中之“识支”。《俱舍论》卷九有“于母胎等正结生时一刹那位五蕴名识”之说。

  识是佛学的中心思想之一,  其说遍于大小乘、显密教、性相宗。有一识、二识、三识、五识、六识、八识、九识、十识等不同学说。

  八识  瑜伽行派和法相宗主张八识,即眼识、耳识、鼻识、舌识、身识、意识、末那识、阿赖耶识。前五识属于感觉,第六识既管思维,也管感觉。第七识以“恒审思量”即不停顿地起思虑作用为其特性,其作用胜过第六识,并联系第八识与前六识,名为末那。第八阿赖耶识也叫藏识,具有能藏、所藏、执藏三义。以含藏一切诸法种子,为有漏无漏一切有为法的根本。一些大乘派别多沿用八识说,但稍有变化。《大乘义章》卷三所讲八识,其中第七识名阿陀那识,第八识名阿梨耶识。

  九识  性宗主张九识。即于八识之外,另立证有无为的真如识。梁真谛译《摄大乘论》,将第九识名为庵摩罗识,又名无垢识或清净识。但唐玄奘译《摄大乘论》仍用八识,以第九识为第八识异名。谓第八识有染净二分,取染分的有为有漏名阿赖耶识,取净分的无为无漏名庵摩罗识。

  十识  密宗依《释摩诃衍论》讲十识。其第九识名多一识,第十识名一一心识,又称一切一心识。

  十一识  梁真谛译世亲《摄论释》卷五,将识分为十一种:1、身识。眼、耳、鼻、舌、身五根;2、身者识。即染污识;3、受者识,谓意根;4、应受识。色、声、香、味、触、法六尘;5、正受识。眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意六根;6、世识。生死相续不绝之识;7、数识。一乃至阿僧祇数之识;8、处识。器世界;9、言说识。依于见闻觉知的一切言说;10、自他差别识。谓自身他身依止上之差别;11、善恶两道差别识。指生死多种之差别。

  一识  成实学派及经部只讲一识、谓一识依于六根而缘六境。密教亦有主张一识之说。

  二识  《大乘起信论》说有二识:1、阿梨耶识,又名无没识;2、分别事识,又名意识。即依阿梨耶识而生,能分别色声等六境的眼耳等六识,合称分别事识。

  五识  《大乘起信论》又根据识的作用立五识:1、业识。谓依根本无明之惑而始动本心之识;2、转识。即转业识而生能见作用之识;3、现识。随能见的作用而现所见的幻妄境界之识;4、知识。对自心所现之境而生种种邪分别之识;5、相续识。由邪分别而于爱境生乐觉,于不爱境生苦觉,苦乐之念连续不断,并依之而起惑业,使生产死相续之识。前三识相当于《成唯识论》中阿赖耶识的自体分、见分和相分;后二识属于意识的作用。

  此外,尚有主张五识或六识的,其含义与八识之前五识、前六识略同。而显密两教皆主张有无量识,认为外境无量无边,如来智慧又甚深无量,故识亦是无量。(元湛)

中国百科全书 【789】无常(anitya)

  wuchang
  佛教教义。三法印之一。指世界万有(一切事物和思维概念)都是生灭变化无常的。佛教认为,宇宙间一切现象,都是此生彼生、此灭彼灭的相互依存关系,没有永恒的实体的存在。所以任何现象都是无常的,表现为刹那刹那生灭的。佛典中常提到的有:1、刹那无常。谓一切有为法,刹那之间,有生、住、异、灭的变化;2、相续无常。谓一切有为法在一期相续之上有生、住、异、灭之四相。佛教不仅认为一切事物和现象的变化是普遍存在的,而且还认为有其发展的过程,可分为四个连续相承的阶段或呈现为四种相状,所谓“四相迁流”,即生、住、异、灭,一种现象的生起称生,事物或现象形成后有其相对的稳定性称住,在相对稳定中又无时不在变异称异,现象的消灭称灭。任何事物和现象在一刹那中都具有生、住、异、灭四相。但有时又将无常分为:1、众生无常。谓人生都是无常的,终归要变化以至于消灭的;2、世界无常。谓世界上一切现象都是无常的,无时无刻不在流动变迁中,最后归于消灭;3、诸念无常。谓人们的思维概念都是瞬息万变的,所谓“念念生灭”。佛教这种无常学说,主要是为反对当时婆罗门教主张宇宙的最高主宰---梵是永恒常住的理论而提出的。

南传佛教英文辞典 【790】a^nantariya

  the  ”Immediacy”,  ...
the  ”Immediacy”,  is  a  name  for  that  concentration  of  mind  which  is  associated  with  such  insight  (vipassana^,  q.v.)  as  is  present  in  any  one  of  the  4  kinds  of  supermundane  path  consciousness  (s.  ariya-puggala),  and  which  therefore  is  the  cause  of  the  immediately  following  consciousness  as  its  result  or  ”fruition”  (phala,  q.v.).
According  to  the  Abhidhamma,  the  path  (of  the  Sota^panna,  etc.)  is  generated  by  the  insight  into  the  impermanence,  misery  and  impersonality  of  existence,  flashing  up  at  that  very  moment  and  transforming  and  ennobling  one”s  nature  forever.
It  is  mentioned  under  the  name  of  a^nantarika-sama^dhi  in  the  Ratana  Sutta  (Sn.v.22)  and  in  Pts.M.1,  n~a^nakatha^.

南传佛教英文辞典 【791】a^po dha^tu

”water-element”;  s.  dha^tu.

南传佛教英文辞典 【792】abandonment

  contemplation  of:  patinissagga^nupassana^,  is  one  of  the  18  chief  kinds  of  insight;  s.  vipassana^,  further  a^na^pa^nasati  (16).

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