is the name of a class of heavenly beings in the fine-material world; s. deva.
”self-confidence” of a Buddha is fourfold. He is confident: 1. to have attained to a perfect Enlightenment of which it cannot be said that it omits anything essential to it; 2. to have destroyed all cankers (a^sava), leaving none that can be said to be undestroyed by him; 3. that what were declared by him as obstacles to liberation are undeniably such; 4. that his teaching fulfils its purpose of actually leading to final liberation from suffering. See A. IV, 8; VII, 58; M. 12.
”consciousness”, is one of the 5 groups of existence (aggregates; khandha, q.v.); one of the 4 nutriments (a^ha^ra, q.v.); the 3rd link of the dependent origination (paticcasamuppa^da, q.v.); the 5th in the sixfold division of elements (dha^tu, q.v.).
Viewed as one of the 5 groups (khandha), it is inseparably linked with the 3 other mental groups (feeling, perception and formations) and furnishes the bare cognition of the object, while the other 3 contribute more specific functions. Its ethical and karmic character, and its greater or lesser degree of intensity and clarity, are chiefly determined by the mental formations associated with it.
Just like the other groups of existence, consciousness is a flux (vin~n~a^na-sota^, ”stream of c.”) and does not constitute an abiding mind-substance; nor is it a transmigrating entity or soul. The 3 characteristies (s. ti-lakkhana), impermanence, suffering and no-self, are frequently applied to it in the texts (e.g., in the Anattalakkhana Sutta, S.XXII, 59). The Buddha often stressed that "apart from conditions, there is no arising of consciousness” (M 38); and all these statements about its nature hold good for the entire range of consciousness, be it "past, future or presently arisen, gross or subtle, in oneself or external, inferior or lofty, far or near" (S. XXII, 59).
According to the 6 senses it divides into 6 kinds, viz. eye- (or visual) consciousness (cakkhu-v.), etc. About the dependent arising of these 6 kinds of consciousness, Vis.M. XV, 39 says: ”Conditioned through the eye, the visible object, light and attention, eye-consciousness arises. Conditioned through the ear, the audible object, the ear-passage and attention, ear-consciousness arises. Conditioned, through the nose, the olfactive object, air and attention, nose-consciousness arises. Conditioned through the tongue, the gustative object, humidity and attention, tongue-consciousness arises. Condlitioned through the body, bodily impression, the earth-element and attention, body-consciousness arises. Conditioned through the subconscious mind (bhavanga-mano), the mind-object and attention, mind-consciousness arises."
The Abhidhamma literature distinguishes 89 crasses of consciousness, being either karmically wholesome, unwholesome or neutral, and belonging either to the sense-sphere, the fine-material or the immaterial sphere, or to supermundane consciousness. See Table I.
(lit.”making known”) ”intimation”, is an Abhidhamma term for bodily expression (ka^ya-vin~n~atti) and verbal expression (vaci^-vin~n~atti), both belonging to the corporeality-group. They are produced by the co-nascent volition, and are therefore, as such, purely physical and not to be confounded with karma (q.v.), which as such is something mental. Cf. Kath. 80, 100, 101, 103, 194 (s. Guide V). - (App.).
"One speaks of ”bodily expression”, because it makes known an intention by means of bodily movement, and can itself be understood by the bodily movement which is said to be corporeal.
"”Verbal expression” is so called because it makes known an intention by means of a speech-produced noise" (Vis.M. XIV).
ka^ya- and vaci^-v., seem to occur for the first time in Dhs. (§§ 665,718) of the Abh. Canon.
”perversions” or ”distortions”. - ””There are 4 perversions which may be either of perception (san~n~a^-vipalla^sa), of consciousness (citta v.) or of views (ditthi-v.). And which are these four? To regard what is impermanent (anicca) as permanent; what is painful (dukkha) as pleasant (or happiness-yielding); what is without a self (anatta^) as a self; what is impure (ugly: asubha) as pure or beautiful”” (A. IV, 49). - See Manual of Insight, by Ledi Sayadaw (WHEEL 31/32). p.5.
"Of the perversions, the following are eliminated by the 1st path-knowledge (sota^patti): the perversions of perception, consciousness and views, that the impermanent is permanent and what is not a self is a self; further, the perversion of views that the painful is pleasant, and the impure is pure. By the 3rd path-knowledge (ana^ga^mita^) are eliminated: the perversions of perception and consciousness that the impure is pure. By the 4th path-knowledge (arahatta) are eliminated the perversions of perception and consciousness that the painful is pleasant" (Vis.M. XXII, 68).
ya^nika = sukkha-vipassaka (q.v.).
is frequently found in the older sutta texts (e.g. A. II, 32; S. XLV, 159), also together with samatha. The 9 and 18 insight-knowledges (vipassana^-n~a^na and maha^-vipassana^), however, occur in the Sutta Pitaka only in the Pts.M., n~a^nakatha^, where they are enumerated and explained, though without any group name being attached to them.
”insight”, is the intuitive light flashing forth and exposing the truth of the impermanency, the suffering and the impersonal and unsubstantial nature of all corporeal and mental phenomena of existence. It is insight-wisdom (vipassana^-pan~n~a^) that is the decisive liberating factor in Buddhism, though it has to be developed along with the 2 other trainings in morality and concentration. The culmination of insight practice (s. visuddhi VI) leads directly to the stages of holiness (s. visuddhi VII).
Insight is not the result of a mere intellectual understanding, but is won through direct meditative observation of one”s own bodily and mental processes. In the commentaries and the Vis.M., the sequene in developing insight-meditation is given as follows: 1. discernment of the corporeal (rúpa), 2. of the mental (na^ma), 3. contemplation of both (na^marúpa; i.e. of their pairwise occurrence in actual events, and their interdependence), 4. both viewed as conditioned (application of the dependent origination, paticcasamuppa^da), 5. application of the 3 characteristics (impermanency, etc.) to mind-and-body-cum-conditions.
The stages of gradually growing insight are described in the 9insight- knowledges (vipassana^-n~a^na), constituting the 6th stage of purification: beginning with the ”knowledge of rise and fall” and ending with the ”adaptation to Truth”. For details, see visuddhi VI and Vis.M. XXI.
Eighteen chief kinds of insight-knowledge (or principal insights, maha^-vipassana^) are listed and described in Vis.M. XXII, 113: (1) contemplation of impermanence (anicca^nupassana^), (2) of suffering (dukkha^nupassana^), (3) of no self (anatta^nupnupassana^), (4) of aversion (nibbida^nupassana^). (5) of detachment (vira^ga^nupassana^), (6) of extinction (nirodha^nupassana^), (7) of abandoning (patinissagga^nupassana^), (8) of waning (khaya^nupassana^), (9) of vanishing (vaya^nupassana^), (10) of change (viparina^ma^nupassana^), (11) of the unconditioned (or signless, animitta^nupassana^), (12) of desirelessness (apanihita^nupassana^), (13) of emptiness (sun~n~ata^upassana^), (14) insight into phenomena which is higher wisdom (adhipan~n~a^-dhamma-vipassana^), (15) knowledge and vision according to reality (yatha^-bhúta-n~a^nadassana), (16) contemplation of misery (or danger, a^di^nava^nupassana^), (17) reflecting contemplation (patisankha^nupassana^), (18) contemplation of turning away (vivattana^nupassana^).
Through these 18, the adverse ideas and views are overcome, for which reason this way of overcoming is called ”overcoming by the opposite” (tadanga-paha^na, overcoming this factor by that). Thus (1) dispels the idea of permanence. (2) the idea of happiness, (3) the idea of self, (4) lust, (5) greed, (6) origination, (7) grasping, (8) the idea of compactness, (9) karma-accumulation, (10) the idea of lastingness, (11) the conditions, (12) delight, (13) adherence, (14) grasping and adherence to the idea of substance, (15) attachment and adherence, (17) thoughtlessness, (18) dispels entanglement and clinging.
Insight may be either mundane (lokiya, q.v.) or supermundane (lokuttara, q.v.). Supermundane insight is of 3 kinds: (1) joined with one of the 4 supermundane paths, (2) joined with one of the fruitions of these paths, (3) regarding the extinction, or rather suspension, of consciousness (s. nirodha-sama^patti).
See samatha-vipassana^, visuddhi, III-VII.
Literature: Manual of Insight, by Ledi Sayadaw (WHEL 31/32). Practical Insight Meditation, Progress of Insight, both by Maha^si Sayadaw (BPS). The Experience of Insight, by Joseph Goldstein (BPS).
miccha^-magga (q.v.).
are a kind of heavenly beings of the sensuous world; s. deva.
s. samatha-vipassana^, last paragraph.
Buhai
佛教戒律和行持的一個原則。原意爲不殺生或不傷害,即對一切有生命的物類不加傷害。不害一詞最早見于印度的《廣森林奧義》,“奧義書”列爲再生族(婆羅門、刹帝利和吠舍種性)斷滅輪回的五種解脫方法之一。耆那教特別重視不殺信條,謂在一切生命中都有著靈魂,因此不害是信徒“正行”之一。佛教沿用這一概念,但視植物爲“非情”,不作爲不害的對象。《大乘廣五蘊論》說:“雲何不害?謂害對治,以悲爲性。謂由悲故,不害群生,是無瞋分,不損惱爲業。”說一切有部列爲“大善地法”之一,小乘把殺人列爲出家比丘四波羅夷戒(四重禁戒)之第叁。按戒律條文規定,不殺的對象只限于人類;法相宗視不害爲“善法”之一。大乘因強調慈悲爲懷,普度衆生,比小乘更重視不害的思想,故範圍擴大到一切生命,要求做到身口意叁業無犯,並在顯教菩薩戒的十重戒(十波羅夷戒)中列殺生爲首條。不害也是在家佛教徒必須遵行的五戒和沙彌的十戒之一。現代的印度甘地繼承了這種不害的思想,構成他非暴力主義的哲學原則,認爲不害不僅是“一切生命的原則”,也是“人類的基本法則”。(黃心川)
shi
佛教術語。梵文vi(分析、分割)和jnana(智)的合成語,意指對對象進行分析、分類所起的認識作用。在佛教教義中有多種含義:1、一切精神活動的主體,是“心”、“意”的異名。《俱舍論》卷第四謂“心、意、識體一”,隨義建立種種名相”,“集起故名心,思量故名意,了別故名識”;2、以的一種特殊功能,與“心”、“意”略有不同。謂能緣之心對所緣之境有了別作用。《成唯識論》卷五稱“識以了境爲自性”;3、五蘊中之“識蘊”,即小乘所講“六識”和大乘所說“八識”的心王;4、十二因緣中之“識支”。《俱舍論》卷九有“于母胎等正結生時一刹那位五蘊名識”之說。
識是佛學的中心思想之一, 其說遍于大小乘、顯密教、性相宗。有一識、二識、叁識、五識、六識、八識、九識、十識等不同學說。
八識 瑜伽行派和法相宗主張八識,即眼識、耳識、鼻識、舌識、身識、意識、末那識、阿賴耶識。前五識屬于感覺,第六識既管思維,也管感覺。第七識以“恒審思量”即不停頓地起思慮作用爲其特性,其作用勝過第六識,並聯系第八識與前六識,名爲末那。第八阿賴耶識也叫藏識,具有能藏、所藏、執藏叁義。以含藏一切諸法種子,爲有漏無漏一切有爲法的根本。一些大乘派別多沿用八識說,但稍有變化。《大乘義章》卷叁所講八識,其中第七識名阿陀那識,第八識名阿梨耶識。
九識 性宗主張九識。即于八識之外,另立證有無爲的真如識。梁真谛譯《攝大乘論》,將第九識名爲庵摩羅識,又名無垢識或清淨識。但唐玄奘譯《攝大乘論》仍用八識,以第九識爲第八識異名。謂第八識有染淨二分,取染分的有爲有漏名阿賴耶識,取淨分的無爲無漏名庵摩羅識。
十識 密宗依《釋摩诃衍論》講十識。其第九識名多一識,第十識名一一心識,又稱一切一心識。
十一識 梁真谛譯世親《攝論釋》卷五,將識分爲十一種:1、身識。眼、耳、鼻、舌、身五根;2、身者識。即染汙識;3、受者識,謂意根;4、應受識。色、聲、香、味、觸、法六塵;5、正受識。眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意六根;6、世識。生死相續不絕之識;7、數識。一乃至阿僧祇數之識;8、處識。器世界;9、言說識。依于見聞覺知的一切言說;10、自他差別識。謂自身他身依止上之差別;11、善惡兩道差別識。指生死多種之差別。
一識 成實學派及經部只講一識、謂一識依于六根而緣六境。密教亦有主張一識之說。
二識 《大乘起信論》說有二識:1、阿梨耶識,又名無沒識;2、分別事識,又名意識。即依阿梨耶識而生,能分別色聲等六境的眼耳等六識,合稱分別事識。
五識 《大乘起信論》又根據識的作用立五識:1、業識。謂依根本無明之惑而始動本心之識;2、轉識。即轉業識而生能見作用之識;3、現識。隨能見的作用而現所見的幻妄境界之識;4、知識。對自心所現之境而生種種邪分別之識;5、相續識。由邪分別而于愛境生樂覺,于不愛境生苦覺,苦樂之念連續不斷,並依之而起惑業,使生産死相續之識。前叁識相當于《成唯識論》中阿賴耶識的自體分、見分和相分;後二識屬于意識的作用。
此外,尚有主張五識或六識的,其含義與八識之前五識、前六識略同。而顯密兩教皆主張有無量識,認爲外境無量無邊,如來智慧又甚深無量,故識亦是無量。(元湛)
wuchang
佛教教義。叁法印之一。指世界萬有(一切事物和思維概念)都是生滅變化無常的。佛教認爲,宇宙間一切現象,都是此生彼生、此滅彼滅的相互依存關系,沒有永恒的實體的存在。所以任何現象都是無常的,表現爲刹那刹那生滅的。佛典中常提到的有:1、刹那無常。謂一切有爲法,刹那之間,有生、住、異、滅的變化;2、相續無常。謂一切有爲法在一期相續之上有生、住、異、滅之四相。佛教不僅認爲一切事物和現象的變化是普遍存在的,而且還認爲有其發展的過程,可分爲四個連續相承的階段或呈現爲四種相狀,所謂“四相遷流”,即生、住、異、滅,一種現象的生起稱生,事物或現象形成後有其相對的穩定性稱住,在相對穩定中又無時不在變異稱異,現象的消滅稱滅。任何事物和現象在一刹那中都具有生、住、異、滅四相。但有時又將無常分爲:1、衆生無常。謂人生都是無常的,終歸要變化以至于消滅的;2、世界無常。謂世界上一切現象都是無常的,無時無刻不在流動變遷中,最後歸于消滅;3、諸念無常。謂人們的思維概念都是瞬息萬變的,所謂“念念生滅”。佛教這種無常學說,主要是爲反對當時婆羅門教主張宇宙的最高主宰---梵是永恒常住的理論而提出的。
the ”Immediacy”, ...
the ”Immediacy”, is a name for that concentration of mind which is associated with such insight (vipassana^, q.v.) as is present in any one of the 4 kinds of supermundane path consciousness (s. ariya-puggala), and which therefore is the cause of the immediately following consciousness as its result or ”fruition” (phala, q.v.).
According to the Abhidhamma, the path (of the Sota^panna, etc.) is generated by the insight into the impermanence, misery and impersonality of existence, flashing up at that very moment and transforming and ennobling one”s nature forever.
It is mentioned under the name of a^nantarika-sama^dhi in the Ratana Sutta (Sn.v.22) and in Pts.M.1, n~a^nakatha^.
”water-element”; s. dha^tu.
contemplation of: patinissagga^nupassana^, is one of the 18 chief kinds of insight; s. vipassana^, further a^na^pa^nasati (16).