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in age eye ill joy LAW law one sel sex utu ZEN aeon alms atta BALA bala body both catu chie deva dosa ends envy fine food gati gems grie hate hell hetu loka lust mada mala mano MARK meat mind moha múla ogha oja^ once open pain path peta rise RUPA rúpa sati talk ties tree unit view void will yoga yoni ZEAL adosa agati ALAYA amata amoha anger ARANA ARHAN ARHAT ASURA asura atta^ aviha bases being belie bhava bodhi bonds cause chaos citta death doors doubt dread faith great greed iddhi image issa^ ja^ti jara^ ji^va ka^ma kalpa kamma KARMA karma kicca kriya kuppa light lobha lower ma^na Ma^ra MAGGA magga merit METTA mirth moral na^ma neyya nicca noble phala pi^ti ra^ga RAKSA right rules sacca sagga sakka satta sekha sense shame si^la sloth space STUPA subha SUDRA sukha SUTRA va^yo vasi^ vatta VIGOR water world wrong YAKSA yokes " a^sava abodes access action alobha ANATTA ANICCA anicca Arahat asekha atappa Avi^ci beauty beings bha^va BHIKSU biases bodily BUDDHA Buddha cakkhu carana carita change course dha^tu dhamma DHARMA ditthi divine dukkha eating EFFORT effort elders ENERGY energy escape favour fixity floods forest friend gantha ghosts GIVING giving gnosis groups growth grudge hearer iriya^ JATAKA javana jewels KARUNA kasina khanti kilesa kiriya kusala lokiya MANTRA marana marvel MATTER matter method metta^ middha misery MUDITA niraya object oma^na phassa picked planes powers PRAJNA purity RAHULA refuge samma^ sangha SANJNA sarana sexual stains suddha sugati sukkha SUMERU taints tanha^ terror torpor trance truths tusita upa^di upadhi usages va^ca^ VAISYA vatthu VEDANA vijja^ virati viriya virtue viveka WISDOM wisdom woeful a^ha^ra a^ji^va a^ka^sa a^ruppa absence agility ahimsa^ AKALIKA AKALIKO AKUSALA akusala ANAGAMI anatta^ anusaya arising avacara avijja^ bhikkhu BRAHMIN cankers cetana^ CHARITY conceit control counter craving created decline desana^ destiny devotee disease duggati emotion factors feeling fetters freedom HSU YUN HUA TOU INDRIYA indriya insight ji^vita kala^pa karuna^ killing KUSHALA lahuta^ mangala mastery matured meaning message miccha^ miracle mudita^ muduta^ mundane navanga neutral nimitta nirodha NIRVANA nirvana nissaya niya^ma obha^sa okkanti old age ottappa patched patigha perfect Preface puggala pun~n~a rapture reality rebirth remorse sa^sana sa^vaka saddha^ SAMADHI samatha sammuti SAMSARA samseva sassata sikkha^ sitting skilful sobhana spheres SRAVAKA sublime sun~n~a thought turning upacaya UPEKKHA vedana^ vibhava vica^ra viha^ra vimutti vipa^ka vipatti vira^ga vitakka vivatta voda^na voka^ra worldly 戒(sila) a^nen~ja a^yatana acquired adherent AKUSHALA AMITABHA ANAGAMIN anussati Appendix atima^na aversion bhavanga BHIKSUNI bondages ca^ritta cemetery cetasika clinging deciding delusion departed DEVOTION dhutanga dogmatic drinking elements eternity exertion extremes fatalism fivefold fruition gladness gotrabhú grasping HINAYANA HUI NENG ill will impurity influxes interest kammanta kin~cana KSATRIYA kukkucca lakkhana learning MAHAMAYA MAHAYANA maintain MAITREYA monkhood MORALITY morality Nibba^na nibba^na nibbatti nibbedha not self opposite PARAMITA PATIENCE patience postures practice progress reaction sakka^ya sama^dhi sambodhi sammatta sampada^ samsa^ra SAMSKARA san~n~a^ sankappa sankhata santa^na scruples sensuous serenity signless sucarita suchness Table II tathata^ te vijja thinking training uddhacca ujukata^ upa^saka upaca^ra upekkha^ uposatha upstream vimamsa^ vimokkha virility visuddhi vitality VOLITION volition 谛(satya) 慧 (Mati) 空(sunya) 業(karma) 瑜伽(yoga) a^rammana a^vajjana abhijjha^ acinteyya adherence adhicitta akanittha anottappa appama^da asankhata attention avihimsa^ avikkhepa avya^kata beautiful behaviour bha^vana^ BOJJHANGA bojjhanga boundless breathing cetokhila character CONDITION cosmogony cowardice deva dúta deviation dhuta^nga domanassa duccarita dukkhata^ dwellings EMPTINESS emptiness ENDURANCE existence eye organ faculties FIVE EYES formation happiness IGNORANCE ignorance immediacy immediate impulsion indulging intention knowledge kolankola lightness lokuttara mahaggata micchatta mind base NAGARJUNA nekkhamma ni^varana nutriment obstacles palibodha parikamma pariyatti patipada^ patipatti pativedha pondering proximity PURE LAND ready wit rúpa loka SAHA LAND sammasana samphassa samyojana sankha^ra SARIPUTRA sena^sana SENSATION SIX DUSTS SIX GUNAS SIX PATHS SIX ROOTS somanassa something suffering ti pitaka ti ratana ti sarana TRAILOKYA treasures TRIPITAKA upa^da^na upa^sika^ vanishing vinipa^ta vya^pa^da worldling YASODHARA 阿含(agama) 法(dharma) a^bhassara aberration abhin~n~a^ abhisamaya absorption adhimokkha ADHITTHANA advertence aggregates ALMSGIVING Ana^ga^mi^ analytical antinomies appendants asmi ma^na avya^pa^da awakenment bhava^sava BODHISATTA Bodhisatta compassion conception conditions confidence contiguity continuity cuti citta detachment DHAMMAPADA dibba loka dibba sota DIVINE EYE ego belief ego entity eka bi^ji^ elasticity enthusiasm equanimity expression EXTINCTION extinction femininity few wishes foundation FOUR PHALA FOUR SEALS functional generation hindrances impression impurities individual inducement intimation ka^ma guna ka^ma loka ka^ma^sava liberality liberation low speech macchariya MAHASATTVA mano kamma MEDITATION meditation messengers MIDDLE WAY mutability obduracies opapa^tika overcoming para^ma^sa paramattha parin~n~a^ patisandhi pattida^na permanency productive punabbhava puthujjana reflection repetition repression repugnance RIGHT VIEW rúpa ka^ya sa^man~n~a sama^patti sensuality SEVEN GEMS SHAKYAMUNI si^labbata SIX PLACES sota^panna sota^patti standstill stinginess successive SUDDHODANA ta^vatimsa tatha^gata TEN POWERS tendencies therava^da TWO DEATHS unprepared unshakable upakkilesa upavica^ra vehapphala vesa^rajja vin~n~a^na vin~n~atti vipalla^sa vipassana^ wrong path ya^ma deva yuganaddha 不害(ahimsa) 識(Vijnana) 無常(anitya) a^nantariya a^po dha^tu abandonment abstentions adhittha^na ahosi kamma alms giving anabhijjha^ ANAPANASATI anupassana^ appicchata^ ariya iddhi ariya magga ariya sacca ariya vamsa arúpa bhava association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA brahma loka chaste life co nascence contentment corruptions cutúpapa^ta defilements deliverance destruction determining development dissolution dosa carita earnestness egolessness EIGHT WINDS enlightened fading away forbearance foundations human world iddhi pa^da immortality indifferent infatuation inoperative inseparable intoxicants itthindriya ka^ma bhava ka^ma ra^ga ka^ya kamma kamma bhava kamma patha kamma vatta karma round khi^na^sava kusala múla loka dhamma LOTUS SUTRA maha^ bhúta mana^yatana manasika^ra mano dha^tu MIDDLE PATH middle path mind object mindfulness na^ma ka^ya NINE REALMS nippapan~ca noble power origination pa^timokkha pada parama PARINIRVANA paritta^bha patipannaka patti da^na penetration perfections performance personality perversions preparatory proficiency pure abodes realization RECOGNITION remembrance rúpa^vacara rúpa^yatana sala^yatana sama si^si^ samuttha^na san~cetana^ san~n~ojana si^vathika^ sikkha^pada supernormal tejo dha^tu tejo kasina temperature THREE ROOTS THREE SEALS ti lakkhana unthinkable unwholesome uprightness vaci^ kamma vavattha^na vicikiccha^ wrongnesses 定 (samadhi) 結集(samgiti) 輪回(samsara) 涅槃(Nirvana) 無我(anatman) 真如(tathata) a^savakkhaya abhinibbatti accumulation adaptability an~n~indriya appaman~n~a^ arúpa^vacara bahula kamma bhava ditthi bhava tanha^ body witness ceto vimutti citta kkhana citta vi^thi conventional corporeality covetousness dhamma cakka DHARMA-WHEEL dibba cakkhu dispensation dissociation divine abode dry visioned fire element FIVE WISDOMS FOUR VIRTUES garuka kamma harmlessness hate natured heat element HEAVENLY EYE hiri ottappa homelessness impermanence inclinations intoxicating janaka kamma ka^ma tanha^ ka^ma^vacara ka^ya sakkhi kamma^yúhana kammaja rúpa kammattha^na karma result kilesa ka^ma light kasina lobha carita mental image mind element momentaneity nesajjikanga ni^la kasina noble abodes non violence pa^tiha^riya pakati si^la pan~ca si^la parinibba^na pasa^da rúpa patisandhika petti visaya pi^ta kasina pleasantness predominance proclivities purification purisindriya ra^ga carita radiant gods recollectons RENUNCIATION restlessness RIGHT ACTION RIGHT EFFORT RIGHT SPEECH rúpa jjha^na rúpa kala^pa rúpa^rammana sacca n~a^na SAKRADAGAMIN sambojjhanga samma^ magga sampajan~n~a santutthita^ SIX INDRIYAS SIX PARAMITA SROTA-APANNA stream entry ▲ 收起
南傳佛教英文辭典 【775】vehapphala

  is  the  name  of  a  class  of  heavenly  beings  in  the  fine-material  world;  s.  deva.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【776】vesa^rajja

  ”self-confidence”  of  a  Buddha  is  fourfold.  He  is  confident:  1.  to  have  attained  to  a  perfect  Enlightenment  of  which  it  cannot  be  said  that  it  omits  anything  essential  to  it;  2.  to  have  destroyed  all  cankers  (a^sava),  leaving  none  that  can  be  said  to  be  undestroyed  by  him;  3.  that  what  were  declared  by  him  as  obstacles  to  liberation  are  undeniably  such;  4.  that  his  teaching  fulfils  its  purpose  of  actually  leading  to  final  liberation  from  suffering.  See  A.  IV,  8;  VII,  58;  M.  12.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【777】vin~n~a^na

  ”consciousness”,  is  one  of  the  5  groups  of  existence  (aggregates;  khandha,  q.v.);  one  of  the  4  nutriments  (a^ha^ra,  q.v.);  the  3rd  link  of  the  dependent  origination  (paticcasamuppa^da,  q.v.);  the  5th  in  the  sixfold  division  of  elements  (dha^tu,  q.v.).
Viewed  as  one  of  the  5  groups  (khandha),  it  is  inseparably  linked  with  the  3  other  mental  groups  (feeling,  perception  and  formations)  and  furnishes  the  bare  cognition  of  the  object,  while  the  other  3  contribute  more  specific  functions.  Its  ethical  and  karmic  character,  and  its  greater  or  lesser  degree  of  intensity  and  clarity,  are  chiefly  determined  by  the  mental  formations  associated  with  it.
Just  like  the  other  groups  of  existence,  consciousness  is  a  flux  (vin~n~a^na-sota^,  ”stream  of  c.”)  and  does  not  constitute  an  abiding  mind-substance;  nor  is  it  a  transmigrating  entity  or  soul.  The  3  characteristies  (s.  ti-lakkhana),  impermanence,  suffering  and  no-self,  are  frequently  applied  to  it  in  the  texts  (e.g.,  in  the  Anattalakkhana  Sutta,  S.XXII,  59).  The  Buddha  often  stressed  that  "apart  from  conditions,  there  is  no  arising  of  consciousness”  (M  38);  and  all  these  statements  about  its  nature  hold  good  for  the  entire  range  of  consciousness,  be  it  "past,  future  or  presently  arisen,  gross  or  subtle,  in  oneself  or  external,  inferior  or  lofty,  far  or  near"  (S.  XXII,  59).
According  to  the  6  senses  it  divides  into  6  kinds,  viz.  eye-  (or  visual)  consciousness  (cakkhu-v.),  etc.  About  the  dependent  arising  of  these  6  kinds  of  consciousness,  Vis.M.  XV,  39  says:  ”Conditioned  through  the  eye,  the  visible  object,  light  and  attention,  eye-consciousness  arises.  Conditioned  through  the  ear,  the  audible  object,  the  ear-passage  and  attention,  ear-consciousness  arises.  Conditioned,  through  the  nose,  the  olfactive  object,  air  and  attention,  nose-consciousness  arises.  Conditioned  through  the  tongue,  the  gustative  object,  humidity  and  attention,  tongue-consciousness  arises.  Condlitioned  through  the  body,  bodily  impression,  the  earth-element  and  attention,  body-consciousness  arises.  Conditioned  through  the  subconscious  mind  (bhavanga-mano),  the  mind-object  and  attention,  mind-consciousness  arises."
The  Abhidhamma  literature  distinguishes  89  crasses  of  consciousness,  being  either  karmically  wholesome,  unwholesome  or  neutral,  and  belonging  either  to  the  sense-sphere,  the  fine-material  or  the  immaterial  sphere,  or  to  supermundane  consciousness.  See  Table  I.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【778】vin~n~atti

  (lit.”making  known”)  ”intimation”,  is  an  Abhidhamma  term  for  bodily  expression  (ka^ya-vin~n~atti)  and  verbal  expression  (vaci^-vin~n~atti),  both  belonging  to  the  corporeality-group.  They  are  produced  by  the  co-nascent  volition,  and  are  therefore,  as  such,  purely  physical  and  not  to  be  confounded  with  karma  (q.v.),  which  as  such  is  something  mental.  Cf.  Kath.  80,  100,  101,  103,  194  (s.  Guide  V).  -  (App.).
"One  speaks  of  ”bodily  expression”,  because  it  makes  known  an  intention  by  means  of  bodily  movement,  and  can  itself  be  understood  by  the  bodily  movement  which  is  said  to  be  corporeal.
"”Verbal  expression”  is  so  called  because  it  makes  known  an  intention  by  means  of  a  speech-produced  noise"  (Vis.M.  XIV).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【779】vin~n~atti

  ka^ya-  and  vaci^-v.,  seem  to  occur  for  the  first  time  in  Dhs.  (§§  665,718)  of  the  Abh.  Canon.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【780】vipalla^sa

  ”perversions”  or  ”distortions”.  -  ””There  are  4  perversions  which  may  be  either  of  perception  (san~n~a^-vipalla^sa),  of  consciousness  (citta  v.)  or  of  views  (ditthi-v.).  And  which  are  these  four?  To  regard  what  is  impermanent  (anicca)  as  permanent;  what  is  painful  (dukkha)  as  pleasant  (or  happiness-yielding);  what  is  without  a  self  (anatta^)  as  a  self;  what  is  impure  (ugly:  asubha)  as  pure  or  beautiful””  (A.  IV,  49).  -  See  Manual  of  Insight,  by  Ledi  Sayadaw  (WHEEL  31/32).  p.5.
"Of  the  perversions,  the  following  are  eliminated  by  the  1st  path-knowledge  (sota^patti):  the  perversions  of  perception,  consciousness  and  views,  that  the  impermanent  is  permanent  and  what  is  not  a  self  is  a  self;  further,  the  perversion  of  views  that  the  painful  is  pleasant,  and  the  impure  is  pure.  By  the  3rd  path-knowledge  (ana^ga^mita^)  are  eliminated:  the  perversions  of  perception  and  consciousness  that  the  impure  is  pure.  By  the  4th  path-knowledge  (arahatta)  are  eliminated  the  perversions  of  perception  and  consciousness  that  the  painful  is  pleasant"  (Vis.M.  XXII,  68).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【781】vipassana^

  ya^nika  =  sukkha-vipassaka  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【782】vipassana^

  is  frequently  found  in  the  older  sutta  texts  (e.g.  A.  II,  32;  S.  XLV,  159),  also  together  with  samatha.  The  9  and  18  insight-knowledges  (vipassana^-n~a^na  and  maha^-vipassana^),  however,  occur  in  the  Sutta  Pitaka  only  in  the  Pts.M.,  n~a^nakatha^,  where  they  are  enumerated  and  explained,  though  without  any  group  name  being  attached  to  them.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【783】vipassana^

  ”insight”,  is  the  intuitive  light  flashing  forth  and  exposing  the  truth  of  the  impermanency,  the  suffering  and  the  impersonal  and  unsubstantial  nature  of  all  corporeal  and  mental  phenomena  of  existence.  It  is  insight-wisdom  (vipassana^-pan~n~a^)  that  is  the  decisive  liberating  factor  in  Buddhism,  though  it  has  to  be  developed  along  with  the  2  other  trainings  in  morality  and  concentration.  The  culmination  of  insight  practice  (s.  visuddhi  VI)  leads  directly  to  the  stages  of  holiness  (s.  visuddhi  VII).
Insight  is  not  the  result  of  a  mere  intellectual  understanding,  but  is  won  through  direct  meditative  observation  of  one”s  own  bodily  and  mental  processes.  In  the  commentaries  and  the  Vis.M.,  the  sequene  in  developing  insight-meditation  is  given  as  follows:  1.  discernment  of  the  corporeal  (rúpa),  2.  of  the  mental  (na^ma),  3.  contemplation  of  both  (na^marúpa;  i.e.  of  their  pairwise  occurrence  in  actual  events,  and  their  interdependence),  4.  both  viewed  as  conditioned  (application  of  the  dependent  origination,  paticcasamuppa^da),  5.  application  of  the  3  characteristics  (impermanency,  etc.)  to  mind-and-body-cum-conditions.
The  stages  of  gradually  growing  insight  are  described  in  the  9insight-  knowledges  (vipassana^-n~a^na),  constituting  the  6th  stage  of  purification:  beginning  with  the  ”knowledge  of  rise  and  fall”  and  ending  with  the  ”adaptation  to  Truth”.  For  details,  see  visuddhi  VI  and  Vis.M.  XXI.
Eighteen  chief  kinds  of  insight-knowledge  (or  principal  insights,  maha^-vipassana^)  are  listed  and  described  in  Vis.M.  XXII,  113:  (1)  contemplation  of  impermanence  (anicca^nupassana^),  (2)  of  suffering  (dukkha^nupassana^),  (3)  of  no  self  (anatta^nupnupassana^),  (4)  of  aversion  (nibbida^nupassana^).  (5)  of  detachment  (vira^ga^nupassana^),  (6)  of  extinction  (nirodha^nupassana^),  (7)  of  abandoning  (patinissagga^nupassana^),  (8)  of  waning  (khaya^nupassana^),  (9)  of  vanishing  (vaya^nupassana^),  (10)  of  change  (viparina^ma^nupassana^),  (11)  of  the  unconditioned  (or  signless,  animitta^nupassana^),  (12)  of  desirelessness  (apanihita^nupassana^),  (13)  of  emptiness  (sun~n~ata^upassana^),  (14)  insight  into  phenomena  which  is  higher  wisdom  (adhipan~n~a^-dhamma-vipassana^),  (15)  knowledge  and  vision  according  to  reality  (yatha^-bhúta-n~a^nadassana),  (16)  contemplation  of  misery  (or  danger,  a^di^nava^nupassana^),  (17)  reflecting  contemplation  (patisankha^nupassana^),  (18)  contemplation  of  turning  away  (vivattana^nupassana^).
Through  these  18,  the  adverse  ideas  and  views  are  overcome,  for  which  reason  this  way  of  overcoming  is  called  ”overcoming  by  the  opposite”  (tadanga-paha^na,  overcoming  this  factor  by  that).  Thus  (1)  dispels  the  idea  of  permanence.  (2)  the  idea  of  happiness,  (3)  the  idea  of  self,  (4)  lust,  (5)  greed,  (6)  origination,  (7)  grasping,  (8)  the  idea  of  compactness,  (9)  karma-accumulation,  (10)  the  idea  of  lastingness,  (11)  the  conditions,  (12)  delight,  (13)  adherence,  (14)  grasping  and  adherence  to  the  idea  of  substance,  (15)  attachment  and  adherence,  (17)  thoughtlessness,  (18)  dispels  entanglement  and  clinging.
Insight  may  be  either  mundane  (lokiya,  q.v.)  or  supermundane  (lokuttara,  q.v.).  Supermundane  insight  is  of  3  kinds:  (1)  joined  with  one  of  the  4  supermundane  paths,  (2)  joined  with  one  of  the  fruitions  of  these  paths,  (3)  regarding  the  extinction,  or  rather  suspension,  of  consciousness  (s.  nirodha-sama^patti).
See  samatha-vipassana^,  visuddhi,  III-VII.
Literature:  Manual  of  Insight,  by  Ledi  Sayadaw  (WHEL  31/32).  Practical  Insight  Meditation,  Progress  of  Insight,  both  by  Maha^si  Sayadaw  (BPS).  The  Experience  of  Insight,  by  Joseph  Goldstein  (BPS).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【784】wrong path

  miccha^-magga  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【785】ya^ma deva

  are  a  kind  of  heavenly  beings  of  the  sensuous  world;  s.  deva.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【786】yuganaddha

  s.  samatha-vipassana^,  last  paragraph.

中國百科全書 【787】不害(ahimsa)

  Buhai

  佛教戒律和行持的一個原則。原意爲不殺生或不傷害,即對一切有生命的物類不加傷害。不害一詞最早見于印度的《廣森林奧義》,“奧義書”列爲再生族(婆羅門、刹帝利和吠舍種性)斷滅輪回的五種解脫方法之一。耆那教特別重視不殺信條,謂在一切生命中都有著靈魂,因此不害是信徒“正行”之一。佛教沿用這一概念,但視植物爲“非情”,不作爲不害的對象。《大乘廣五蘊論》說:“雲何不害?謂害對治,以悲爲性。謂由悲故,不害群生,是無瞋分,不損惱爲業。”說一切有部列爲“大善地法”之一,小乘把殺人列爲出家比丘四波羅夷戒(四重禁戒)之第叁。按戒律條文規定,不殺的對象只限于人類;法相宗視不害爲“善法”之一。大乘因強調慈悲爲懷,普度衆生,比小乘更重視不害的思想,故範圍擴大到一切生命,要求做到身口意叁業無犯,並在顯教菩薩戒的十重戒(十波羅夷戒)中列殺生爲首條。不害也是在家佛教徒必須遵行的五戒和沙彌的十戒之一。現代的印度甘地繼承了這種不害的思想,構成他非暴力主義的哲學原則,認爲不害不僅是“一切生命的原則”,也是“人類的基本法則”。(黃心川)

中國百科全書 【788】識(Vijnana)

  shi

  佛教術語。梵文vi(分析、分割)和jnana(智)的合成語,意指對對象進行分析、分類所起的認識作用。在佛教教義中有多種含義:1、一切精神活動的主體,是“心”、“意”的異名。《俱舍論》卷第四謂“心、意、識體一”,隨義建立種種名相”,“集起故名心,思量故名意,了別故名識”;2、以的一種特殊功能,與“心”、“意”略有不同。謂能緣之心對所緣之境有了別作用。《成唯識論》卷五稱“識以了境爲自性”;3、五蘊中之“識蘊”,即小乘所講“六識”和大乘所說“八識”的心王;4、十二因緣中之“識支”。《俱舍論》卷九有“于母胎等正結生時一刹那位五蘊名識”之說。

  識是佛學的中心思想之一,  其說遍于大小乘、顯密教、性相宗。有一識、二識、叁識、五識、六識、八識、九識、十識等不同學說。

  八識  瑜伽行派和法相宗主張八識,即眼識、耳識、鼻識、舌識、身識、意識、末那識、阿賴耶識。前五識屬于感覺,第六識既管思維,也管感覺。第七識以“恒審思量”即不停頓地起思慮作用爲其特性,其作用勝過第六識,並聯系第八識與前六識,名爲末那。第八阿賴耶識也叫藏識,具有能藏、所藏、執藏叁義。以含藏一切諸法種子,爲有漏無漏一切有爲法的根本。一些大乘派別多沿用八識說,但稍有變化。《大乘義章》卷叁所講八識,其中第七識名阿陀那識,第八識名阿梨耶識。

  九識  性宗主張九識。即于八識之外,另立證有無爲的真如識。梁真谛譯《攝大乘論》,將第九識名爲庵摩羅識,又名無垢識或清淨識。但唐玄奘譯《攝大乘論》仍用八識,以第九識爲第八識異名。謂第八識有染淨二分,取染分的有爲有漏名阿賴耶識,取淨分的無爲無漏名庵摩羅識。

  十識  密宗依《釋摩诃衍論》講十識。其第九識名多一識,第十識名一一心識,又稱一切一心識。

  十一識  梁真谛譯世親《攝論釋》卷五,將識分爲十一種:1、身識。眼、耳、鼻、舌、身五根;2、身者識。即染汙識;3、受者識,謂意根;4、應受識。色、聲、香、味、觸、法六塵;5、正受識。眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意六根;6、世識。生死相續不絕之識;7、數識。一乃至阿僧祇數之識;8、處識。器世界;9、言說識。依于見聞覺知的一切言說;10、自他差別識。謂自身他身依止上之差別;11、善惡兩道差別識。指生死多種之差別。

  一識  成實學派及經部只講一識、謂一識依于六根而緣六境。密教亦有主張一識之說。

  二識  《大乘起信論》說有二識:1、阿梨耶識,又名無沒識;2、分別事識,又名意識。即依阿梨耶識而生,能分別色聲等六境的眼耳等六識,合稱分別事識。

  五識  《大乘起信論》又根據識的作用立五識:1、業識。謂依根本無明之惑而始動本心之識;2、轉識。即轉業識而生能見作用之識;3、現識。隨能見的作用而現所見的幻妄境界之識;4、知識。對自心所現之境而生種種邪分別之識;5、相續識。由邪分別而于愛境生樂覺,于不愛境生苦覺,苦樂之念連續不斷,並依之而起惑業,使生産死相續之識。前叁識相當于《成唯識論》中阿賴耶識的自體分、見分和相分;後二識屬于意識的作用。

  此外,尚有主張五識或六識的,其含義與八識之前五識、前六識略同。而顯密兩教皆主張有無量識,認爲外境無量無邊,如來智慧又甚深無量,故識亦是無量。(元湛)

中國百科全書 【789】無常(anitya)

  wuchang
  佛教教義。叁法印之一。指世界萬有(一切事物和思維概念)都是生滅變化無常的。佛教認爲,宇宙間一切現象,都是此生彼生、此滅彼滅的相互依存關系,沒有永恒的實體的存在。所以任何現象都是無常的,表現爲刹那刹那生滅的。佛典中常提到的有:1、刹那無常。謂一切有爲法,刹那之間,有生、住、異、滅的變化;2、相續無常。謂一切有爲法在一期相續之上有生、住、異、滅之四相。佛教不僅認爲一切事物和現象的變化是普遍存在的,而且還認爲有其發展的過程,可分爲四個連續相承的階段或呈現爲四種相狀,所謂“四相遷流”,即生、住、異、滅,一種現象的生起稱生,事物或現象形成後有其相對的穩定性稱住,在相對穩定中又無時不在變異稱異,現象的消滅稱滅。任何事物和現象在一刹那中都具有生、住、異、滅四相。但有時又將無常分爲:1、衆生無常。謂人生都是無常的,終歸要變化以至于消滅的;2、世界無常。謂世界上一切現象都是無常的,無時無刻不在流動變遷中,最後歸于消滅;3、諸念無常。謂人們的思維概念都是瞬息萬變的,所謂“念念生滅”。佛教這種無常學說,主要是爲反對當時婆羅門教主張宇宙的最高主宰---梵是永恒常住的理論而提出的。

南傳佛教英文辭典 【790】a^nantariya

  the  ”Immediacy”,  ...
the  ”Immediacy”,  is  a  name  for  that  concentration  of  mind  which  is  associated  with  such  insight  (vipassana^,  q.v.)  as  is  present  in  any  one  of  the  4  kinds  of  supermundane  path  consciousness  (s.  ariya-puggala),  and  which  therefore  is  the  cause  of  the  immediately  following  consciousness  as  its  result  or  ”fruition”  (phala,  q.v.).
According  to  the  Abhidhamma,  the  path  (of  the  Sota^panna,  etc.)  is  generated  by  the  insight  into  the  impermanence,  misery  and  impersonality  of  existence,  flashing  up  at  that  very  moment  and  transforming  and  ennobling  one”s  nature  forever.
It  is  mentioned  under  the  name  of  a^nantarika-sama^dhi  in  the  Ratana  Sutta  (Sn.v.22)  and  in  Pts.M.1,  n~a^nakatha^.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【791】a^po dha^tu

”water-element”;  s.  dha^tu.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【792】abandonment

  contemplation  of:  patinissagga^nupassana^,  is  one  of  the  18  chief  kinds  of  insight;  s.  vipassana^,  further  a^na^pa^nasati  (16).

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