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sel sex alms dosa ends gems lust rise sati ties adosa ASURA asura bases bonds cause chaos doors issa^ RAKSA rules sacca sagga sakka satta sekha sense shame si^la sloth space STUPA subha SUDRA sukha SUTRA vasi^ YAKSA yokes a^sava abodes access asekha beings BHIKSU biases course elders escape floods forest ghosts gnosis groups jewels kasina kilesa kusala misery phassa planes powers samma^ sangha SANJNA sarana sexual stains suddha sugati sukkha SUMERU taints truths tusita usages VAISYA WISDOM wisdom a^ka^sa absence ahimsa^ AKUSALA akusala anusaya arising cankers desana^ destiny disease factors fetters HSU YUN insight KUSHALA mastery message nissaya obha^sa remorse sa^sana sa^vaka saddha^ SAMADHI samatha sammuti SAMSARA samseva sassata sikkha^ sitting skilful sobhana spheres SRAVAKA sublime sun~n~a 戒(sila) AKUSHALA anussati aversion BHIKSUNI bondages cetasika delusion elements extremes fatalism gladness grasping influxes interest KSATRIYA not self opposite postures progress sakka^ya sama^dhi sambodhi sammatta sampada^ samsa^ra SAMSKARA san~n~a^ sankappa sankhata santa^na scruples sensuous serenity signless sucarita suchness upa^saka uposatha upstream vimamsa^ visuddhi 谛(satya) 空(sunya) asankhata avihimsa^ boundless cosmogony domanassa dwellings EMPTINESS emptiness existence faculties FIVE EYES happiness impulsion lightness mind base obstacles SAHA LAND sammasana samphassa samyojana sankha^ra SARIPUTRA sena^sana SENSATION SIX DUSTS SIX GUNAS SIX PATHS SIX ROOTS somanassa something suffering ti sarana treasures upa^sika^ vanishing YASODHARA a^bhassara abhisamaya absorption aggregates ALMSGIVING antinomies appendants asmi ma^na bhava^sava BODHISATTA Bodhisatta compassion conditions dibba sota elasticity enthusiasm expression few wishes FOUR SEALS hindrances impression impurities ka^ma^sava low speech MAHASATTVA messengers obduracies para^ma^sa patisandhi repression sa^man~n~a sama^patti sensuality SEVEN GEMS SHAKYAMUNI si^labbata SIX PLACES sota^panna sota^patti standstill stinginess successive SUDDHODANA ta^vatimsa TEN POWERS tendencies TWO DEATHS unshakable upakkilesa vesa^rajja vipalla^sa vipassana^ 不害(ahimsa) abstentions ahosi kamma alms giving ANAPANASATI anupassana^ ariya sacca ariya vamsa association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA chaste life co nascence corruptions defilements destruction dissolution dosa carita earnestness egolessness EIGHT WINDS foundations inseparable intoxicants khi^na^sava kusala múla LOTUS SUTRA manasika^ra mindfulness NINE REALMS perfections personality perversions pure abodes sala^yatana sama si^si^ samuttha^na san~cetana^ san~n~ojana si^vathika^ sikkha^pada supernormal tejo kasina THREE ROOTS THREE SEALS unwholesome uprightness wrongnesses 定 (samadhi) 結集(samgiti) 輪回(samsara) a^savakkhaya body witness covetousness dispensation dissociation dry visioned FIVE WISDOMS FOUR VIRTUES harmlessness homelessness inclinations ka^ya sakkhi karma result kilesa ka^ma light kasina nesajjikanga ni^la kasina noble abodes pakati si^la pan~ca si^la pasa^da rúpa patisandhika petti visaya pi^ta kasina pleasantness proclivities purisindriya radiant gods recollectons restlessness RIGHT SPEECH sacca n~a^na SAKRADAGAMIN sambojjhanga samma^ magga sampajan~n~a santutthita^ SIX INDRIYAS SIX PARAMITA SROTA-APANNA stream entry subconscious suddha^va^sa supermundane THREE DOGMAS THREE JEWELS THREE REALMS THREE WISDOM TWELVE BASES viveka sukha 佛教(Buddhism) 僧伽製度(samgha) 鐵薩羅(Tissara) a^loka kasina Abbreviations abhisankha^ra attentiveness BHAISAJYAGURU birth process companionship comprehension consciousness contentedness dasa pa^rami^ deathlessness demons’ realm disappearance FIVE BHIKSHUS FIVE OFFENCES FIVE PRECEPTS FIVE SKANDHAS FIVE VEHICLES fixed destiny higher wisdom imperfections investigating investigation karma process loathsomeness lohita kasina noble persons oda^ta kasina patisambhida^ patisankha^na post nascence sa^vaka bodhi sakada^ga^mi^ sammuti sacca samvara si^la sasankha^rika satipattha^na shamelessness silent buddha SIX ENTRANCES stream winner subha nimitta susa^nik’anga THREE POISONS THREE SHASTRA THREE STUDIES THREE VIRTUES TIEN TAI SECT TWELVE PLACES TWO OBSTACLES understanding voha^ra sacca 大史(Mahavamsa) 島史(Diqavamsa) 迦膩色迦(Kaniska) 馬鳴(Asvaghosa) 舍衛城(Sravasti) a^ka^sa dha^tu altruistic joy AMITABHA SUTRA asan~n~a satta AVALOKITESVARA Buddha sa^sana buddha^nussati citta santa^na citta visuddhi dasaka kala^pa desirelessness devata^nussati dhamma desana^ dhamma^nussati eka^sanik’anga foolish babble frivolous talk kusala vipa^ka marana^nussati saddha^nusa^ri sahetuka citta samudaya sacca samvara suddhi samvatta kappa samvega vatthu sangaha vatthu SIX FULFILMENT stupid natured TEN DIRECTIONS TEN GOOD DEEDS transformation transitoriness TWELVE NIDANAS upekkha^ sukha va^ritta si^la visible object 大圓滿(mahasanti) 二谛(twi-satyas) 叁谛(tri-satyas) a^loka san~n~a^ a^na^pa^na sati akusala vitakka anicca san~n~a^ appama^na subha characteristics citta sankha^ra dhamma^nusa^ri^ ditthi visuddhi EIGHT NEGATIONS EIGHTEEN FIELDS FIVE MESSENGERS FOUR GREAT VOWS gustatory organ indriya samatta ka^ya passaddhi loving kindness misapprehension naya vipassana^ nihilistic view nissaya paccaya pamsukúlik’anga pathavi^ kasina sakka^ya ditthi samatha ya^nika samma^ sambodhi sankhitta citta sapada^nik’anga sappatigha rúpa sceptical doubt self confidence SHATIKA SHASTRA sota^pattiyanga SPIRITUAL GHOST stored up karma TAKING PRECEPTS THREE DELUSIONS THREE OBSTACLES tranquilisation upasama^nussati vaci^ sankha^ra vaya^nupassana^ voha^ra desana^ 百論(Sata-sastra) 法護(Dharmaraksa) 極樂世界(sukhavati) 支婁迦谶(Lokaksema) a^sevana paccaya abbhoka^sik’anga anatta^ san~n~a^ appana^ sama^dhi assa^sa passa^sa AVATAMSAKA SUTRA citta vipalla^sa citta^nupassana^ cognitive series EIGHT SUFFERINGS FOUR HOLY REALMS ka^ya gata^ sati ka^ya^nupassana^ karma formations khandha santa^na khaya^nupassana^ maha^ vipassana^ mano san~cetana^ monks’ community nava satta^va^sa nissaya nissita reversible merit samma^ ppadha^na samvara padha^na santi^rana citta sensuous craving SIX SENSE-ORGANS streams of merit sukkha vipassaka supportive karma THIRTY-TWO FORMS THREE EVIL PATHS THREE GOOD PATHS THREE SUFFERINGS 經量部(Sautrantike) 六度(sad-paramita) 律經(Vinaya-sutra) 叁性(tri-svabhava) 釋迦牟尼 (Sakyamuni) 四谛(catur-satyas) adhisi^la sikkha^ anatta^nupassana^ anicca^nupassana^ ascending insight bhavanga santa^na cetaso vinibandha cittass’ekaggata^ destructive karma dhamma^nupassana^ disinterestedness ditthi vipalla^sa dukkha^nupassana^ eye consciousness FIVE COMMANDMENTS FOREMOST PARAMITA FOUR FEARLESSNESS FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS FOURFOLD ASSEMBLY highest knowledge immaterial sphere kusala kammapatha manopadosika deva na^natta san~n~a^ nissarana paha^na NO STRIFE SAMADHI non disappearance pa^risuddhi si^la pakati upanissaya pan~n~atti si^la paricchinna^ka^sa paticcasamuppa^da sahaja^ta paccaya santa^na santati sati sambojjhanga sati sampajan~n~a satta^va^sa nava sensuous clinging SINGALOVADA SUTRA SIX CONSCIOUSNESS SIX PSYCHIC POWER sudassa sudassi^ suppressive karma TEN DHARMA REALMS TEN WHOLESOMENESS upaca^ra sama^dhi vedana^nupassana^ 迦毗羅衛(Kapilavastu) 叁學(tisrah siksah) 桑奇大塔(Sanch Stupa) ahetu patisandhika asankha^rika citta cycle of existence domanassupavica^ra full comprehension hasituppa^da citta marana^sanna kamma meritorious action nirodha sama^patti nirodha^nupassana^ parikamma sama^dhi patikkúla san~n~a^ reflex perceptions samatha vipassana^ sampayutta paccaya samuccheda paha^na self mortification SIDDHARTHA GOUTAMA SIX EXTERNAL BASES SIX INTERNAL BASES somanassúpavica^ra SPHERE OF NO-THING TWO FORMS OF DEATH unconscious beings upanissaya paccaya vipassanúpakkilesa vira^ga^nupassana^ wheel of existence yoniso manasika^ra 蓮花生(Padmasambhava) 無著(Asanga 約4或5世紀) 最澄(Saicho 767~822) anabhirati san~n~a^ animitta^nupassana^ answering questions ANUPADISESA-NIBBANA attha patisambhida^ death consciousness discursive thinking FOUR GREAT ELEMENTS fruits of monk life gradual instruction kilesa parinibba^na lofty consciousness maha^purisa vitakka one group existence red kasina exercise RIGHT UNDERSTANDING samanantara paccaya sampaticchana citta san~n~a^ vipalla^sa sattakkhattu parama SATYASIDDHI SHASTRA spiritual faculties sun~n~ata^ vimokkha superiority conceit suta maya^ pan~n~a^ TEN GREAT KING VOWS viriya sambojjhanga 阿底峽(Atisa 982~1054) 大乘經(Mahayana sutra) 寂天(Santideva 約7世紀) 六足論(Satpada sastra) 清淨道論(Visuddhimagga) 說一切有部(Sarvastivada) access concentration cemetery meditations dhamma patisambhida^ ditthi nissita si^la five group existence four group existence greedy consciousness ka^mesu miccha^ca^ra MANJUSRI BODHISATTVA NIRVANA WITH RESIDUE paccavekkhana suddhi pubbeniva^sa^nussati pun~n~a^bhisankha^ra regenerating process sama^dhi parikkha^ra samvejani^ya ttha^na SA-UPADISESA-NIBBANA SIX FIELDS OF SENSES SUDDEN ENLIGHTENMENT SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA sun~n~ata^nupassana^ tanha^ nissita si^la TEN TITLES OF BUDDHA THREE ENLIGHTENMENTS ti hetu patisandhika VAST AND LONG TONGUE vivattana^nupassana^ yatha^santhatik’anga 大乘論(Mahayana sastra) 榮西(Eisai 1141~1215) 小乘論(Hinayana sastra) 源信(Genshin 942~1017) a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana anupa^disesa nibba^na apun~n~a^bhisankha^ra deluded consciousness DVADASHAMUKHA SHASTRA dvi hetuka patisandhi indriya samvara si^la n’eva sekha n’a^sekha nine abodes of beings ninefold dispensation nirutti patisambhida^ patipassaddhi paha^na questions and answers REALM OF FORMLESSNESS sacca^nulomika n~a^na sama^dhi sambojjhanga SIX HEAVENS OF DESIRE sota^pannassa anga^ni TEN MERITORIOUS DEEDS THREE CLASSIFICATIONS THREE PERIODS OF TIME transference of merit upekkha^ sambojjhanga visesa bha^giya si^la 朝鮮佛教(Korean Buddhism) 梵網經(Brahmajala-sutra) 覺音(Buddhaghosa 5世紀中葉) 蓮花戒(Kamalasila ?~780) 世親(Vasubandhu 約4或5世紀) 印度佛教(Indian Buddhism) 中論(Madhyamika-sastra) abhisama^ca^rika si^la bhavanga sota^, citta catu pa^risuddhi si^la citta samuttha^na rúpa desire for deliverance desireless deliverance FIVE FORMS OF DECAYING FLOWER ADORNMENT SUTRA FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA kamma samuttha^na rúpa khidda padosika^ deva^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi orambha^giya samyojana passaddhi sambojjhanga prescribed moral rules resistance perceptions sa upa^disesa nibba^na sensitive corporeality SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS substrata of existence THREE UNIVERSAL TRUTHS unshakable deliverance viparina^ma^nupassana^ 長阿含經(Dirghagama-sutra) 超戒寺(Vikramasilavihara) 楞伽經(Lankavatara-sutra) 親鸾(Shinran 1173~1262) 緣起(pratitya-samutpada) 中國佛教(Chinese Buddhism) dasa (tatha^gata ) bala FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS FOUR IMMEASURABLE MINDS NIRVANA WITHOUT RESIDUE patinissagga^nupassana^ receptive consciousness retrospective knowledge sabbúpadhi patinissagga sankha^rupekkha^ n~a^na si^la sama^dhi pan~n~a^ SIX STATES OF EXISTENCE VISVABHADRA BODHISATTVA 八正道(aryastangika-marga) 成實論(Satyasiddhi-sastra) 大乘佛教(Mahayana Byddhism) 境行果(sthana-carya-phala) 日本佛教(Japanese Buddhism) a^dibrahmacariyaka si^la ANNUTARA-SAMYAK-SAMBODHI asankha^ra parinibba^yi^ bhanga^nupassana^ n~a^na clarity of consciousness corporeality perceptions ka^ma sukh’allika^nuyoga multiformity perceptions paccaya sannissita si^la paricchinna^ka^sa kasina patibha^na patisambhida^ REALM OF SENSUOUS DESIRE sacchikarani^ya^ dhamma^ uddhambha^giya samyojana verbal functions of mind 部派佛部(Sectarian Buddhism) 大日經(Mahavairocana-sutra) 寂護(Santiraksita 705~762) 戒日王(Siladitya 約590~647) 戒賢(Silabhadra 約528~651 ) 摩诃僧祇律(Mahasangha-vinaya) 尼泊爾佛教(Nepalese Buddhism) 十誦律(Sarvastivada-vinaya) 實叉難陀(Siksananda 652~710) 無量壽經(Aparimitayur-sutra) 原始佛教(primitive Buddhism) 雜阿含經(Samyuktagama-sutra) a^ji^va pa^risuddhi si^la adukkha m asukha^ vedana^ hate rooted consciousness indriyesu gutta dva^rata^ kankha^ vitarana visuddhi nibbida^nupassana^ n~a^na pa^risuddhi padha^niyanga pa^timokkha samvara si^la registering consciousness sama^dhi vippha^ra^ iddhi SAMANTABHADRA BODHISATTVA sasankha^ra parinibba^yi^ spontaneously born beings support decisive support TEN STAGES OF BODHISATTVA vanishing and reappearing VIMALAKIRTI-NIVDESA SUTRA 佛教文學(Buddhist literature) 摩诃菩提會(Maha Bodhi Society) 昙無谶(Dharmaksema 385~433) 增一阿含經(Ekottaragama-sutra) 中阿含經(Madh yamagama-sutra) a^ha^re patikkúla san~n~a^ ability to acquire insight analysis of the 4 elements dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu dhamma vicaya sambojjhanga functions of consciousness happy courses of existence impersonality of existence MAHA-PRAJNA-PARAMITA-SUTRA mind consciousness element paranimmita vasavatti deva parassa ceto pariya n~a^na TEN VEHICLES OF MEDITATION uddhamsota akanitthaga^mi^ 發智論(Jnanaprasthana-sastra) 俱舍論(Abhidharmakosa-sastra) 越南佛教(Vietnamese Buddhism) a^di^nava^nupassana^ n~a^na balance of mental faculties PURE LAND OF ULTIMATE BLISS yatha^ bhúta n~a^na dassana 佛教建築(Buddhist architecture) akusala sa^dha^rana cetasika NINE STAGES OF LOTUS FLOWERS patisankha^nupassana^ n~a^na seven rebirths at the utmost SIX PERIODS OF DAY AND NIGHT udayabbaya^nupassana^ n~a^na 常樂我淨(nitya-sukha-atma-subha) 大般涅槃經(Mahaparinirvana-sutra) 觀無量壽經(Amitayurbhavana-sutra) 楞嚴經(surangama-samadhi-sutra) 菩薩戒本(Bodhisattva-pratimoksa) 乞[口*栗]雙提贊Khri-Sron-Lde-bTsan 瑜伽師地論(Yogacara-bhumi-sastra) EIGHTEEN DIFFERENT CHARACTERS EVIL TIME OF FIVE TURBIDITIES THREE MEDITATIONS OF ONE MIND vuttha^na ga^mini^ vipassana^ 斯裏蘭卡佛教(Buddhism in Sri Lanka) 中國佛教美術(Buddhist art in China) adhipan~n~a^ dhamma vipassana^ ascetic purification practices imperturbable karma formations sabba loke anabhirati san~n~a^ VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA 維摩經(Vimalakirti-nirdesa-sutra) equilibrium of mental faculties SIX DIRECTIONS OF REINCARNATION subha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi sukha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi THREE UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS 村上專精(Murakami Senjo 1851~1928) 大般若經(Mahaprajna-paramita-sutra) 鈴木大拙(Suzuki Daisetsu 1870~1966) 妙法蓮華經(Saddharmapundarika-sutra) 中國佛教音樂(Buddhist music in China) patipada^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi 大智度論(Mahaprajna-paramita-sastra) 冢本善隆(Tsukamoto Zenryu 1898~1980) anan~n~a^tan~ n~assa^mi^t’indriya citta ja (citta samuttha^na) rúpa FOUR ASPECTS (OF BUDDHIST DHARMA) n’eva san~n~a^ n’a^san~n~a^yatana 勝鬘經(Srimala-devi simhanada-sutra) 望月信亨(Mochizuki Shinko 1869~1948) a^ha^ra ja (or-samuttha^na) - rúpa magga^magga n~a^nadassana visuddhi NIRVANA OF PURE, CLEAR SELF-NATURE 成唯識論(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-sastra) 東南亞佛教(Buddhism in South East Asia) EIGHT DIVISIONS OF GODS AND DRAGONS 高楠順次郎(Takakusu Junjiro 1866~1945) 解深密經(Sandhinir-mokcana-vyuha-sutra) 攝大乘論(Mahayana-samuparigraha-sastra) 中國佛學院(The Chinese Buddhist Academy) 達斯,S·C·(Sarat Chandra Das 1849~1917) 大乘起信論(Maha yana-Sraddhotpada-sastra) 大毗婆沙論(Abhidharma-mahavibhasa-sastra) 歐美佛教(Buddhism in America and Europe) a^rammana^dhipati a^rammanupanissaya FIVE CATEGORIES OF UNTRANSLATED TERMS TWELVE LINKS OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION 般若波羅蜜多心經(Prajna-paramita-hrdaya-sutra) FOUR WAYS (OF LEARNING BUDDHIST DHARMA) 雜阿毗昙心論(Samyuktabhidharma-hrdaya-sastra) TEN GREAT DISCIPLES OF SKAKYAMUNI BUDDHA 金剛經(Vajracchedika-prajna-paramita-sutra) 異部宗輪論(Samayabhedo-paracanacak-ra-sastra) 華嚴經(Bud dhavatamsaka-mahavai pul yasutra) 叁十七菩提分(saptatrimsadbodhi-paksika-dharmah) 中國佛教協會(The Buddhist Association of China) karmically wholesome, unwholesome, neutral thiti bha^giya si^la, sama^dhi, pan~n~a^ FOUR RELIANCE (TO LEARNING BUDDHIST DHARMA) 大方等大集經(Mahavai pul ya-mahasanni-pata-sutra) SPHERE OF NEITHER-PERCEPTION-NOR-NON-PERCEPTION 阿彌陀經(Sukhavati-v yuha-sutra,Amitayur-v yuha-sutra) 李斯·戴維斯,T·W·(Thomas Williams Rhys Davids 1843~1922) 唯識二十論(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-vimsa-kakarika-sastra) 唯識叁十頌(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-trimsai-kakarika-sastra) 馬拉拉塞克拉,G·P·(Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera 1899~1973) 國際佛教研究協會(The International Association of Buddhist Studies) sura^meraya majja ppama^dattha^na^ veramani^ sikkha^padam sama^diya^mi ▲ 收起
英漢對照詞典 【793】ANNUTARA-SAMYAK-SAMBODHI

Annutara-samyak-sambodhi  ==  阿耨多羅叁藐叁菩提

Sanskrit  word  meaning  unexcelled  complete  enlightenment,  which  is  an  attribute  of  every  Buddha.  It  is  the  highest,  correct  and  complete  or  universal  knowledge  or  awareness,  the  perfect  wisdom  of  a  Buddha.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【794】asankha^ra parinibba^yi^

  The  ”one  reaching  Nibba^na  without  exertion”,  is  one  of  the  five  classes  of  Non-Returners  (Ana^ga^mi^,  q.v.)

南傳佛教英文辭典 【795】bhanga^nupassana^ n~a^na

”knowledge  consisting  in  contemplation  of  dissolution”  (of  all  forms  of  existence),  is  one  kind  of  insight:  s.  visuddhi  (VI,  2).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【796】clarity of consciousness

  sampajan~n~a  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【797】corporeality perceptions

  rúpa-san~n~a^:  s.  jha^na.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【798】ka^ma sukh’allika^nuyoga

”being  addicted  to  sensual  pleasures”,  is  one  of  the  2  extremes  to  be  avoided  by  the  monk;  s.  majjhima-patipada^.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【799】multiformity perceptions

  na^natta-san~n~a^;  s.  jha^na  (5).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【800】paccaya sannissita si^la

”morality  consisting  in  the  wise  use  of  the  monk”s  requisities”;  s.  si^la  (4).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【801】paricchinna^ka^sa kasina

”limited-space  kasina”  =  space  kasina;  s.  kasina.  (App.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【802】patibha^na patisambhida^

  the  ”analytical  knowledge  of  ready  wit”:  s.  patisambhida^.

英漢對照詞典 【803】REALM OF SENSUOUS DESIRE

Realm  of  Sensuous  Desire  ==  欲界

see  Three  Realms.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【804】sacchikarani^ya^ dhamma^

”things  to  be  realized”.  Recollection  of  former  states  of  existence  is  to  be  realized  through  remembrance  (abhin~n~a^  4;  q.v.).  The  vanishing  and  reappearing  of  beings  is  to  be  realized  through  the  divine  eye  (abhin~n~a^  5;  q.v.).  The  8  deliverances  (vimokkha,  q.v.)  are  to  be  realized  through  the  mental  group  (ka^ya,  here  feeling,  perception,  mental  formations;  s.  ka^ya).  The  extinction  of  cankers  is  to  be  realized  through  insight  (vipassana^).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【805】uddhambha^giya samyojana

  the  5  ”higher  fetters”;  s.  samyojana.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【806】verbal functions of mind

  vaci^-sankha^ra;  s.  sankha^ra.

中國百科全書 【807】部派佛部(Sectarian Buddhism)

  部派佛教  在佛陀逝世的100年後,佛教內部由于對戒律和教義看法的不同,開始分裂。先後形成了許多部派。最初分爲大衆部和上座部,這被稱爲根本二部,以後又從兩個根本部中分裂爲十八部或二十部,稱爲枝末部派。部派佛教爭論的主要總是诃梨跋摩在《成實論》中曾概括爲“十論”,即二世有無?一切有無?中陰(輪回的主體)有無?頓悟或漸悟?羅漢是否有退?隨眠(煩惱)與心是否相應?未受根業是否存在?佛是否在僧數?在無人我(靈魂)等。對于這些問題各個部派都有不同的回答。上座部認爲佛教徒修行的最高境界應是阿羅漢果,阿羅漢果與佛果位相同,他們把一切現實存在分爲色法(物質存在形式)和心法等,色法有“四大種”(地、水、風、火四元素)及所造色(長、短、大、小、方、圓等形象和青、黃、赤、白等顯色以及其他感官對象),心法有八十九種,並作了詳細的分析。上座部後來又分爲根本上座部和說一切有部。前者流傳于雪山即喜馬拉雅山麓,後者流傳于克什米爾地區。說一切有部後來分出犢子部,犢子部又分出正量等四部,繼又分出化地部、經量部等共十一部,說一切有部的基本特征是重視叁藏中的論藏,也就是著重對佛教理論問題的闡述。在1世紀貴霜王朝迦膩色迦統治時,曾舉行大規模的結集,編纂了《大毗婆沙論》、《發智論》和六足論等龐大的論書,主張“法有我無”、“叁世實有”和“法體恒有”;經量部約成立于3世紀末,是最晚從說一切有部分出來的,主張“過去未來無本,現在實有”。佛陀以蘊、處、界概括一切法,但未區別實有和假有。說一切有部主張蘊、處、界都是實有。經量部則主張蘊、處是假有,界是實有,這意思是說外界一切的事物或主客觀的存在形式(蘊)以及人們的認識器官和對象(處)都是一種虛假或唯名的實在,它們不過是人們認識中的感覺材料,只有人們的認識的根源(界)才是真實的存在(實有)。大衆部崇信超越的、神化的佛陀,特別提倡“一心相續說”和“心性本淨說”。部派佛教後來向大乘發展,從大衆部向中觀派(空宗)發展,從上座部向經量部發展,進而向瑜伽行派(有宗)發展。

中國百科全書 【808】大日經(Mahavairocana-sutra)

  Darijing

  佛教密宗根本經典之一。全稱《大毗盧遮那成佛神變加持經》,亦稱《毗盧遮那成佛經》。唐善無畏等譯。7卷。“大毗盧遮那”,意爲“大日”。據佛教傳說,此經是大日如來在金剛法界宮爲金剛手秘密主等所說,原有廣本十萬頌,系龍猛菩薩入南天竺鐵塔,親承金剛薩埵的傳授後誦出。龍猛又撮取十萬頌本要義,編成略本叁千余頌。

  唐開元四年(716),善無畏來長安弘法,偕弟子一行往華嚴寺,揀出無行遊學天竺那爛陀寺搜集的龍猛所傳略本,于開元十二年在洛陽奉(福)先寺譯出此經前6卷,由沙門寶月譯語,一行筆受,兼綴辭理。翌年,又譯出善無畏自己帶來的梵本(一說爲善無畏自撰),是爲第7卷,前後合爲一經,共叁十六品,以前6卷叁十一品爲正經。約在漢譯本問世30年後,又有印度戒王菩提論師和西藏的翻譯官德積的藏譯本出現。藏譯分爲內外兩編,其中內編和漢譯的前6卷相當,內容亦大同小異,但品目的廢立和次第互不相同(僅二十九品),文字方面亦略有出入。外編在世出世護摩法品之後,有寂靜護摩儀軌等七品,全經亦爲叁十六品。但藏譯外編,漢譯全無;而漢譯第7卷,藏譯也付阙如。

  該經第1卷主要講述密教的基本教義,第2卷至第6卷爲密教的各種儀軌、行法等;第7卷主要爲供養念誦叁昧耶法門(供養方式、方法)。全經于所說諸曼荼羅(壇場)中,特以大悲胎藏生曼荼羅爲正式灌頂曼荼羅,所傳密教胎藏部大法即從此出。它開示一切衆生本有的淨菩提心所持無盡莊嚴藏的本有本覺的曼荼羅,並宣稱能悟入這本有淨菩提心的身、語、心叁密方便。此經所說不出叁句法門,更以菩提即是如實知自心,衆生自心即一切智,須要如實觀察、了了證知。從因到果,皆以無所住而住其心。闡揚了說理平等法門。經內所有密咒,全都寫出梵字,並逐字用漢音對譯。

  漢文注疏有一行的《大毗盧遮那成佛神變加持經疏》20卷,藏文大藏經丹珠爾中收有佛密《毗盧遮那現等覺大怛荼羅注釋》一書。一行和佛密都是注疏此經的前6卷。第7卷有新羅不可思議的《大毗盧遮那經供養次第法疏》2卷。日本重要注疏有空海的《大日經開題》1卷,圓仁的《大毗盧遮那成道經心目》1卷。此外,觀賢、信正、實範、高辨、圓爾等,也有注疏之作。(蘇淵雷)

中國百科全書 【809】寂護(Santiraksita 705~762)

  Jihu

  印度佛教僧人。今印度比哈爾邦人。早年出家,爲大乘佛教自續中觀派創始人清辨的五傳弟子,在當時印度佛教界以精于因明而知名。曾住那爛陀寺。743年受吐蕃贊普赤德祖贊之請入吐蕃傳教,在拉薩主持翻譯佛教典籍爲藏文事宜。因受本教勢力抵製,停留4個月,即去尼泊爾居住達6年之久。其間曾舉薦蓮花生入吐蕃傳教。749年再度至吐蕃,曾主持第一座建有僧伽組織的桑耶寺尊基儀式。建寺後,爲7名貴族子弟剃度出家,史稱“七覺士”。762年在埕蕃被馬踢傷致死。其所倡自續中觀派論點,對後世藏傳佛教一些流派有直接影響。著有《攝真實論》等。(王輔仁)

中國百科全書 【810】戒日王(Siladitya 約590~647)

  Jieriwang

  佛教護法名王。印度塔內薩爾王國普濕婆提王族第六代國王。音譯易利沙、曷利沙伐彈那,意譯爲喜增王。戒日王蛤了的稱號。606年,戒日王因其兄羅賈伐彈那爲鄰國所殺而嗣位。他勵精圖治。6年後,誓師複仇,進而以首都曲女城爲中心,征伐四方。當時領土包括恒河流域,旁遮普和拉其普特的大部分地區,直到西印度卡提阿瓦爾半島一帶。他是繼笈多王朝多之後統一印度的著名國王,曾多次派遣使臣與中國唐朝通好;唐太宗亦派王玄策等人多次使印報聘。在他統治的40余年間,北印度相對穩定繁榮。死後,帝國開始分裂,出現了王朝林立的局面。

  戒日王信奉印度教濕婆派,但對其他宗教也都采取扶政策。他修建了許多佛塔、伽藍,供養佛教僧衆。每五年舉行一次無遮大會(各個教派都可以參加的宗教大集會),鼓勵各教派進行宗教學術交流。中國玄奘訪印期間,正值戒日王治世,頗受禮遇。戒日王獎掖文藝,在宮廷中供養了一批著名文人。他自己也是一個文學傳記作家。著有《龍喜論》(有中文譯本)、《珠璎傳》、《愛見記》3部劇本傳世(一說這些劇本系他人所寫)。另外,他創作的《八大靈塔梵贊》和《野朝贊》表現出強烈的佛教情趣。由于戒日王對佛教的扶西支持,佛教徒把他看作與阿育王、迦膩色迦齊名的護法名王。(方廣  )

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