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utu atta both catu gati hate hetu lust meat path peta sati talk ties tree unit agati amata ARHAT atta^ citta death doubt faith great ja^ti light merit METTA mirth pi^ti right satta sloth STUPA SUTRA vatta water " action ANATTA Arahat atappa beauty carita dha^tu ditthi eating EFFORT effort fixity forest gantha ghosts growth JATAKA khanti MANTRA MATTER matter method metta^ MUDITA object purity stains sugati taints tanha^ terror torpor trance truths tusita vatthu virati virtue agility anatta^ cetana^ CHARITY conceit control counter created destiny devotee duggati emotion factors fetters HUA TOU insight ji^vita lahuta^ mastery matured mudita^ muduta^ neutral nimitta okkanti ottappa patched patigha perfect rapture reality rebirth samatha sammuti sassata sitting thought turning vimutti vipatti vitakka vivatta a^yatana adherent AMITABHA anussati atima^na ca^ritta cemetery cetasika departed DEVOTION dhutanga dogmatic elements eternity exertion extremes fatalism fruition gotrabhú impurity interest kammanta KSATRIYA maintain MAITREYA MORALITY morality nibbatti not self opposite PARAMITA PATIENCE patience postures practice reaction sammatta sankhata santa^na serenity sucarita Table II tathata^ te vijja thinking training ujukata^ uposatha upstream virility vitality VOLITION volition 谛(satya) 慧 (Mati) acinteyya adhicitta akanittha anottappa asankhata attention avya^kata beautiful breathing cetokhila character CONDITION deva dúta deviation dhuta^nga duccarita dukkhata^ EMPTINESS emptiness existence faculties formation immediate intention lightness lokuttara mahaggata micchatta nutriment obstacles pariyatti patipada^ patipatti pativedha proximity ready wit SARIPUTRA SENSATION SIX DUSTS SIX PATHS SIX ROOTS something ti pitaka ti ratana ti sarana TRAILOKYA treasures TRIPITAKA vinipa^ta aberration absorption ADHITTHANA advertence aggregates analytical antinomies appendants awakenment BODHISATTA Bodhisatta conception conditions contiguity continuity cuti citta detachment dibba sota ego entity elasticity enthusiasm equanimity EXTINCTION extinction femininity foundation functional generation impurities inducement intimation liberality liberation MAHASATTVA MEDITATION meditation mutability opapa^tika paramattha patisandhi pattida^na productive puthujjana reflection repetition RIGHT VIEW sama^patti sensuality si^labbata sota^panna sota^patti standstill stinginess ta^vatimsa tatha^gata TEN POWERS tendencies therava^da TWO DEATHS vin~n~atti wrong path 無常(anitya) a^nantariya a^po dha^tu abandonment abstentions adhittha^na ANAPANASATI appicchata^ association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA chaste life contentment corruptions cutúpapa^ta defilements destruction determining development dissolution dosa carita earnestness EIGHT WINDS enlightened foundations immortality indifferent infatuation inoperative intoxicants itthindriya kamma patha kamma vatta LOTUS SUTRA maha^ bhúta mana^yatana mano dha^tu MIDDLE PATH middle path mind object origination pa^timokkha paritta^bha patipannaka patti da^na penetration perfections personality preparatory realization RECOGNITION rúpa^yatana sala^yatana samuttha^na san~cetana^ si^vathika^ tejo dha^tu tejo kasina temperature THREE ROOTS THREE SEALS ti lakkhana unthinkable uprightness vavattha^na 結集(samgiti) 無我(anatman) 真如(tathata) abhinibbatti accumulation adaptability bhava ditthi bhava tanha^ body witness ceto vimutti citta kkhana citta vi^thi conventional corporeality covetousness dispensation dissociation fire element FOUR VIRTUES hate natured heat element hiri ottappa inclinations intoxicating ka^ma tanha^ kammattha^na karma result light kasina lobha carita mental image mind element momentaneity pa^tiha^riya pakati si^la patisandhika petti visaya pi^ta kasina pleasantness proclivities purification ra^ga carita radiant gods recollectons RENUNCIATION restlessness RIGHT ACTION RIGHT EFFORT RIGHT SPEECH santutthita^ SIX PARAMITA SROTA-APANNA stream entry TEN PARAMITA THREE DOGMAS THREE JEWELS THREE REALMS THREE WISDOM tranquillity TWELVE BASES twin miracle va^yo dha^tu vatthu ka^ma wind element 叁界(tridhatu) 鐵薩羅(Tissara) Abbreviations ahetuka citta anatta^ va^da anuloma citta attentiveness atthi paccaya birth process cakkhu dha^tu concentration CONTEMPLATION contemplation contentedness deathlessness determination dhamma dha^tu dhamma^yatana ditthi ppatta earth element ENLIGHTENMENT enlightenment FIVE PRECEPTS fixed destiny FOUR FRUITION hadaya vatthu imperfections investigating investigation ka^ya lahuta^ kamman~n~ata^ kammattha^na^ loathsomeness lohita kasina material food mental action nimma^na rati oda^ta kasina pa^gun~n~ata^ patisambhida^ patisankha^na post nascence RIGHT THOUGHT sammuti sacca satipattha^na silent buddha SIX ENTRANCES stream winner subha nimitta tanha^ kkhaya THREE POISONS THREE SHASTRA THREE STUDIES THREE VIRTUES TIEN TAI SECT tittha^yatana TWELVE PLACES TWO OBSTACLES unconditioned understanding verbal action vipacitan~n~u vivatta kappa water element weighty karma 阿旃陀石窟(Ajanta) 舍衛城(Sravasti) 因明(Hetuvidya) a^ka^sa dha^tu abhibha^yatana ahetuka ditthi akiriya ditthi altruistic joy AMITABHA SUTRA asan~n~a satta atta kilamatha auditory organ AVALOKITESVARA buddha^nussati citt’ekaggata^ citta santa^na citta visuddhi devata^nussati dhamma^nussati EIGHTFOLD PATH eightfold path frivolous talk greedy natured habitual karma kalya^na mitta katatta^ kamma marana^nussati natthi paccaya niyata puggala path condition relative truth sahetuka citta samvatta kappa samvega vatthu sangaha vatthu SIX FULFILMENT stupid natured TEN DIRECTIONS TEN GOOD DEEDS transformation transitoriness TWELVE NIDANAS uccheda ditthi uggaha nimitta ugghatitan~n~u upapatti bhava va^ritta si^la vibhava tanha^ vigata paccaya visible object 大圓滿(mahasanti) 二谛(twi-satyas) 叁谛(tri-satyas) a^na^pa^na sati akusala vitakka avigata paccaya cakkh’ a^yatana characteristics citta sankha^ra deluded natured ditth’upa^da^na ditthi visuddhi EIGHT NEGATIONS EIGHTEEN FIELDS eternity belief FOUR GREAT VOWS gotrabhú n~a^na gustatory organ indriya samatta mental function mental obduracy natthika ditthi nihilistic view olfactory organ pathavi^ dha^tu pathavi^ kasina PRATYEKA-BUDDHA sakka^ya ditthi samatha ya^nika sankhitta citta sappatigha rúpa sceptical doubt SHATIKA SHASTRA sota^pattiyanga SPIRITUAL GHOST stored up karma tadanga paha^na TAKING PRECEPTS tatha^gata bala THREE DELUSIONS THREE OBSTACLES tranquilisation upasama^nussati vitakka vica^ra 百論(Sata-sastra) 大藏經（tri-pitaka）法界(dharmadhatu) 極樂世界(sukhavati) adhipati paccaya anantara paccaya anatta^ san~n~a^ atthangika magga AVATAMSAKA SUTRA citta vipalla^sa citta^nupassana^ cognitive series dukkha patipada^ EIGHT SUFFERINGS equality conceit faithful natured immaterial world ka^ya gata^ sati ka^ya vin~n~atti karma formations khandha santa^na life infatuation mano san~cetana^ mental formation monks’ community natural morality nava satta^va^sa neyyattha dhamma ni^tattha dhamma nissaya nissita pan~n~a^ vimutti pindapa^tik’anga reversible merit RIGHT LIVELIHOOD round of rebirth santi^rana citta streams of merit supportive karma te ci^varik’anga THIRTY-TWO FORMS THREE EVIL PATHS THREE GOOD PATHS THREE SUFFERINGS tiraccha^na yoni vaci^ vin~n~atti votthapana citta wheel of the law 經量部(Sautrantike) 六度(sad-paramita) 律經(Vinaya-sutra) 叁性(tri-svabhava) 四谛(catur-satyas) 吳哥古迹(Angkor Vat) a^nantarika kamma a^nupubbi^ katha^ ahirika anottappa anatta^nupassana^ animitta vimokkha ascending insight bhavanga santa^na cetaso vinibandha cittass’ekaggata^ destructive karma disinterestedness ditthi vipalla^sa FIVE COMMANDMENTS FOREMOST PARAMITA FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS highest knowledge immaterial sphere ineffective karma kusala kammapatha mental advertence n~a^ta parin~n~a^ na^natta san~n~a^ NO STRIFE SAMADHI pakati upanissaya pan~n~atti si^la parikamma nimitta paticcasamuppa^da patta pindik’anga pureja^ta paccaya RIGHT REMEMBRANCE sahaja^ta paccaya santa^na santati sati sambojjhanga sati sampajan~n~a satta^va^sa nava SINGALOVADA SUTRA tatramajjhattata^ TEN DHARMA REALMS TEN WHOLESOMENESS upagha^taka kamma vin~n~a^na tthiti youth infatuation 迦毗羅衛(Kapilavastu) 叁學(tisrah siksah) 桑奇大塔(Sanch Stupa) ahetu patisandhika an~n~a^ta^vindriya asankha^rika citta atta va^dupa^da^na catu voka^ra bhava ceto pariya n~a^na corporeality group cycle of existence dha^tu vavattha^na hasituppa^da citta health infatuation karma accumulation maturity knowledge meritorious action nirodha sama^patti patibha^ga nimitta patikkúla san~n~a^ reflex perceptions regenerative karma ruminating natured samatha vipassana^ sampayutta paccaya self mortification SIDDHARTHA GOUTAMA SIX EXTERNAL BASES SIX INTERNAL BASES SPHERE OF NO-THING tada^rammana citta tatra majjhattata^ ti^rana parin~n~a^ tiraccha^na katha^ TWO FORMS OF DEATH vippayutta paccaya wheel of existence 佛所行贊(Buddhacarita) 解脫道論(Vimuttimagga) 四大(caturmahabhuta) 五種姓(panca-gotrani) alcohol prohibition anabhirati san~n~a^ analytical doctrine animitta^nupassana^ answering questions appanihita vimokkha attha patisambhida^ counteractive karma death consciousness discursive thinking FOUR GREAT ELEMENTS FOUR UNLIMITED MIND fruits of monk life gradual instruction inferiority conceit intelligent natured lofty consciousness maha^purisa vitakka majjhima^ patipada^ one group existence RIGHT CONCENTRATION RIGHT UNDERSTANDING samanantara paccaya sampaticchana citta sattakkhattu parama SATYASIDDHI SHASTRA spiritual faculties sun~n~ata^ vimokkha superiority conceit suta maya^ pan~n~a^ TEN GREAT KING VOWS upatthambhaka kamma yamaka pa^tiha^riya 阿底峽(Atisa 982~1054) 大乘經(Mahayana sutra) 寂天(Santideva 約7世紀) 六足論(Satpada sastra) 說一切有部(Sarvastivada) a^kin~can~n~a^yatana access concentration adaptation knowledge akuppa^ ceto vimutti cemetery meditations cinta^ maya pan~n~a^ derived corporeality dhamma patisambhida^ dhamma tthiti n~a^na ditthi nissita si^la five group existence four group existence MANJUSRI BODHISATTVA manovinn~a^na dha^tu NIRVANA WITH RESIDUE niyata miccha^ditthi pa^rami^ pa^ramita^ paccha^ja^ta paccaya parami^ = pa^ramita^ pubbeniva^sa^nussati regenerating process samvejani^ya ttha^na SUDDEN ENLIGHTENMENT SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA sun~n~ata^nupassana^ tanha^ nissita si^la TEN TITLES OF BUDDHA THREE ENLIGHTENMENTS ti hetu patisandhika UNCONDITIONED DHARMA VAST AND LONG TONGUE vivattana^nupassana^ yatha^santhatik’anga 大乘論(Mahayana sastra) 小乘論(Hinayana sastra) 中道(madhyamapratipad) a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana animitta ceto vimutti antara^ parinibba^yi^ bhojane mattan~n~uta^ corporeality and mind death proximate karma dependent origination DVADASHAMUKHA SHASTRA dvi hetuka patisandhi germinating once more mind and corporeality ninefold dispensation nirutti patisambhida^ patipassaddhi paha^na produced corporeality pun~n~a kiriya vatthu questions and answers sota^pannassa anga^ni TEN MERITORIOUS DEEDS THREE CLASSIFICATIONS THREE PERIODS OF TIME transference of merit ubhato bha^ga vimutta vi^thi = citta vi^thi vin~n~a^nan~ca^yatana 梵網經(Brahmajala-sutra) 中論(Madhyamika-sastra) appama^na ceto vimutti bhavanga sota^, citta catu pa^risuddhi si^la citta samuttha^na rúpa doctrine of the Buddha FLOWER ADORNMENT SUTRA FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA ji^vita navaka kala^pa kamma samuttha^na rúpa resistance perceptions sensitive corporeality SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS substrata of existence THREE UNIVERSAL TRUTHS yatha^kammúpaga n~a^na 長阿含經(Dirghagama-sutra) 楞伽經(Lankavatara-sutra) 緣起(pratitya-samutpada) bhayatupattha^na n~a^na catu dha^tu vavattha^na dasa (tatha^gata ) bala determining the reality FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS muccitu kamyata^ n~a^na NIRVANA WITHOUT RESIDUE patinissagga^nupassana^ receptive consciousness retrospective knowledge sabbúpadhi patinissagga SIX STATES OF EXISTENCE VISVABHADRA BODHISATTVA 八正道(aryastangika-marga) 成實論(Satyasiddhi-sastra) 法稱(Dharmakirti 約6~7世紀) 佛性(buddhata, buddhatva) 境行果(sthana-carya-phala) 毗尼多流支(Vinitaruci ?~594) 四分律(Dharmagupta-vinaya) 月稱(Candrakirti 約7世紀中葉) ANNUTARA-SAMYAK-SAMBODHI attainment concentration clarity of consciousness corporeality perceptions ego idea, ego perception multiformity perceptions pa^na^tipa^ta^ veramani^ paccaya sannissita si^la patibha^na patisambhida^ reflecting contemplation verbal functions of mind 部派佛部(Sectarian Buddhism) 大日經(Mahavairocana-sutra) 寂護(Santiraksita 705~762) 戒日王(Siladitya 約590~647) 十誦律(Sarvastivada-vinaya) 無量壽經(Aparimitayur-sutra) 原始佛教(primitive Buddhism) 雜阿含經(Samyuktagama-sutra) hate rooted consciousness independently enlightened indriyesu gutta dva^rata^ kankha^ vitarana visuddhi pa^timokkha samvara si^la registering consciousness SAMANTABHADRA BODHISATTVA spontaneously born beings support decisive support TEN STAGES OF BODHISATTVA VIMALAKIRTI-NIVDESA SUTRA 佛教文學(Buddhist literature) 摩诃菩提會(Maha Bodhi Society) 增一阿含經(Ekottaragama-sutra) 中阿含經（Madh yamagama-sutra） a^ha^re patikkúla san~n~a^ a^kin~can~n~a ceto vimutti ability to acquire insight analysis of the 4 elements dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu functions of consciousness happy courses of existence impersonality of existence khalu paccha^ bhattik’anga MAHA-PRAJNA-PARAMITA-SUTRA mind consciousness element paranimmita vasavatti deva parassa ceto pariya n~a^na TEN VEHICLES OF MEDITATION THREEFOLD BODY OF A BUDDHA uddhamsota akanitthaga^mi^ 發智論(Jnanaprasthana-sastra) 俱舍論(Abhidharmakosa-sastra) 越南佛教（Vietnamese Buddhism） balance of mental faculties karma produced corporeality neighbourhood concentration origination of corporeality PURE LAND OF ULTIMATE BLISS thought thought conception yatha^ bhúta n~a^na dassana 佛教建築(Buddhist architecture) akusala sa^dha^rana cetasika LAW OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION NINE STAGES OF LOTUS FLOWERS patisankha^nupassana^ n~a^na seven rebirths at the utmost SIX PERIODS OF DAY AND NIGHT 常樂我淨(nitya-sukha-atma-subha) 大般涅槃經(Mahaparinirvana-sutra) 觀無量壽經(Amitayurbhavana-sutra) 楞嚴經(surangama-samadhi-sutra) 菩薩戒本(Bodhisattva-pratimoksa) 乞[口*栗]雙提贊Khri－Sron－Lde－bTsan 瑜伽師地論(Yogacara-bhumi-sastra) dittha dhamma vedani^ya kamma EIGHTEEN DIFFERENT CHARACTERS EVIL TIME OF FIVE TURBIDITIES THREE MEDITATIONS OF ONE MIND vuttha^na ga^mini^ vipassana^ 中國佛教美術（Buddhist　art　in　China） ascetic purification practices imperturbable karma formations sabba loke anabhirati san~n~a^ VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA 維摩經(Vimalakirti-nirdesa-sutra) equilibrium of mental faculties lahuta^ muduta^, kamman~n~ata^ pariyatti patipatti, pativedha SIX DIRECTIONS OF REINCARNATION subha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi sukha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi THREE UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS 大般若經(Mahaprajna-paramita-sutra) 鈴木大拙(Suzuki Daisetsu 1870~1966) 妙法蓮華經(Saddharmapundarika-sutra) 中國佛教音樂(Buddhist music in China) karmically acquired corporeality patipada^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi 大智度論(Mahaprajna-paramita-sastra) 冢本善隆(Tsukamoto Zenryu 1898~1980) anan~n~a^tan~ n~assa^mi^t’indriya citta ja (citta samuttha^na) rúpa ▲ 收起

南傳佛教英文辭典【811】paccha^ja^ta paccaya

”post-nascence-condition”,　　is　　one　　of　　the　　24　　conditions　　(paccaya,　　q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典【812】parami^ = pa^ramita^

”perfection”.　　Ten　　qualities　　leading　　to　　Buddhahood:　　(1)　　perfection　　in　　giving　　(or　　liberality;　　da^na-pa^rami^),　　(2)　　morality　　(si^la-p.),　　(3)　　renunciation　　(nekkhamma-p.),　　(4)　　wisdom　　(pan~n~a^-p.),　　(5)　　energy　　(viriya-p.),　　(6)　　patience　　(or　　forbearance;　　khanti　　p.),　　(7)　　truthfulness　　(sacca-p.),　　(8)　　resolution　　(adhittha^na-p.),　　(9)　　loving-kindness　　(metta^-p.)　　(10)　　equanimity　　(upekkha^-p.).
These　　qualities　　were　　developed　　and　　brought　　to　　maturity　　by　　the　　Bodhisatta　　in　　his　　past　　existences,　　and　　his　　way　　of　　practising　　them　　is　　illustrated　　in　　many　　of　　the　　Birth　　Stories　　(Ja^taka),　　of　　which,　　however,　　only　　the　　verses　　are　　regarded　　as　　canonical.　　Apart　　from　　the　　latter,　　the　　10　　pa^rami^　　are　　mentioned　　in　　only　　two　　other　　canonical　　works　　which　　are　　probably　　apocryphal,　　the　　Buddhavamsa　　(in　　the　　Story　　of　　Sumedha)　　and　　the　　Cariyapitaka.　　A　　long　　and　　methodical　　exposition　　of　　the　　pa^rami^　　is　　given　　in　　the　　concluding　　Miscellaneous　　Section　　(pakinnakakatha^)　　of　　the　　Com.　　to　　Cariyapitaka
In　　Vis.M.　　IX　　it　　is　　said　　that　　through　　developing　　the　　4　　sublime　　states　　(loving-kindness,　　compassion,　　altruistic　　joy,　　equanimity;　　s.　　brahma-viha^ra),　　one　　may　　reach　　these　　10　　perfections,　　namely:
"As　　the　　Great　　Beings　　(maha^-satta;　　a　　synonym　　often　　found　　in　　the　　Maha^yana　　scriptures　　for　　Bodhisatta　　(q.v.),　　i.e.”Enlightenment　　Being　　or　　Being　　destined　　for　　Buddhahood)　　are　　concerned　　about　　the　　welfare　　of　　living　　beings,　　not　　tolerating　　the　　suffering　　of　　beings,　　wishing　　long　　duration　　to　　the　　higher　　states　　of　　happiness　　of　　beings,　　and　　being　　impartial　　and　　just　　to　　all　　beings,　　therefore　　(1)　　they　　give　　alms　　(da^na,　　q.v.)　　to　　all　　beings　　so　　that　　they　　may　　be　　happy,　　without　　Investigating　　whether　　they　　are　　worthy　　or　　not.　　(2)　　By　　avoiding　　to　　do　　them　　any　　harm,　　they　　observe　　morality　　(si^la　　q.v.).　　(3)　　In　　order　　to　　bring　　morality　　to　　perfection,　　they　　train　　themselves　　in　　renunciation　　(nekkhamma).　　(4)　　In　　order　　to　　understand　　clearly　　what　　is　　beneficial　　and　　injurious　　to　　beings,　　they　　purify　　their　　wisdom　　(pan~n~a^).　　(5)　　For　　the　　sake　　of　　the　　welfare　　and　　happiness　　of　　others　　they　　constantly　　exert　　their　　energy　　(viriya).　　(6)　　Though　　having　　become　　heroes　　through　　utmost　　energy,　　they　　are　　nevertheless　　full　　of　　forbearance　　(khanti)　　toward　　s　　the　　manifold　　failings　　of　　beings　　.　　(7)　　Once　　they　　have　　promised　　to　　give　　or　　do　　something,　　they　　do　　not　　break　　their　　promise　　(”truthfulness”;　　sacca).　　(8)　　With　　unshakable　　resolution　　(adhittha^na)　　they　　work　　for　　the　　weal　　and　　welfare　　of　　beings.　　(9)　　With　　unshakable　　kindness　　(metta^)　　they　　are　　helpful　　to　　all.　　(10)　　By　　reason　　of　　their　　equanimity　　(upekkha^)　　they　　do　　not　　expect　　anything　　in　　return"　　(Vis.M.　　IX.　　24).
In　　the　　Maha^yana　　scriptures,　　where　　the　　pa^rami^　　occupy　　a　　much　　more　　prominent　　place,　　a　　partly　　differing　　list　　of　　six　　is　　given:　　liberality,　　morality,　　patience,　　energy,　　meditation.　　and　　wisdom.
Literature:　　Ten　　Jataka　　Stories　　(illustrating　　the　　10　　pa^rami^),　　by　　I.　　B.　　Horner　　(London　　1957,　　Luzac　　&　　Co.);　　Buddhavamsa　　&　　Cariyapitaka.　　tr.　　by　　I.　　B.　　Horner　　(Minor　　Anthologies　　III,　　Sacred　　Books　　of　　the　　Buddhists.　　PTS).　　-　　Narada　　Thera,　　The　　Buddha　　&　　His　　Teachings,　　Ch.　　41;　　Parami　　(BPS)　　-　　The　　treatise　　on　　the　　perfections　　from　　the　　Com.　　to　　Cariyapitaka　　has　　been　　translated　　in　　The　　Discourse　　on　　the　　All-Embracing　　Net　　of　　Views　　(Brahmajala　　Sutta,　　with　　Com.).　　tr.　　by　　Bhikkhu　　Bodhi　　(BPS)　　.

南傳佛教英文辭典【813】pubbeniva^sa^nussati

　　”remembrance　　of　　former　　births”,　　is　　one　　of　　the　　higher　　powers　　(abhin~n~a^,　　q.v.),　　and　　a　　factor　　of　　threefold　　knowledge　　(tevijja,　　q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典【814】regenerating process

　　upapatti-bhava　　(s.　　bhava).

南傳佛教英文辭典【815】samvejani^ya ttha^na

”places　　rousing　　emotion”,　　are　　4:　　the　　place　　where　　the　　Perfect　　One　　was　　born,　　(i.e.　　the　　Lumbini-grove　　near　　Kapilavatthu,　　at　　the　　present　　frontier　　of　　Nepal);　　the　　place　　where　　he　　reached　　Full　　Enlightenment　　(i.e.　　Uruvela,　　the　　modern　　Ureli,　　and　　Buddhagaya^,　　on　　the　　Neran~jara-river;　　the　　modern　　Lilanja);　　the　　place　　where　　he,　　for　　the　　first　　time,　　unveiled　　the　　Dhamma　　to　　the　　world　　(i.e.　　the　　deer-park　　at　　Isipatana　　near　　Benares);　　the　　place　　where　　he　　entered　　the　　final　　Nibba^na　　(i.e.　　Kusina^ra).　　(A.　　IV,　　118).

英漢對照詞典【816】SUDDEN ENLIGHTENMENT

Sudden　　Enlightenment　　==　　頓悟

Enlightened　　all　　of　　a　　sudden　　by　　hearing　　or　　studying　　Dharma,　　usually　　for　　those　　who　　practices　　Ch”an.

英漢對照詞典【817】SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA

Sukhavativyuha　　Sutra　　==　　無量壽經

It　　is　　one　　of　　the　　main　　Sutras　　for　　Pure　　Land　　Sect.　　It　　stipulates　　the　　Forty-eight　　Vows　　of　　Amitabha　　Buddha,　　which　　give　　rise　　to　　the　　characteristic　　of　　the　　Pure　　Land　　of　　Ultimate　　Bliss　　in　　the　　West.

南傳佛教英文辭典【818】sun~n~ata^nupassana^

　　”contemplation　　of　　emptiness”　　(s.　　prec.),　　is　　one　　of　　the　　18　　chief　　kinds　　of　　insight　　(vipassana^,　　q.v.).　　Cf.　　Vis.M.　　XXI.

南傳佛教英文辭典【819】tanha^ nissita si^la

”morality　　based　　on　　craving”　　(s.　　nissaya).

英漢對照詞典【820】TEN TITLES OF BUDDHA

Ten　　Titles　　of　　Buddha　　==　　十佛名號

represent　　the　　characteristics　　of　　Buddha　　
1.Tathagata　　-　　the　　Thus　　Come　　Ones　　
2.Arhat　　-　　worthy　　of　　offerings　　
3.Samyak-sambuddha　　-　　of　　proper　　and　　universal　　knowledge　　
4.Vidyacarna-sampauna　　-　　perfect　　in　　understanding　　and　　conduct　　
5.Sugata　　-　　skilful　　in　　leaving　　the　　world　　through　　liberation　　
6.Lokavid　　-　　perfect　　and　　complete　　understanding　　of　　all　　worldly　　Dharma　　
7.Anuttara　　-　　unsurpassed　　knights　　
8.Purusa-damya-sarathi　　-　　taming　　heroes　　
9.Sasta　　deramanusyanam　　-　　teachers　　of　　gods　　and　　people　　
10.Buddha-lokanatha　　or　　Bhagaran　　-　　Buddha,　　the　　World　　Honored　　Ones

英漢對照詞典【821】THREE ENLIGHTENMENTS

Three　　Enlightenments　　==　　叁覺

the　　three　　kinds　　of　　Enlightenment:　　
1.Enlightenment　　for　　self　　
2.Enlightenment　　for　　others　　
3.Perfect　　enlightenment　　and　　accomplishment　　
The　　first　　is　　Arhat.　　The　　second　　is　　Bodhisattva.　　When　　all　　the　　three　　have　　been　　attained,　　the　　being　　becomes　　a　　Buddha.

南傳佛教英文辭典【822】ti hetu patisandhika

　　s.　　patisandhi.

英漢對照詞典【823】UNCONDITIONED DHARMA

Unconditioned　　dharma　　==　　無爲法

Also　　known　　as　　Asamskrta　　dharma,　　which　　is　　anything　　not　　subject　　to　　the　　principle　　of　　cause　　and　　effect,　　nor　　law　　of　　dependent　　origination,　　i.e.　　conditions.　　It　　is　　the　　dharma　　beyond　　the　　worldly　　ones.

英漢對照詞典【824】VAST AND LONG TONGUE

Vast　　and　　Long　　Tongue　　==　　廣長舌相

one　　of　　the　　thirty-two　　monks　　of　　Buddha,　　big　　enough　　to　　cover　　his　　face;　　it　　is　　also　　one　　of　　the　　"marvels"　　in　　the　　Lotus　　Sutra.

南傳佛教英文辭典【825】vivattana^nupassana^

　　is　　already　　mentioned　　in　　Pts.M.,　　together　　with　　the　　remaining　　17　　kinds　　of　　vipassana^.　　In　　the　　old　　texts　　it　　is　　not　　found.

南傳佛教英文辭典【826】vivattana^nupassana^

　　”contemplation　　of　　the　　turning　　away”,　　is　　one　　of　　the　　18　　chief　　kinds　　of　　insight　　(vipassana^,　　q.v.).　　-　　(App.).

南傳佛教英文辭典【827】yatha^santhatik’anga

　　”the　　practice　　of　　being　　satisfied　　with　　whatever　　dwelling”,　　is　　one　　of　　the　　ascetical　　means　　of　　purification;　　s.　　dhutanga　　(12).

中國百科全書【828】大乘論(Mahayana sastra)

　　Dachenglun

　　大乘佛學所屬論書的總稱。又稱大乘阿毗昙、菩薩對法藏等。相對于小乘論而言。一般把闡發大乘佛教修習的六度和諸法性空等義理以及注解大乘經的著作，都稱爲大乘論。

　　大乘論是大乘佛學發展到龍樹時代（約2～3世紀）才出現的。《瑜伽師地論釋》稱：“佛涅槃後，魔事紛起，部執競興，多著有見。龍猛菩薩，證極喜地，采集大乘無相空教，造《中論》等，究暢真要，除彼有見。聖提婆等諸大論師，造《百論》等弘闡大義。”龍猛即龍樹。這一時期所出之論書，主要有他解釋《大品般若》等經的《大智度論》，組織自宗學說的《菩提資糧論》，對部派小乘及其他學派進行破斥而顯示自宗的論戰性著作《中論》，以及解釋《中論》根本道理的《十二門論》等。還有提婆駁斥印度古代哲學流派數論、勝論觀點，論證世界萬有“畢竟空”之理的《百論》。這些論是以後構成中觀派的重要依據。隨後又有發揮唯識思想的各種論書問世。其中主要有相傳爲彌勒口述、無著記錄（藏譯本作無著撰）的《瑜伽師地論》，無著的《攝大乘論》、《大乘莊嚴經論》、《大乘阿毗達磨集論》，世親的《辯中邊論》、《大乘成業論》、《唯識叁十頌》、《唯識二十論》等。這些論是以後構成瑜伽行派的重要依據。此後還有許多論師陸續撰述不少論書。其中瑜伽行派有安慧的《大乘廣五蘊論》、《大乘阿毗達磨雜集論》，陳那的《觀所緣緣論》，護法的《廣百論釋》和護法等著的《成唯識論》等。中觀派則有佛護的《根本中論注》，清辨的《大乘掌珍論》等。從此大乘佛學空、有兩派，各立門戶，長期紛爭。

　　以上各類論書，對以後大乘佛學的發展有重大影響。中國從鸠摩羅什起，以後有菩提流支、真谛、玄奘、施護等，相繼傳譯大乘論，並由此演變出各種學派和宗派。漢譯大乘論數量甚多，《曆代叁寶記》卷十五載李廓魏世《衆經目錄》有大乘論29部。《開元釋教錄》卷十九分大乘論爲“釋教論”及“集義論”兩類，前者21部，155卷；後者76部，363卷。《至元法寶勘同總錄》卷八亦分大乘論爲兩部分：“釋經論”有21部，155卷；“集義論”有96部，474卷。《閱藏知津目錄》卷四，則將大乘論分爲“釋經論”、“宗經論”及“諸論釋”叁部分。後《頻伽藏》亦沿用此分法。（高振農）

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