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sel sex alms dosa ends gems lust rise sati ties adosa ASURA asura bases bonds cause chaos doors issa^ RAKSA rules sacca sagga sakka satta sekha sense shame si^la sloth space STUPA subha SUDRA sukha SUTRA vasi^ YAKSA yokes a^sava abodes access asekha beings BHIKSU biases course elders escape floods forest ghosts gnosis groups jewels kasina kilesa kusala misery phassa planes powers samma^ sangha SANJNA sarana sexual stains suddha sugati sukkha SUMERU taints truths tusita usages VAISYA WISDOM wisdom a^ka^sa absence ahimsa^ AKUSALA akusala anusaya arising cankers desana^ destiny disease factors fetters HSU YUN insight KUSHALA mastery message nissaya obha^sa remorse sa^sana sa^vaka saddha^ SAMADHI samatha sammuti SAMSARA samseva sassata sikkha^ sitting skilful sobhana spheres SRAVAKA sublime sun~n~a 戒(sila) AKUSHALA anussati aversion BHIKSUNI bondages cetasika delusion elements extremes fatalism gladness grasping influxes interest KSATRIYA not self opposite postures progress sakka^ya sama^dhi sambodhi sammatta sampada^ samsa^ra SAMSKARA san~n~a^ sankappa sankhata santa^na scruples sensuous serenity signless sucarita suchness upa^saka uposatha upstream vimamsa^ visuddhi 谛(satya) 空(sunya) asankhata avihimsa^ boundless cosmogony domanassa dwellings EMPTINESS emptiness existence faculties FIVE EYES happiness impulsion lightness mind base obstacles SAHA LAND sammasana samphassa samyojana sankha^ra SARIPUTRA sena^sana SENSATION SIX DUSTS SIX GUNAS SIX PATHS SIX ROOTS somanassa something suffering ti sarana treasures upa^sika^ vanishing YASODHARA a^bhassara abhisamaya absorption aggregates ALMSGIVING antinomies appendants asmi ma^na bhava^sava BODHISATTA Bodhisatta compassion conditions dibba sota elasticity enthusiasm expression few wishes FOUR SEALS hindrances impression impurities ka^ma^sava low speech MAHASATTVA messengers obduracies para^ma^sa patisandhi repression sa^man~n~a sama^patti sensuality SEVEN GEMS SHAKYAMUNI si^labbata SIX PLACES sota^panna sota^patti standstill stinginess successive SUDDHODANA ta^vatimsa TEN POWERS tendencies TWO DEATHS unshakable upakkilesa vesa^rajja vipalla^sa vipassana^ 不害(ahimsa) abstentions ahosi kamma alms giving ANAPANASATI anupassana^ ariya sacca ariya vamsa association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA chaste life co nascence corruptions defilements destruction dissolution dosa carita earnestness egolessness EIGHT WINDS foundations inseparable intoxicants khi^na^sava kusala múla LOTUS SUTRA manasika^ra mindfulness NINE REALMS perfections personality perversions pure abodes sala^yatana sama si^si^ samuttha^na san~cetana^ san~n~ojana si^vathika^ sikkha^pada supernormal tejo kasina THREE ROOTS THREE SEALS unwholesome uprightness wrongnesses 定 (samadhi) 结集(samgiti) 轮回(samsara) a^savakkhaya body witness covetousness dispensation dissociation dry visioned FIVE WISDOMS FOUR VIRTUES harmlessness homelessness inclinations ka^ya sakkhi karma result kilesa ka^ma light kasina nesajjikanga ni^la kasina noble abodes pakati si^la pan~ca si^la pasa^da rúpa patisandhika petti visaya pi^ta kasina pleasantness proclivities purisindriya radiant gods recollectons restlessness RIGHT SPEECH sacca n~a^na SAKRADAGAMIN sambojjhanga samma^ magga sampajan~n~a santutthita^ SIX INDRIYAS SIX PARAMITA SROTA-APANNA stream entry subconscious suddha^va^sa supermundane THREE DOGMAS THREE JEWELS THREE REALMS THREE WISDOM TWELVE BASES viveka sukha 佛教(Buddhism) 僧伽制度(samgha) 铁萨罗(Tissara) a^loka kasina Abbreviations abhisankha^ra attentiveness BHAISAJYAGURU birth process companionship comprehension consciousness contentedness dasa pa^rami^ deathlessness demons’ realm disappearance FIVE BHIKSHUS FIVE OFFENCES FIVE PRECEPTS FIVE SKANDHAS FIVE VEHICLES fixed destiny higher wisdom imperfections investigating investigation karma process loathsomeness lohita kasina noble persons oda^ta kasina patisambhida^ patisankha^na post nascence sa^vaka bodhi sakada^ga^mi^ sammuti sacca samvara si^la sasankha^rika satipattha^na shamelessness silent buddha SIX ENTRANCES stream winner subha nimitta susa^nik’anga THREE POISONS THREE SHASTRA THREE STUDIES THREE VIRTUES TIEN TAI SECT TWELVE PLACES TWO OBSTACLES understanding voha^ra sacca 大史(Mahavamsa) 岛史(Diqavamsa) 迦腻色迦(Kaniska) 马鸣(Asvaghosa) 舍卫城(Sravasti) a^ka^sa dha^tu altruistic joy AMITABHA SUTRA asan~n~a satta AVALOKITESVARA Buddha sa^sana buddha^nussati citta santa^na citta visuddhi dasaka kala^pa desirelessness devata^nussati dhamma desana^ dhamma^nussati eka^sanik’anga foolish babble frivolous talk kusala vipa^ka marana^nussati saddha^nusa^ri sahetuka citta samudaya sacca samvara suddhi samvatta kappa samvega vatthu sangaha vatthu SIX FULFILMENT stupid natured TEN DIRECTIONS TEN GOOD DEEDS transformation transitoriness TWELVE NIDANAS upekkha^ sukha va^ritta si^la visible object 大圆满(mahasanti) 二谛(twi-satyas) 三谛(tri-satyas) a^loka san~n~a^ a^na^pa^na sati akusala vitakka anicca san~n~a^ appama^na subha characteristics citta sankha^ra dhamma^nusa^ri^ ditthi visuddhi EIGHT NEGATIONS EIGHTEEN FIELDS FIVE MESSENGERS FOUR GREAT VOWS gustatory organ indriya samatta ka^ya passaddhi loving kindness misapprehension naya vipassana^ nihilistic view nissaya paccaya pamsukúlik’anga pathavi^ kasina sakka^ya ditthi samatha ya^nika samma^ sambodhi sankhitta citta sapada^nik’anga sappatigha rúpa sceptical doubt self confidence SHATIKA SHASTRA sota^pattiyanga SPIRITUAL GHOST stored up karma TAKING PRECEPTS THREE DELUSIONS THREE OBSTACLES tranquilisation upasama^nussati vaci^ sankha^ra vaya^nupassana^ voha^ra desana^ 百论(Sata-sastra) 法护(Dharmaraksa) 极乐世界(sukhavati) 支娄迦谶(Lokaksema) a^sevana paccaya abbhoka^sik’anga anatta^ san~n~a^ appana^ sama^dhi assa^sa passa^sa AVATAMSAKA SUTRA citta vipalla^sa citta^nupassana^ cognitive series EIGHT SUFFERINGS FOUR HOLY REALMS ka^ya gata^ sati ka^ya^nupassana^ karma formations khandha santa^na khaya^nupassana^ maha^ vipassana^ mano san~cetana^ monks’ community nava satta^va^sa nissaya nissita reversible merit samma^ ppadha^na samvara padha^na santi^rana citta sensuous craving SIX SENSE-ORGANS streams of merit sukkha vipassaka supportive karma THIRTY-TWO FORMS THREE EVIL PATHS THREE GOOD PATHS THREE SUFFERINGS 经量部(Sautrantike) 六度(sad-paramita) 律经(Vinaya-sutra) 三性(tri-svabhava) 释迦牟尼 (Sakyamuni) 四谛(catur-satyas) adhisi^la sikkha^ anatta^nupassana^ anicca^nupassana^ ascending insight bhavanga santa^na cetaso vinibandha cittass’ekaggata^ destructive karma dhamma^nupassana^ disinterestedness ditthi vipalla^sa dukkha^nupassana^ eye consciousness FIVE COMMANDMENTS FOREMOST PARAMITA FOUR FEARLESSNESS FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS FOURFOLD ASSEMBLY highest knowledge immaterial sphere kusala kammapatha manopadosika deva na^natta san~n~a^ nissarana paha^na NO STRIFE SAMADHI non disappearance pa^risuddhi si^la pakati upanissaya pan~n~atti si^la paricchinna^ka^sa paticcasamuppa^da sahaja^ta paccaya santa^na santati sati sambojjhanga sati sampajan~n~a satta^va^sa nava sensuous clinging SINGALOVADA SUTRA SIX CONSCIOUSNESS SIX PSYCHIC POWER sudassa sudassi^ suppressive karma TEN DHARMA REALMS TEN WHOLESOMENESS upaca^ra sama^dhi vedana^nupassana^ 迦毗罗卫(Kapilavastu) 三学(tisrah siksah) 桑奇大塔(Sanch Stupa) ahetu patisandhika asankha^rika citta cycle of existence domanassupavica^ra full comprehension hasituppa^da citta marana^sanna kamma meritorious action nirodha sama^patti nirodha^nupassana^ parikamma sama^dhi patikkúla san~n~a^ reflex perceptions samatha vipassana^ sampayutta paccaya samuccheda paha^na self mortification SIDDHARTHA GOUTAMA SIX EXTERNAL BASES SIX INTERNAL BASES somanassúpavica^ra SPHERE OF NO-THING TWO FORMS OF DEATH unconscious beings upanissaya paccaya vipassanúpakkilesa vira^ga^nupassana^ wheel of existence yoniso manasika^ra 莲花生(Padmasambhava) 无著(Asanga 约4或5世纪) 最澄(Saicho 767~822) anabhirati san~n~a^ animitta^nupassana^ answering questions ANUPADISESA-NIBBANA attha patisambhida^ death consciousness discursive thinking FOUR GREAT ELEMENTS fruits of monk life gradual instruction kilesa parinibba^na lofty consciousness maha^purisa vitakka one group existence red kasina exercise RIGHT UNDERSTANDING samanantara paccaya sampaticchana citta san~n~a^ vipalla^sa sattakkhattu parama SATYASIDDHI SHASTRA spiritual faculties sun~n~ata^ vimokkha superiority conceit suta maya^ pan~n~a^ TEN GREAT KING VOWS viriya sambojjhanga 阿底峡(Atisa 982~1054) 大乘经(Mahayana sutra) 寂天(Santideva 约7世纪) 六足论(Satpada sastra) 清净道论(Visuddhimagga) 说一切有部(Sarvastivada) access concentration cemetery meditations dhamma patisambhida^ ditthi nissita si^la five group existence four group existence greedy consciousness ka^mesu miccha^ca^ra MANJUSRI BODHISATTVA NIRVANA WITH RESIDUE paccavekkhana suddhi pubbeniva^sa^nussati pun~n~a^bhisankha^ra regenerating process sama^dhi parikkha^ra samvejani^ya ttha^na SA-UPADISESA-NIBBANA SIX FIELDS OF SENSES SUDDEN ENLIGHTENMENT SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA sun~n~ata^nupassana^ tanha^ nissita si^la TEN TITLES OF BUDDHA THREE ENLIGHTENMENTS ti hetu patisandhika VAST AND LONG TONGUE vivattana^nupassana^ yatha^santhatik’anga 大乘论(Mahayana sastra) 荣西(Eisai 1141~1215) 小乘论(Hinayana sastra) 源信(Genshin 942~1017) a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana anupa^disesa nibba^na apun~n~a^bhisankha^ra deluded consciousness DVADASHAMUKHA SHASTRA dvi hetuka patisandhi indriya samvara si^la n’eva sekha n’a^sekha nine abodes of beings ninefold dispensation nirutti patisambhida^ patipassaddhi paha^na questions and answers REALM OF FORMLESSNESS sacca^nulomika n~a^na sama^dhi sambojjhanga SIX HEAVENS OF DESIRE sota^pannassa anga^ni TEN MERITORIOUS DEEDS THREE CLASSIFICATIONS THREE PERIODS OF TIME transference of merit upekkha^ sambojjhanga visesa bha^giya si^la 朝鲜佛教(Korean Buddhism) 梵网经(Brahmajala-sutra) 觉音(Buddhaghosa 5世纪中叶) 莲花戒(Kamalasila ?~780) 世亲(Vasubandhu 约4或5世纪) 印度佛教(Indian Buddhism) 中论(Madhyamika-sastra) abhisama^ca^rika si^la bhavanga sota^, citta catu pa^risuddhi si^la citta samuttha^na rúpa desire for deliverance desireless deliverance FIVE FORMS OF DECAYING FLOWER ADORNMENT SUTRA FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA kamma samuttha^na rúpa khidda padosika^ deva^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi orambha^giya samyojana passaddhi sambojjhanga prescribed moral rules resistance perceptions sa upa^disesa nibba^na sensitive corporeality SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS substrata of existence THREE UNIVERSAL TRUTHS unshakable deliverance viparina^ma^nupassana^ 长阿含经(Dirghagama-sutra) 超戒寺(Vikramasilavihara) 楞伽经(Lankavatara-sutra) 亲鸾(Shinran 1173~1262) 缘起(pratitya-samutpada) 中国佛教(Chinese Buddhism) dasa (tatha^gata ) bala FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS FOUR IMMEASURABLE MINDS NIRVANA WITHOUT RESIDUE patinissagga^nupassana^ receptive consciousness retrospective knowledge sabbúpadhi patinissagga sankha^rupekkha^ n~a^na si^la sama^dhi pan~n~a^ SIX STATES OF EXISTENCE VISVABHADRA BODHISATTVA 八正道(aryastangika-marga) 成实论(Satyasiddhi-sastra) 大乘佛教(Mahayana Byddhism) 境行果(sthana-carya-phala) 日本佛教(Japanese Buddhism) a^dibrahmacariyaka si^la ANNUTARA-SAMYAK-SAMBODHI asankha^ra parinibba^yi^ bhanga^nupassana^ n~a^na clarity of consciousness corporeality perceptions ka^ma sukh’allika^nuyoga multiformity perceptions paccaya sannissita si^la paricchinna^ka^sa kasina patibha^na patisambhida^ REALM OF SENSUOUS DESIRE sacchikarani^ya^ dhamma^ uddhambha^giya samyojana verbal functions of mind 部派佛部(Sectarian Buddhism) 大日经(Mahavairocana-sutra) 寂护(Santiraksita 705~762) 戒日王(Siladitya 约590~647) 戒贤(Silabhadra 约528~651 ) 摩诃僧祇律(Mahasangha-vinaya) 尼泊尔佛教(Nepalese Buddhism) 十诵律(Sarvastivada-vinaya) 实叉难陀(Siksananda 652~710) 无量寿经(Aparimitayur-sutra) 原始佛教(primitive Buddhism) 杂阿含经(Samyuktagama-sutra) a^ji^va pa^risuddhi si^la adukkha m asukha^ vedana^ hate rooted consciousness indriyesu gutta dva^rata^ kankha^ vitarana visuddhi nibbida^nupassana^ n~a^na pa^risuddhi padha^niyanga pa^timokkha samvara si^la registering consciousness sama^dhi vippha^ra^ iddhi SAMANTABHADRA BODHISATTVA sasankha^ra parinibba^yi^ spontaneously born beings support decisive support TEN STAGES OF BODHISATTVA vanishing and reappearing VIMALAKIRTI-NIVDESA SUTRA 佛教文学(Buddhist literature) 摩诃菩提会(Maha Bodhi Society) 昙无谶(Dharmaksema 385~433) 增一阿含经(Ekottaragama-sutra) 中阿含经(Madh yamagama-sutra) a^ha^re patikkúla san~n~a^ ability to acquire insight analysis of the 4 elements dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu dhamma vicaya sambojjhanga functions of consciousness happy courses of existence impersonality of existence MAHA-PRAJNA-PARAMITA-SUTRA mind consciousness element paranimmita vasavatti deva parassa ceto pariya n~a^na TEN VEHICLES OF MEDITATION uddhamsota akanitthaga^mi^ 发智论(Jnanaprasthana-sastra) 俱舍论(Abhidharmakosa-sastra) 越南佛教(Vietnamese Buddhism) a^di^nava^nupassana^ n~a^na balance of mental faculties PURE LAND OF ULTIMATE BLISS yatha^ bhúta n~a^na dassana 佛教建筑(Buddhist architecture) akusala sa^dha^rana cetasika NINE STAGES OF LOTUS FLOWERS patisankha^nupassana^ n~a^na seven rebirths at the utmost SIX PERIODS OF DAY AND NIGHT udayabbaya^nupassana^ n~a^na 常乐我净(nitya-sukha-atma-subha) 大般涅槃经(Mahaparinirvana-sutra) 观无量寿经(Amitayurbhavana-sutra) 楞严经(surangama-samadhi-sutra) 菩萨戒本(Bodhisattva-pratimoksa) 乞[口*栗]双提赞Khri-Sron-Lde-bTsan 瑜伽师地论(Yogacara-bhumi-sastra) EIGHTEEN DIFFERENT CHARACTERS EVIL TIME OF FIVE TURBIDITIES THREE MEDITATIONS OF ONE MIND vuttha^na ga^mini^ vipassana^ 斯里兰卡佛教(Buddhism in Sri Lanka) 中国佛教美术(Buddhist art in China) adhipan~n~a^ dhamma vipassana^ ascetic purification practices imperturbable karma formations sabba loke anabhirati san~n~a^ VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA 维摩经(Vimalakirti-nirdesa-sutra) equilibrium of mental faculties SIX DIRECTIONS OF REINCARNATION subha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi sukha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi THREE UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS 村上专精(Murakami Senjo 1851~1928) 大般若经(Mahaprajna-paramita-sutra) 铃木大拙(Suzuki Daisetsu 1870~1966) 妙法莲华经(Saddharmapundarika-sutra) 中国佛教音乐(Buddhist music in China) patipada^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi 大智度论(Mahaprajna-paramita-sastra) 冢本善隆(Tsukamoto Zenryu 1898~1980) anan~n~a^tan~ n~assa^mi^t’indriya citta ja (citta samuttha^na) rúpa FOUR ASPECTS (OF BUDDHIST DHARMA) n’eva san~n~a^ n’a^san~n~a^yatana 胜鬘经(Srimala-devi simhanada-sutra) 望月信亨(Mochizuki Shinko 1869~1948) a^ha^ra ja (or-samuttha^na) - rúpa magga^magga n~a^nadassana visuddhi NIRVANA OF PURE, CLEAR SELF-NATURE 成唯识论(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-sastra) 东南亚佛教(Buddhism in South East Asia) EIGHT DIVISIONS OF GODS AND DRAGONS 高楠顺次郎(Takakusu Junjiro 1866~1945) 解深密经(Sandhinir-mokcana-vyuha-sutra) 摄大乘论(Mahayana-samuparigraha-sastra) 中国佛学院(The Chinese Buddhist Academy) 达斯,S·C·(Sarat Chandra Das 1849~1917) 大乘起信论(Maha yana-Sraddhotpada-sastra) 大毗婆沙论(Abhidharma-mahavibhasa-sastra) 欧美佛教(Buddhism in America and Europe) a^rammana^dhipati a^rammanupanissaya FIVE CATEGORIES OF UNTRANSLATED TERMS TWELVE LINKS OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION 般若波罗蜜多心经(Prajna-paramita-hrdaya-sutra) FOUR WAYS (OF LEARNING BUDDHIST DHARMA) 杂阿毗昙心论(Samyuktabhidharma-hrdaya-sastra) TEN GREAT DISCIPLES OF SKAKYAMUNI BUDDHA 金刚经(Vajracchedika-prajna-paramita-sutra) 异部宗轮论(Samayabhedo-paracanacak-ra-sastra) 华严经(Bud dhavatamsaka-mahavai pul yasutra) 三十七菩提分(saptatrimsadbodhi-paksika-dharmah) 中国佛教协会(The Buddhist Association of China) karmically wholesome, unwholesome, neutral thiti bha^giya si^la, sama^dhi, pan~n~a^ FOUR RELIANCE (TO LEARNING BUDDHIST DHARMA) 大方等大集经(Mahavai pul ya-mahasanni-pata-sutra) SPHERE OF NEITHER-PERCEPTION-NOR-NON-PERCEPTION 阿弥陀经(Sukhavati-v yuha-sutra,Amitayur-v yuha-sutra) 李斯·戴维斯,T·W·(Thomas Williams Rhys Davids 1843~1922) 唯识二十论(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-vimsa-kakarika-sastra) 唯识三十颂(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-trimsai-kakarika-sastra) 马拉拉塞克拉,G·P·(Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera 1899~1973) 国际佛教研究协会(The International Association of Buddhist Studies) sura^meraya majja ppama^dattha^na^ veramani^ sikkha^padam sama^diya^mi ▲ 收起
英汉对照词典 【829】SAMANTABHADRA BODHISATTVA

Samantabhadra  Bodhisattva  ==  普贤菩萨

Also  called  Visvabhadra  Bodhisattva,  Universally  Worthy  Bodhisattva.  Being  one  of  the  Four  Great  Bodhisattvas,  he  is  the  Bodhisattva  of  Great  Conduct,  representing  the  Law.  He  has  Ten  Great  King  Vows,  which  are  the  guidelines  in  practising  Buddhism,  and  cultivating  the  Buddhist  Way.

南传佛教英文辞典 【830】sasankha^ra parinibba^yi^

”one  who  reaches  Nibba^na  with  exertion”,  is  a  name  of  one  of  the  5  kinds  of  Non-returners  (ana^ga^mi^,  q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【831】spontaneously born beings

  opapa^tika  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【832】support decisive support

  (nissaya,  upanissaya)  are  two  of  the  24  conditions  (s.  paccaya).

英汉对照词典 【833】TEN STAGES OF BODHISATTVA

Ten  Stages  of  Bodhisattva  ==  十地菩萨

These  are  the  ten  stages  of  development  of  Bodhisattva  depending  on  their  merits  and  virtues:  
1.Pramudita  (joy)  -  job  at  having  overcome  the  difficulties  and  sufferings,  now  entering  on  the  path  to  Buddhahood  
2.Vimala  (purity)  -  freedom  from  all  possible  defilement  
3.Prabhakari  (enlightenment)  -  stage  of  further  enlightenment  
4.Arcismati  (widsom)  -  stage  of  glowing  wisdom  
5.Sudurjaya  (no  difficulty)  -  stage  of  mastering  the  utmost  difficulties  
6.Abhimukhi  (open  way)  -  the  open  way  of  wisdom  above  definitions  of  impurity  and  purity  
7.Duramgama  (proceeding  afar)  -  getting  above  ideas  of  self  in  order  to  save  others  
8.Acala  (unperturbed)  -  attainment  of  being  unperturbed  
9.Sadhumati  (discriminatory  wisdom)  -  the  finest  discriminatory  wisdom,  knowing  where  and  how  to  save,  and  possessing  the  Ten  Powers  
10.Dharma  megha  (law  cloud)  -  attainment  of  the  fertilizing  powers  of  law  cloud

南传佛教英文辞典 【834】vanishing and reappearing

  knowledge  of  the  v.  and  r.  of  beings  according  to  karma,  is  identical  with  the  divine  eye  (s.  abhin~n~a^  5).

英汉对照词典 【835】VIMALAKIRTI-NIVDESA SUTRA

Vimalakirti-Nivdesa  Sutra  ==  维摩诘经

Vimalakirti,  a  Sanskrit  word,  means  undefiled  and  pure  reputation.  Vimalakirti  was  said  to  be  a  native  of  Vaisali,  and  an  upasaka  (not  a  monk)  to  assist  Shakyamuni  to  preach  and  cross  over  the  human  beings.  The  Sutra  is  the  record  of  interesting  conversation  between  Vimalakirti  and  Manjusri  Bodhisattva  regarding  the  understanding  of  One  Buddha  Vehicle.

中国百科全书 【836】佛教文学(Buddhist literature)

  Fojiao  wenxue

  文学  数千卷印度佛典,如《维摩经》、《妙法莲华经》、《楞严经》等,本身就是瑰丽的文学作品,向为文人所喜爱。《百喻经》已被译为多种文字,其中的譬喻故事被认为是世界文学中的珍品。叙述佛陀前生的《本生经》(《本生谭》)是著名的传记文学。马鸣的《佛所行赞》是印度著名的长篇叙事诗之一。其他如佛教典籍中的偈颂、赞、散文、故事、俗讲、变文、语录、传记、游记、文集等,均为优美的佛教文学作品。中国、日本、斯里兰卡的很多著名的文学作品,都是在佛教的影响下,汲取本国传统文学的艺术形式,逐渐形成的一种独具风格的文学作品。它带来了新的意境、新的文体和新的命意遣词方法。《维摩经》、《百喻经》等,鼓舞了中国晋、唐小说的创作;俗讲、变文对后来的平话、小说、戏曲等中国通俗文学的形成,有一定的渊源关系;禅宗语录不仅为宋明理学家所仿效,也影响到后来的民间文学作品。

中国百科全书 【837】摩诃菩提会(Maha Bodhi Society)

  佛教国际性组织。原名佛陀伽耶摩诃菩提会。摩诃菩提是“广觉悟”的意思,1891年5月创立于锡兰(今斯里兰卡)首都科伦坡,创始人是达摩波罗,其目的是要收复、维护印度菩提伽耶等佛教圣地及在世界各地复兴佛教。1891年6月派遣第一个传教团去菩提伽耶,10月在该地首次召开了国际佛教会议,有锡兰、中国、日本、缅甸和印度等国佛教代表出度。1892年,该会总部由科伦坡迁到印度加尔各答,同时,出版《摩诃菩提与统一佛教世界》杂志。1915年,在加尔各答建造总部法王舍利寺。

  摩诃菩提会的主要工作虽在印度,但其影响及于世界很多地区,除印度的马德拉斯、拘尸那揭罗、孟买、新德里、伽耶以及锡兰的阿努拉德·普勒和东南亚外,还在日本、英国、德国、美国、澳大利亚和非洲成立了分会或传教中心;在鹿野苑、孟买等地兴建寺庙、图书馆、施诊所等。1933年创办摩诃菩提教育学院。1936年成立了摩诃菩提会青年联盟。此外,出版了不少不同语种的三藏经典和书刊;编辑、发行了《摩诃菩提》杂志;经常派人到世界各地弘传佛教。目前总部仍在印度,并主办达摩波罗文化研究所、摩诃菩提学院等。(叶均)

中国百科全书 【838】昙无谶(Dharmaksema 385~433)

  Tanwuchen

  东晋僧人。中印度人。幼出家,初学小乘兼究五明。见《大般涅槃经》,悔而改学大乘。年至二十诵大小乘经200余万言,又擅咒术,西域称为大咒师。后携《大般涅槃经》前分(10或12卷)并《菩萨戒经》(即唐玄奘译《瑜伽师地论菩萨地》)、《菩萨戒本》等至罽宾,又到龟兹、敦煌。北凉玄始十年(421)至姑臧,受到北凉王沮渠蒙逊礼遇。学汉语三年后,以河西沙门慧嵩、道朗为助手,译出《大般槃经》40卷  、《大方等大集经》29卷、《菩萨地持经》8卷、《金光明经》4卷、《优婆塞戒经》7卷、《大云经》4卷等共19部131卷。在谶译40卷本《大般涅槃经》中,有“一切众生悉有佛性”之说,对中国佛教思想的发展影响很大。他的译本世称“北本涅槃”。后来,南朝宋谢灵运以谶译《大般涅槃经》勘合法显与佛陀跋陀罗的译本,改订文字成书,称“南本涅槃”。据史书记载,北魏太武帝拓拔焘闻昙无谶有道术,遣使向蒙逊强索,蒙逊不得已而放行,然又派人刺杀于途中。(郭元兴)

中国百科全书 【839】增一阿含经(Ekottaragama-sutra)

  Zengyi”ahanjing

  原始佛教基本经典。北传四部阿含之一。东晋僧伽提婆译。51卷(一作50卷)。因经文按法数顺序相次编纂,故名。相传原由前秦昙摩难提诵出梵本,竺佛念传译,昙嵩笔受,后经道安、法和考正,僧契、僧茂助校漏失,尽录偈颂。但译文未能尽善,故由僧伽提婆加以修订。据《精刻大藏经目录》(支那内学院编)记载,别译零本现存30种。《增一阿含经》与南传《增支部经典》大体相应,后者收经比前者为多。此经原为四分八诵,但现行本除“牧(放)羊品”下标有“第四分别诵”外,蓁各分均不标诵。全经共有52品,472部经。其中《序品》一经,以颂文概叙本经意旨,以及嘱付流布等事。蓁各品次第系一未能至十一法。

  此经记述佛陀和其弟子们的事迹;阐述出家僧尼的戒律和对俗人修行的规定;论述小乘佛教的主要教义等。因经中有“六度”、“三乘”等词句,承认菩萨大乘,近乎大众部的主张,故一般认为是大众部的传本。此经的重点在说施戒涅槃等事及各种因缘故事,故又为劝化者所专习。本书同其他三部阿含一样,系记载原始佛教教义的重要典籍,在印度佛教史上占有重要地位,为研究佛教产生以及当时北印度政治、宗教、哲学等提供了资料。(任杰)

中国百科全书 【840】中阿含经(Madh yamagama-sutra)

  Zhong  a  hanjing

  原始佛教基本经典。北传佛教四部阿含之一。因所集各经篇幅适中,故名。东晋僧伽提婆与僧伽罗叉译。60卷。据传昙摩难提于前秦建元二十年(384)曾译出59卷,早佚。此经为说一切有部所传,原本已不存,近代中国新疆地区曾发现零星梵文残片。历代单经零本翻译颇多,据《精刻大藏经目录》(支那内学院编)记载,现存73种。汉译《中阿含经》与南传“中部经典”大体相应,前者收经较多。一般认为,在《中阿含经》和“中部经典”编集之前,已有许多经文单独流行。两传文本所集经文都没有按其形成的次序排列。

  《中阿含经》收经222部,分为五诵十八品。经文分品,并无统一划分标准,大致有如下几种形式:①根据经文所述的主要教义分品。如《业相应品》有10部经,主要阐述业报轮回等教义,兼驳耆那教苦行灭业和其他宗教派别的业报学说;《未曾有法品》有10部经,主要记述佛陀的往生事迹和阿难等佛弟子的持戒修行。此外,《根本分别品》等把论述相同教义的若干部经集成一品;②根据经文中出现的主要人物列成专品。如《舍利子相应品》有11部经,叙事都与舍利子有关;③依据说法的形式分品。如《七法品》有10部经,各经都列举7种比喻阐发教理;④取所集经中一部经名作为品名。如《长寿王品》、《脯利多品》等。些外还有一品,名为《双品》,但品名与所集经文完全无关。因《双品》前五部经放在第四诵,后五部经放在第五诵,故以此为名。

  全经包括三个主要内容:①详述各种修行规定之间的相互关系以及它们在达到涅槃解脱过程中的作用,这是此经的重点.如对三学(戒、定、慧)之间的关系以及它们与涅槃的关系,论述较多。此外,还就如何断灭“无明”,修行取得功果等,以阐明达到涅槃的修道层次;②联系当时社会现实阐述善恶因果报应,鼓励在家信徒和俗人止恶行善③论述四谛、八正道、缘起、十二因缘、四禅、六界、六处、十八意行等小乘佛教教义,阐发了无常、无我和一切皆苦的思想。大多数品论述的问题比较集中,多用日常生活事例和寓言故事阐发教理。以着重讲述各种学说之间的关系为特点。后出的许多经、律多引述其内容。(任杰  魏道儒)

南传佛教英文辞典 【841】a^ha^re patikkúla san~n~a^

”reflection  on  the  loathsomeness  of  food”,  fully  described  in  Vis.M.  XI,  l.

南传佛教英文辞典 【842】ability to acquire insight

  cf.  ugghatitan~n~ú,  vipacitan~n~ú  neyya.

南传佛教英文辞典 【843】analysis of the 4 elements

  dha^tu-vavattha^na  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【844】dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu

  s.  pun~n~a-kiriya-vatthu.

南传佛教英文辞典 【845】dhamma vicaya sambojjhanga

”investigation  of  the  law  as  factor  of  enlightenment”,  is  one  of  the  7  factors  of  enlightenment  (bojjhanga,  q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【846】functions of consciousness

  vin~n~a^na-kicca  (q.v.).

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